scholarly journals The utility of molecular genetic techniques in craniosynostosis cases associated with intellectual disability

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 471-477
Author(s):  
Alina Bogliş ◽  
Florin Tripon ◽  
Claudia Bănescu

Abstract Molecular genetic testing in craniosynostosis leads to the detection of the mutations in the genes encoding fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR), providing information about the etiology of the genetic disorder. Muenke syndrome is produced by p.Pro250Arg mutation in FGFR3 gene with evidence of variable expressivity, representing 8% of the syndromic craniosynostoses. Here, we present the identification of a p.Pro250Arg pathogenic mutation (c.749C>G) in the FGFR3 gene using Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probes Amplification (MLPA) analysis in conjunction with Sanger sequencing in a patient with craniosynostosis and mild intellectual disability. The MLPA analysis detected a reduced signal of the probe, at the site of the c.749C>G mutation, defined by the presence of one allele of C749>G mutation in the FGFR3 gene, exon 7. Sanger sequencing was performed for confirmation and identified heterozygous p.Pro250Arg pathogenic variant (c.749C>G) in exon 7 of the FGFR3. In conclusion, we assessed the validity and clinical utility of the combined molecular genetic techniques, MLPA analysis, and Sanger sequencing, for craniosynostosis and intellectual disability, improving not only the diagnostic testing but also the genetic counseling and management of the disorder.

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1494
Author(s):  
Syeda Seema Waseem ◽  
Abubakar Moawia ◽  
Birgit Budde ◽  
Muhammad Tariq ◽  
Ayaz Khan ◽  
...  

Primary microcephaly (MCPH) is a prenatal condition of small brain size with a varying degree of intellectual disability. It is a heterogeneous genetic disorder with 28 associated genes reported so far. Most of these genes encode centrosomal proteins. Recently, AKNA was recognized as a novel centrosomal protein that regulates neurogenesis via microtubule organization, making AKNA a likely candidate gene for MCPH. Using linkage analysis and whole-exome sequencing, we found a frameshift variant in exon 12 of AKNA (NM_030767.4: c.2737delG) that cosegregates with microcephaly, mild intellectual disability and speech impairment in a consanguineous family from Pakistan. This variant is predicted to result in a protein with a truncated C-terminus (p.(Glu913Argfs*42)), which has been shown to be indispensable to AKNA’s localization to the centrosome and a normal brain development. Moreover, the amino acid sequence is altered from the beginning of the second of the two PEST domains, which are rich in proline (P), glutamic acid (E), serine (S), and threonine (T) and common to rapidly degraded proteins. An impaired function of the PEST domains may affect the intracellular half-life of the protein. Our genetic findings compellingly substantiate the predicted candidacy, based on its newly ascribed functional features, of the multifaceted protein AKNA for association with MCPH.


Author(s):  
К.О. Карандашева ◽  
М.С. Пащенко ◽  
Н.А. Дёмина ◽  
И.А. Акимова ◽  
О.Н. Макиенко ◽  
...  

