Assessment of the Energy Demands for Heating in an Historic Building. Case Study: Renewal of a Functionalist Building of the Infectious Diseases Pavilion in Topoľčany, Slovakia

Abstract The case study seeks an optimal solution for preserving the cultural values of a functionalist building so that it fulfils the legislative essence of the protection of a historic building and, at the same time, contributes to the improvement of its thermophysical properties. The paper focuses on the degree of the application of energy performance requirements for the adaptive reuse of a historic building. The efforts to preserve cultural values (architectural, aesthetic, the value of the authenticity of an area and its building constructions, etc.) in legally protected buildings often do not permit the application of building construction processes such as those used in ordinary older buildings. The research responds to a situation where a building with historic values, built in a functionalist style (the 1940s), permits variants of the surface treatment of the facade so as to not disturb the essential stylistic values of that facade and, at the same time, reduce its energy demands to the required value. Heat demands for heating have a significant effect on the energy needs for heating and thus on the overall energy need of a building. The heat demands depend on the efficiency and quality of the thermal protection in buildings. In the case of cultural monuments, the calculation of the thermophysical properties of building structures forms the basis for determining the heating and cooling demands. Building structures and their elements that form the building envelope must meet current and demanding thermophysical requirements in accordance with the applicable standards, if technically and economically feasible. When restoring cultural monuments in the Slovak Republic, it is not required to meet requirements for energy efficiency. On the other hand, it is necessary to verify the thermophysical requirements in accordance with the applicable standards in each specific case. The paper responds to a continuing interdisciplinary discussion on this topic. The analysis is conducted within the scope of the KEGA 016STU-4/2017 project.

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Identification of the Building Envelope Performance of a Residential Building: A Case Study

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13102469 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 2469

Author(s):

Evi Lambie ◽

Dirk Saelens

Keyword(s):

Heat Exchange ◽

Real Life ◽

Residential Building ◽

Poor Performance ◽

Energy Performance ◽

Building Envelope ◽

Calculation Methods ◽

Characterization Methods ◽

Target Values

Since households are one of the most energy-intensive sectors in Europe, retrofit of dwellings is promoted to increase energy efficiency. Recent research, however, shows that the energy performance after retrofit does not always meet the target values, which can be caused by amongst other things, a deviating building envelope performance. This paper compares the theoretical and measured building envelope performance for a real-life case study in post-retrofit state, in order to illustrate the limitations of calculation methods and characterization models. First, the performance is evaluated on building scale by verifying the correspondence between the default theoretical heat loss coefficient (HLC) and the measured HLC, which was determined by following the guidelines formulated within IEA EBC Annex 58 and Annex 71. In order to illustrate the limitations of the standard calculation method in real-life conditions, the theoretical variability of the HLC is evaluated, generated by variating infiltration heat losses and heat exchange with neighboring dwellings. Second, the performance is investigated on a component scale by assessing the theoretical and measured thermal resistances, identified from heat flux tests. Additionally, nonhomogeneous assembled components and air leaks are simulated to verify probable causes for the locally varying measured values and to illustrate the limitations of calculations and characterization methods. The results illustrate the limitations of the calculation methods by the assessment of the strong variability of the theoretical HLC, depending on assumptions regarding infiltration and heat exchange with neighboring dwellings. In addition, component simulations indicated that deficiencies on a component scale could be caused by a nonhomogeneous assembly and air cavity flows of the component. Moreover, a detailed assessment of an unreliable thermal resistance illustrates the limitations of the used characterization method. Finally, a contrast was found between the quite good performance on building scale (15% deviation between the theoretical and measured HLC) and poor performance on a component scale (only one out of nine monitored components met their theoretical target values), which illustrates the complexity of the building envelope performance.

