scholarly journals Production of Biodiesel using Calcined Brine Sludge Waste from Chor-Alkali Industry as a Heterogeneous Catalyst

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 621-630
Author(s):  
Pascal Mwenge ◽  
Hilary Rutto ◽  
Christopher Enweremadu
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Homogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Sludge Waste ◽  
Brine Sludge

Abstract Biodiesel is an environmentally friendly fuel, produced by a transesterification process using homogeneous catalyst which causes water pollution and cannot be recycled. The present study utilizes industrial brine sludge waste (IBSW) as a heterogeneous catalyst in the transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) into biodiesel. One variable at a time design was applied to optimize the transesterification process. The process variables were varied as follows: methanol to oil weight ratio (10–50 %), reaction time (0.5–2.5 h), reaction temperature (30–90 °C) and catalyst to oil weight ratio (0.84–4.2 %). The IBSW before and after calcination and the transesterification process was characterized using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Biodiesel was produced at maximum yield of 95.51 wt% at reaction time, temperature methanol to oil weight ratio, and catalyst to oil weight ratio of 1 hour, 60 °C, 30 wt%, and 2.52 wt% respectively. The FTIR and SEM results confirms that before and after the transesterification process the modification of IBSW took place. Using the ideal process conditions, biodiesel was produced and vital fuel properties such as viscosity, density, pour point and flash point were measured and were found to be within the specification as per American Society for Testing and Material (ASTM) standards for biodiesel. The reusability of the IBSW catalyst was tested by recycling and it can be established that the catalyst can be utilized up to four times without affecting its catalytic activity.

scholarly journals Comparison of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis for synthesis of biodiesel from M. indica oil

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Singh ◽  
Faizal Bux ◽  
Y.C. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysis ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Homogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Catalyst Amount ◽  
Optimum Yield

Biodiesel was developed by transesterification of Madhuca indica oil by homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. KOH and CaO were taken as homogeneous and heterogeneous catalyst respectively. It was found that the homogeneous catalyst (KOH) took 1.0 h of reaction time, 6:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 0.75 wt% of catalyst amount, 55?0.5?C reaction temperature for completion of the reaction. The heterogeneous catalyst (CaO) was found to give optimum yield in 2.5 h of reaction time at 8:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 2.5 wt% of catalyst amount, at 65?0.5?C. A high yield (95-97%) and conversion (>96.5%) was obtained from both the catalysts. CaO was found to leach to some extent in the reactants and a biodiesel conversion of 27-28% was observed as a result of leaching.

scholarly journals TiO2 Nanoparticles As Heterogeneous Catalyst For WCO Biodiesel Production: Engine Parameters Optimization and Prediction of Biodiesel/Diesel/Cadmium (II) Coordination Polymer Blends Fuel By Using Response Surface Methodology

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Medhat Elkelawy ◽  
Safaa El-din H. Etaiw ◽  
Ahmed Mohamed Radwan ◽  
Hitesh Panchal ◽  
Hagar Alm-Eldin Bastawissi
Keyword(s):  
Coordination Polymer ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Parameters Optimization ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Nano Particles ◽  
Optimum Process ◽  
Process Conditions

Abstract Nowadays, combustion technologies decarbonization, reduction of harmful emission, and improving thermal efficiency have gained more attention by using clean, sustainable, alternative, and reliable biofuels coupled with using nano particles technologies. Nano heterogeneous catalysts are new promising technologies for converting triglycerides (oil, fats,..etc) into biodiesel, which characterized with saving in the total cost of production. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nano heterogeneous catalyst used to convert triglyceride represented in waste cooking oil (WCO) into FAME as bio-diesel, where bio-diesel yield fitted the ASTM. In the present research, the results show 95% as a maximum yield at optimum process conditions of 0.01 Wt.% TiO2 loading, 0.3 Wt.% NaoH, reaction temperature (60 ºC), reaction time (60 min), 10:1 methanol to oil volumetric percentage. Effect of mixing different percentage (35, and 70 ppm) of {[Cd (EIN)2(SCN)2]}, SCP 1, Cadmium (II coordination polymer as nanoparticle enhancer, with diesel fuel/biodiesel (60:40 v/v%) (D60B40) on the behavior of one-cylinder direct-injection diesel (DI) engine parameters were examined experimentally and analytically through RSM methodologies. The engine operating variables have been optimized by using CCD method to achieve an optimal BTE. Engine load and nano particles quantity were considered as process input variables to optimize BTE, UHC, and NOx emissions as engine responses. The quadratic regression models were significant and adequate statistically as indicated by the Analysis of variance (ANOVA). The obtained results from (RSM) optimizer indicated that BTE, NOx, and UHC have optimum values of 16.2605%, 544.9157 ppm, and 117.6023 ppm respectively, at 70 ppm of SCP 1 nanoparticles and 2.1919 Kw of break power as optimal predicted values. A validation examination was carried out and the percent of error was within the limit of 5%. BTE, UHC, and NOx have an error percentage of 2.05%, 1.03%, and 1.63%, respectively.

Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil to Produce Biodiesel Using Acid and Alkaline Catalyst

2012 ◽  
Vol 518-523 ◽  
pp. 3566-3572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Li ◽  
Hou Bo Zhou ◽  
Yang Cao
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Fatty Acid Esters ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Alkaline Catalyst ◽  
Cooking Oil

Fossil oil as a nonrenewable energy resource, with the development of global economy, the need for energy increases continuously. Biodiesel is a renewable and clean energy, which is made by vegetable oil or animal fat and methyl alcohol to produce fatty acid esters. This research shows that waste cooking oil can be used for biodiesel by the means of esterification and transesterification, at the same time waste cooking oil can be reused. Through orthogonal design, the optimum conditions are that at first ,using sulfuric acid 5wt% of waste cooking oil as catalyst, the molar ratio of methanol and oil is 30:1, the reaction temperature is 65 °C，and the reaction time is 3h ; the second step, KOH is used as catalyst, the amount of the KOH is 0.15wt%, the levels of methanol to oil ratio is 25:1, reaction temperature is 60 °C， reaction time is 1h. The maximum yield of biodiesel is 93.24wt%.

CHEMICAL PULPING. Oxidative degradation of AOX in softwood-based kraft mill effluents from E C F bleachin g

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 707-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jukka Pekka lsoaho ◽  
Suvi Tarkkanen ◽  
Raimo Alen ◽  
Juha Fiskari
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Oxidative Degradation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Main Process ◽  
Chemical Pulping ◽  
Kraft Mill ◽  
Organic Halogens ◽  
Aox Removal ◽  
Adsorbable Organic Halogens

Abstract Softwood-based kraft mill bleaching effluents from the initial bleaching stages D0 and E1 (the bleaching sequence being D0E 1D 1 E2D2) were treated by the oxidative Fenton method (H20rFeS04) to decompose organic pollutants contammg adsorbable organic halogens (AOX). Experiments designed using the Taguchi method were applied to predict the process conditions that would result in a cost-effective and adequate removal of AOX. In addition to the composition and concentration of the reagents (H202 and Fe2+), the main process parameters selected were temperature and reaction time, while pH was adj usted to an approximate value of 4 (the volumetric ratio of the mixed effluents D0:E 1 was 3 :2). The results indicated that an AOX removal of about 70% for this mixture ( corresponding to about 50% for the mill) was achieved when the eftluent samples were treated for 60 min at 70°C with H202 and Fe2+ at a concentration of 1 600 mg/1 and 28 mg/1, respectively.

Synthesis and Characterization of Heterogeneous Solid Acid Catalyst from Alstonia Scolaris Stalks for Biodiesel Production using Waste Cooking Oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charishma Venkata Sai Anne ◽  
Karthikeyan S. ◽  
Arun C.
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Solid Acid ◽  
Solid Acid Catalyst ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Wood Biomass ◽  
Waste Wood ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cooking Oil

Background: Waste biomass derived reusable heterogeneous acid based catalysts are more suitable to overcome the problems associated with homogeneous catalysts. The use of agricultural biomass as catalyst for transesterification process is more economical and it reduces the overall production cost of biodiesel. The identification of an appropriate suitable catalyst for effective transesterification will be a landmark in biofuel sector Objective: In the present investigation, waste wood biomass was used to prepare a low cost sulfonated solid acid catalyst for the production of biodiesel using waste cooking oil. Methods: The pretreated wood biomass was first calcined then sulfonated with H2SO4. The catalyst was characterized by various analyses such as, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The central composite design (CCD) based response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to study the influence of individual process variables such as temperature, catalyst load, methanol to oil molar ration and reaction time on biodiesel yield. Results: The obtained optimized conditions are as follows: temperature (165 ˚C), catalyst loading (1.625 wt%), methanol to oil molar ratio (15:1) and reaction time (143 min) with a maximum biodiesel yield of 95 %. The Gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil was showed that it has a mixture of both monounsaturated and saturated methyl esters. Conclusion: Thus the waste wood biomass derived heterogeneous catalyst for the transesterification process of waste cooking oil can be applied for sustainable biodiesel production by adding an additional value for the waste materials and also eliminating the disposable problem of waste oils.