Актуальность. Нейрофиброматоз первого типа является одним из наиболее распространенных моногенных заболеваний. Этиологическим фактором его развития является патогенная мутация в гене NF1. Однако у части пациентов не удается достичь молекулярно-генетического подтверждения клинического диагноза. Мы полагаем, что в некоторых случаях это может быть обусловлено соматическим мозаицизмом с малой долей клеток, несущих патогенный аллель, в анализируемом образце биологического материала. Аллели с низкой представленностью отсеиваются общепринятыми фильтрами программного обеспечения при поиске генетических вариантов методом высокопроизводительного параллельного секвенирования (ВПС) и/или не детектируются визуально за счет слияния с фоновым шумом при анализе результатов секвенирования по Сэнгеру. Цель. Поиск патогенных мозаичных генетических вариантов у пациентов с нейрофиброматозом первого типа без выявленных стандартными методами герминальных мутаций в гене NF1. Материалы и методы. Исследование проведено на материале ДНК лимфоцитов периферической крови 275 пациентов, объединенных клиническим диагнозом нейрофиброматоз первого типа и отсутствием герминальных мутаций в генах NF1 и NF2 по результатам стандартных лабораторных исследований. Поиск точковых мутаций осуществляли методом ВПС на платформе Ion Torrent. Дизайн панели праймеров включал экзоны, прилегающие к ним интронные сегменты (20-70 п.н.), а также 3’UTR и 5’UTR генов NF1 и NF2. Исключение протяженных делеций в NF1 и NF2 осуществляли методом MLPA. С целью поиска мозаичных генетических вариантов был разработан и проведен углубленный анализ данных ВПС, основанный на биоинформатических и статистических подходах. Для верификации выявленных мозаичных патогенных генетических вариантов использовали секвенирование ДНК по Сэнгеру и гетеродуплексный анализ. Результаты. Патогенные соматические мутации в гене NF1 выявлены в 12 из 275 образцов (4,4%) ДНК больных, у которых были исключены герминальные мутации. В 8 образцах наличие мутантного аллеля было подтверждено альтернативными методами. Выводы. ДНК-диагностика доминантно наследуемых заболеваний требует особых подходов, учитывающих явление соматического мозаицизма. Предложенный метод позволяет выявить генетические варианты, представленные с малой аллельной частотой, без увеличения глубины секвенирования исследуемого образца и может быть применен для ретроспективного анализа данных ВПС с целью повышения качества ДНК-диагностики. Background. Neurofibromatosis type 1 is one of the most common monogenic disorders. A pathogenic mutation in NF1 is the etiological factor of neurofibromatosis type 1. Nevertheless, not all patients receive molecular genetic verification of the clinical diagnosis. We believe that this may be due to a somatic mosaicism with a small fraction of pathogenic allele, which is neglected by the NGS analysis software and/or is undetectable by Sanger sequencing due to noisy background. Objective. To detect pathogenic mosaic mutations in cases of neurofibromatosis type 1 without germline genetic variants. Material and methods. Two hundred seventy five peripheral blood lymphocyte DNA samples from patients with NF1 and without germline mutation were retrospectively analyzed. DNA samples were sequenced with Ion PGM and Ion S5 NGS systems. Gene panel design included NF1 and NF2 genes: exons, adjacent intron segments (20-70 b.p.), 3’UTRs and 5’UTRs. Samples were also tested using MLPA in order to exclude deletions in NF1 and NF2. We developed and implemented the pipeline to search mosaic cases using bioinformatics approaches. All newly detected mutations were evaluated by Sanger sequencing and by heteroduplex analysis. Result. We have identified new pathogenic mutations in NF1 for 12 patients (4.4%) and verified 8 of them using alternative methods. Conclusion. Dominant disorders, like neurofibromatosis type 1, require a detailed bioinformatic analysis of NGS results with respect to somatic mosaicism. Our approach makes it possible to identify genetic variants with low representation of a pathogenic allele without increasing the sequencing depth of the sample under study and can be used for retrospective analysis of NGS data in order to improve the quality of DNA diagnostics.


2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (03) ◽  
pp. 125-127
Author(s):  
Jana Neupauerová ◽  
Katalin Štěrbová ◽  
Vladimír Komárek ◽  
Andrea Gřegořová ◽  
Markéta Vlčková ◽  
...  

AbstractSchinzel–Giedion syndrome (SGS) is a very rare genetic disorder characterized by distinctive facial features, severe developmental delay, seizures, and skeletal abnormalities. Whole exome sequencing, Sanger sequencing, and correlation with already published variants and cases allowed us to identify two different de novo mutations in the SETBP1 gene: NM_015559.2 (SETBP1): c.2601C > G (p.Ser867Arg) and c. 2608 G > A (p.Gly870Ser) in two Czech patients presenting with SGS features. Both mutations are within exon 4 of SETBP1, supporting the notion that exon 4 represents the mutation hotspot of the gene in patients with SGS.


2015 ◽  
Vol 97 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZEHRA AGHA ◽  
ZAFAR IQBAL ◽  
TJITSKE KLEEFSTRA ◽  
CHRISTIANE ZWEIER ◽  
ROLPH PFUNDT ◽  
...  

SummaryThis report is regarding a Dutch female with microcephaly, mild intellectual disability (ID), gonadal dysgenesis and dysmorphic facial features with synophrys. Upon genotyping, an ~455 kb de novo deletion encompassing the first exon of NRXN1 was found. Bidirectional sequencing of the coding exons of the NRXN1 alpha isoform was subsequently performed to investigate the possibility of a pathogenic mutation on the other allele, but we could not find any other mutation. Previously, many heterozygous mutations as well as microdeletions in NRXN1 were shown to be associated with ID, autism, schizophrenia, and other psychiatric and psychotic disorders. Our results are in agreement with other reports that show that NRXN1 deletions can lead to ID, microcephaly and mild dysmorphic features. However, this is the first report of gonadal dysgenesis being associated with such deletions. It is not clear whether there is a causal relationship between the NRXN1 deletion and gonadal dysgenesis, but it is of interest that the FSHR gene, which encodes the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor causative correlation that is mutated in ovarian dysgenesis, is located proximal to the NRXN1 gene. Given that most of the females carrying NRXN1 deletions have been diagnosed at a prepubertal age, gynecologic screening of female carriers of a NRXN1 deletion is warranted.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yipeng Wang ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Chengrong Wang ◽  
Shanshan Li ◽  
Meng Zhang ◽  
...  