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Energy Efficient Improvements of Existing Buildings through Building Envelope Upgrade Case Study of High Rise Block of Flats on 76, Boulevard Partizanski Odredi in Karpos IV, Skopje

South East European Journal of Architecture and Design ◽

10.3889/seejad.2016.10020 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-180

Author(s):

Katerina Petrushevska

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Energy Efficient ◽

Energy Performance ◽

Building Envelope ◽

Living Room ◽

Building Stock ◽

Existing Building ◽

High Rise ◽

Class B

AIM: This research examines the important issue of energy efficient improvements to the existing building stock through building envelope upgrade. To facilitate this, the energy performance characteristics of the existing building stock were identified with a view to establishing an existing building stock type, where building envelope upgrades can contribute to a higher level of energy efficiency improvements. The literature review along with the selected building precedents was used to establish the best current practice for building envelope upgrades.MATERIAL AND METHODS: Established building precedents and identified best practice for building envelope upgrade, a high rise block of flats was identified and used as a case study, with the current and predicted, following building envelope upgrade, energy performance of the building calculated. This has allowed us to identify the possible energy efficiency improvements for this type of building following the building envelope upgrade. RESULTS: In the projected case, the building with energy class - "D" become class "B". In addition, increased quality of the living room in the attic was enabled. It was possible to obtain a decrease of the heating energy from 130.76 kWh/m²a to 37.73 kWh/m²a or to jump in the class "B" of energetic passport.CONCLUSION: This research contributes to the local implementation of the global agenda for sustainable development, design and construction, and it demonstrates the possible way and level of energy efficiency improvements to the least efficient building stock through existing building envelope upgrade.

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Hygrothermal performance of the building envelope with low environmental impact: case of a hemp concrete envelope

Journal of Physics Conference Series ◽

10.1088/1742-6596/2069/1/012006 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2069 (1) ◽

pp. 012006

Author(s):

A Kabore ◽

W Maref ◽

C O Plamondon

Keyword(s):

Environmental Impact ◽

Air Conditioning ◽

Energy Performance ◽

Building Envelope ◽

Glass Wool ◽

Mould Growth ◽

Cement Block ◽

Hygrothermal Performance ◽

The City

Abstract This document is a case study of hemp-based materials integrated into the building envelope for African and North American’s applications. The objective is to evaluate the energy performance of hemp concrete for construction in Montreal, Canada, where heating predominates and in Dori, Burkina Faso, where air conditioning predominates. The effect of thermal and hygrothermal comfort of hemp concrete, glass wool, cement block and compressed earth brick walls were simulated to quantify the benefits on overheating during the hottest months for the city of Dori and the risk of mould growth in the walls of the building in winter for the city of Montreal.

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Dependence of measured specific air leakage rate (qE50) on envelope pressure differences and measurement position: a case study in an apartment building in winter conditions

Journal of Physics Conference Series ◽

10.1088/1742-6596/2069/1/012229 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2069 (1) ◽

pp. 012229

Author(s):

P Klõšeiko ◽

E Arumägi ◽

J Hallik ◽

T Kalamees

Keyword(s):

Residential Building ◽

Energy Performance ◽

Building Envelope ◽

Air Leakage ◽

Apartment Building ◽

Measurement Results ◽

Air Leakage Rate ◽

Random Nature ◽

Airtightness Measurement

Abstract Airtightness of the building envelope has become an important component in achieving ever stricter energy performance levels. However, airtightness measurements using blower door method are dependent on choices made by the specialist conducting the tests. One being the assessment of baseline pressure difference inside the building and position of the measurement equipment. Ideally, the test will be conducted without wind and stack effect which could disturb the envelope pressure measurements. Unfortunately, such conditions seldom exist, especially in colder climates. This increases the appeal of conducting apartment-wise measurements over whole-building measurements as it is far easier to comply with the ISO 9972. However, the apartment-wise method has a relatively random nature due to small share of actual building envelope. This paper investigates the effect of using different measurement positions and pressure levels on the airtightness measurement results. A 5-storey 15m tall residential building was used as a case study and measured as a whole and in select apartments. The results show that the variation caused by different choices of pressure levels, measurement positions etc caused relatively low variations and whole-building measurement should be preferred even if not all baseline and pressure level requirements are not met.