scholarly journals Nanocomposites of Polyaniline and Cellulose Nanocrystals Prepared in Lyotropic Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystals

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawei Zhang ◽  
Lihong Zhang ◽  
Bingzhe Wang ◽  
Guangzhe Piao
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Crystals ◽  
Cellulose Nanocrystals ◽  
Nematic Liquid Crystals ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Asymmetric Reaction ◽  
Reaction Field ◽  
Electron Microscopies ◽  
Chiral Nematic ◽  
Before And After

Stable lyotropic chiral nematic liquid crystals (N*-LCs) of cellulose nanocrystals (CNs) were prepared via hydrolysis using sulfuric acid. The lyotropic N*-LCs were used as an asymmetric reaction field to synthesize polyaniline (PANI) onto CNs by in situ polymerization. As a primary step, we examined the mesophase transition of the N*-LCs of CNs suspension before and after in situ polymerization of aniline (ANI) by polarizing optical microscopy. The structure of nanocomposites of PANI/CNs was investigated at a microscopic level using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Influence of the CNs-to-ANI ratio on the morphology of the nanocomposites was also investigated at macroscopic level by scanning electron and transmission electron microscopies. It is found that the weight ratio of CNs to aniline in the suspension significantly influenced the size of the PANI particles and interaction between CNs and PANI. Moreover, electrical properties of the obtained PANI/CNs films were studied using standard four-probe technique. It is expected that the lyotropic N*-LCs of CNs might be available for an asymmetric reaction field to produce novel composites of conjugated materials.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Effect of Time Change in Cognitive Function in Volunteers in Tehran

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjan Erfani ◽  
Hedayat Sahraei ◽  
Zahra Bahari ◽  
Gholam Hossein Meftahi ◽  
Boshra Hatef ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Reduction Reaction ◽  
Plasma Cortisol Level ◽  
Mental Fatigue ◽  
Time Change ◽  
General Mental Health ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Time Changes

<strong></strong><p><strong>BACKGROUND:</strong> Time change (which can lead to sleep duration decrements) can lead to brain dysfunction if repeated. In the present study, cognitive functions of the volunteers were evaluated before and after the time changes in Tehran.</p><p><strong>METHODS:</strong> Eleven, voluntary healthy persons (21±2 year old) were evaluated for their cognitive functions including sustain attention, reaction time, and mental fatigue twenty-one days before the time changes and thirty-eight days after time change using PASAT software. In addition, plasma cortisol level was measured before and after the time changes.</p><p><strong>RESULTS:</strong> After the time changes salivary cortisol concentration increase, but general mental health was decreased. Sustain attention was shortened after time change which was significantly different compared with before the time changes. Reaction time was increased after the time changes in comparison with the before the time changes, but was not statistically significant. In addition, mental fatigue was increased after the time changes.</p><p><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> It seems that time change may reduce brain cognitive functions which are manifested by general mental health, sustain attention reduction, reaction time as well as mental fatigue.</p>

Study on Extracting Potassium from Potassium Feldspar with Molten Salt Leaching Method

2012 ◽  
Vol 524-527 ◽  
pp. 1078-1081
Author(s):  
Jian Guo Song ◽  
Xin Zhi Wang ◽  
Shao Dan Xiao ◽  
Wei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Molten Salt ◽  
Potassium Feldspar ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Temperature Reaction ◽  
Optimal Process ◽  
Potash Feldspar ◽  
Salt Leaching ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

This article aims to study the technology of extracting potassium from potassium feldspar with molten salt leaching method and to analyze the effects of temperature, reaction time and other factors on extracting potassium, concluding the optimal process conditions of extracting potassium with molten leaching method from potash feldspar.

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