Abstract Background: Achondroplasia (ACH) is generally detected by abnormal prenatal ultrasound findings in the late stage of pregnancy and then confirmed by molecular genetic testing of fetal genomic DNA obtained invasively. Most ACH cases appear to be de novo mutations with FGFR3 gene, so it is a challenge to screen ACH fetus out in the early stage of pregnancy.Objective: The aim of this study was to validate the possibility of detect fetus ACH along with non-invasive prenatal screening(NIPS) routinely in the early stage of pregnancy.Methods: 5927 cases of pregnant women undergoing NIPS were enrolled in this study. An additional 5ml of blood was collected together with NIPS blood sampling. Cell free DNA was extracted for the detecting of fetus ACH. Droplet-digital PCR(ddPCR) method based on the amplification of the two possible mutant alleles (c. 1138G>A and c. 1138G>C) of FGFR3 gene was performed to screen fetus ACH. Prenatal ultrasound and amniocentesis were then performed to confirm the positive screening result of ACH cases. The mutation sites of fetus were identified via Sanger sequencing by using amniotic fluid cells. For the screen negative cases of pregnant women, we followed up the results of prenatal diagnosis or the general conditions of the newborns.Results: One pregnant woman with fetus ACH were screened out at 22 weeks by Non-invasive prenatal detecting. Later prenatal ultrasound confirmed fetal skeletal dysplasia. Sanger sequencing confirmed de novo FGFR3 1138G>A mutant of the fetus. No ACH fetus or newborns were found in the rest detected negative cases of enrolled pregnant women.Conclusion: ddPCR technology could effectively identify de novo mutation like ACH of fetus noninvasively. We prospect the clinical application of ddPCR can expand the range of prenatal screen in the future.


2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-177
Author(s):  
Shamim Saleha ◽  
Muhammad Sajid ◽  
Shaista Zafar ◽  
Neelam Pervaiz

AbstractIntellectual disability (ID) is a neurodevelopmental disorder which appears frequently as the result of genetic mutations and may be syndromic (S-ID) or non-syndromic (NS-ID). ID causes an important economic burden, for patient's family, health systems, and society. Identifying genes that cause S-ID can easily be evaluated due to the clinical symptoms or physical anomalies. However, in the case of NS-ID due to the absence of co-morbid features, the latest molecular genetic techniques can be used to understand the genetic defects that underlie it. Recent studies have shown that non-syndromic autosomal recessive (NS-ARID) is extremely heterogeneous and contributes much more than X-linked ID. However, very little is known about the genes and loci involved in NS-ARID relative to X-linked ID, and whose complete genetic etiology remains obscure. In this review article, the known genetic etiology of NS-ARID and possible relationships between genes and the associated molecular pathways of their encoded proteins has been reviewed which will enhance our understanding about the underlying genes and mechanisms in NS-ARID.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rina Hama ◽  
Jun Kido ◽  
Keishin Sugawara ◽  
Toshiro Nakamura ◽  
Kimitoshi Nakamura

AbstractHyperprolinemia type I (HPI) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by defects in proline oxidase. We herein describe a case of a patient with HPI and harboring the NM_016335.4 (PRODH_v001):c.1397 C > T (p.T466M) mutation and polymorphisms in the PRODH gene, as detected by plasma amino acid analysis and Sanger sequencing. The patient presented with short stature, carbohydrate-rich dietary preferences, and mild intellectual disability that was suggestive of a neurodevelopmental or learning disorder.


Author(s):  
Meena Balasubramanian ◽  
Alexander J. M. Dingemans ◽  
Shadi Albaba ◽  
Ruth Richardson ◽  
Thabo M. Yates ◽  
...  

AbstractWitteveen-Kolk syndrome (OMIM 613406) is a recently defined neurodevelopmental syndrome caused by heterozygous loss-of-function variants in SIN3A. We define the clinical and neurodevelopmental phenotypes related to SIN3A-haploinsufficiency in 28 unreported patients. Patients with SIN3A variants adversely affecting protein function have mild intellectual disability, growth and feeding difficulties. Involvement of a multidisciplinary team including a geneticist, paediatrician and neurologist should be considered in managing these patients. Patients described here were identified through a combination of clinical evaluation and gene matching strategies (GeneMatcher and Decipher). All patients consented to participate in this study. Mean age of this cohort was 8.2 years (17 males, 11 females). Out of 16 patients ≥ 8 years old assessed, eight (50%) had mild intellectual disability (ID), four had moderate ID (22%), and one had severe ID (6%). Four (25%) did not have any cognitive impairment. Other neurological symptoms such as seizures (4/28) and hypotonia (12/28) were common. Behaviour problems were reported in a minority. In patients ≥2 years, three were diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and four with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). We report 27 novel variants and one previously reported variant. 24 were truncating variants; three were missense variants and one large in-frame gain including exons 10–12.


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