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Assessing the building envelope performance during occupancy

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202017222004 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 172 ◽

pp. 22004

Author(s):

Jade Deltour ◽

Nicolas Heijmans ◽

Karel De Sloover

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Method ◽

Mathematical Models ◽

Energy Performance ◽

Building Envelope ◽

Carbon Neutrality ◽

Energy Performance Of Buildings ◽

Measurement Protocol ◽

Detached House

In order to achieve carbon neutrality in the building field as expected by the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, it is important to not only be able to calculate energy performance during design but also to be able to measure the actual energy performance of buildings during occupancy. However, there is currently no approved methodology for assessing the energy performance of the building envelope of an occupied building independently of its occupants, its systems and the climate. We applied a mathematical method to determine the heat loss coefficient (HLC) of the building envelope, from data collected in occupied buildings. The paper describes the in-situ measurement protocol and the mathematical models that contributes to address this challenge. Our methodology is demonstrated on a new semi-detached house, more insulated than the regulatory level, located in Brussels from a full year of monitoring data. For this case study, the results are promising. Indeed, some mathematical models show results of the same range value for the occupied insitu HLC and the reference HLC, obtained from in-situ measurements but without occupancy. However, more case studies should be evaluated, in order to validate the methodology.

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Assessment of the Life Cycle Energy Efficiency of a Primary School Building in Turkey

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.887.335 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 887 ◽

pp. 335-343

Author(s):

Nazanin Moazzen ◽

Mustafa Erkan Karaguler ◽

Touraj Ashrafian

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Life Cycle ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Energy Demand ◽

Energy Use ◽

Human Life ◽

Energy Performance ◽

Building Envelope ◽

Embodied Energy

Energy efficiency has become a crucial part of human life, which has an adverse impact on the social and economic development of any country. In Turkey, it is a critical issue especially in the construction sector due to increase in the dependency on the fuel demands. The energy consumption, which is used during the life cycle of a building, is a huge amount affected by the energy demand for material and building construction, HVAC and lighting systems, maintenance, equipment, and demolition. In general, the Life Cycle Energy (LCE) needs of the building can be summarised as the operational and embodied energy together with the energy use for demolition and recycling processes.Besides, schools alone are responsible for about 15% of the total energy consumption of the commercial building sector. To reduce the energy use and CO2 emission, the operational and embodied energy of the buildings must be minimised. Overall, it seems that choosing proper architectural measures for the envelope and using low emitting material can be a logical step for reducing operational and embodied energy consumptions.This paper is concentrated on the operating and embodied energy consumptions resulting from the application of different architectural measures through the building envelope. It proposes an educational building with low CO2 emission and proper energy performance in Turkey. To illustrate the method of the approach, this contribution illustrates a case study, which was performed on a representative schoold building in Istanbul, Turkey. Energy used for HVAC and lighting in the operating phase and the energy used for the manufacture of the materials are the most significant parts of embodied energy in the LCE analyses. This case study building’s primary energy consumption was calculated with the help of dynamic simulation tools, EnergyPlus and DesignBuilder. Then, different architectural energy efficiency measures were applied to the envelope of the case study building. Then, the influence of proposed actions on LCE consumption and Life Cycle CO2 (LCCO2) emissions were assessed according to the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method.

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Energy performance of PVC-Coated polyester fabric as novel material for the building envelope: Model validation and a refurbishment case study

Journal of Building Engineering ◽

10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102437 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

pp. 102437

Author(s):

Giovanni Ciampi ◽

Yorgos Spanodimitriou ◽

Michelangelo Scorpio ◽

Antonio Rosato ◽

Sergio Sibilio

Keyword(s):

Model Validation ◽

Energy Performance ◽

Polyester Fabric ◽

Building Envelope ◽

Novel Material ◽

Envelope Model

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Historic Building Energy Audit and Retrofit Simulation with Hemp-Lime Plaster—A Case Study

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12114620 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 4620 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Rosa Agliata ◽

Alfonso Marino ◽

Luigi Mollo ◽

Paolo Pariso

Keyword(s):

Winter Season ◽

Building Energy ◽

Energy Performance ◽

Natural Material ◽

Construction Sector ◽

Energy Audit ◽

Historic Building ◽

Case Study Analysis ◽

Lime Plaster

Hemp-lime composite is a natural material, which is being increasingly used and studied in the construction sector, thanks to its recyclability, hygrothermal comfort and healthiness features. The aim of this paper is to test the benefits in terms of energy efficiency achieved through the use of hemp-lime composite as insulation in a possible refurbishment intervention. With the aim of extending the knowledge about the benefits achieved through from the integration of this natural material into construction production process, a real building in south of Italy was selected and a substitution of the standard gypsum-lime plaster with a hemp-lime one was simulated by means of a specific software (Termus® by Acca Sotware, Bagnoli Irpino, Italy), serving for the assessment of the energy performance. Case study analysis highlighted the good thermal insulation properties of hemp-based plaster, allowing thermal dispersion to decrease in the winter season and improve the summer performance of the walls by approximately 20% compared to traditional plaster. This results in a one-level improvement of the building in energy classification according to Italian regulation.

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Building Energy Retrofit Measures in Hot-Summer–Cold-Winter Climates: A Case Study in Shanghai

Energies ◽

10.3390/en12173393 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (17) ◽

pp. 3393 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yuanda Hong ◽

Collins I. Ezeh ◽

Wu Deng ◽

Sung-Hugh Hong ◽

Zhen Peng

Keyword(s):

Building Energy ◽

Energy Performance ◽

Building Envelope ◽

Decision Makers ◽

Cold Winter ◽

Financial Barriers ◽

Energy Retrofit ◽

Building Retrofit ◽

Pv Systems

Building retrofit measures provide a significant means of mitigating the effect of climate change on buildings by enhancing building energy performance at a beneficial cost-effectiveness. An insight into the applicable building retrofit measures within a climate zone will guide the optimisation framework to attaining sustainability in architecture and the built environment. This article presents a brief overview of recent studies on retrofit measures and its application on a variety of buildings in hot-summer–cold-winter climates, with emphasis on Shanghai. Findings show that the major retrofit measures include improvement in the building envelope, heating, ventilation and cooling (HVAC) and lighting, supported by photovoltaic (PV) systems, accordingly. Furthermore, the study identifies key elements and plausible challenges for the evaluation of building retrofit measures in this region. In this regard, financial barriers and lack of standards and regulatory support are the main challenges identified. These insights provide a systematic approach to guide building researchers, practitioners and decision-makers in the design and development of existing and new retrofit measures for the future of rapidly growing cities with a broad climate variation scope.

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Improving building envelope performance with respect to thermal, sound insulation, and lighting: a case study

Building Acoustics ◽

10.1177/1351010x19877280 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 243-262

Author(s):

Shahryar Habibi

Keyword(s):

Energy Performance ◽

Building Envelope ◽

Sound Insulation ◽

Indoor Environmental Quality ◽

The Novel ◽

Existing Building ◽

Energy Retrofit ◽

Overall Evaluation ◽

Indoor Comfort

This study concerns an overall evaluation of building envelopes, for what concerns the energy, acoustic and lighting performances. It combines different topics of energy and indoor comfort, with the aim to improve the livability of an existing building (a social housing) by means of a comprehensive retrofit of their envelopes. The novel contribution of this study is to apply some methods for energy retrofit of a building envelope in such a way that objectives are achieved within the state-of-the-art combination simulation, optimization approaches, and equations describing the calculations of sound insulation in buildings. The results showed that properties of building envelope like the value of transmittance of the glass window and thermal properties of materials have an impact on indoor environmental quality and energy performance.

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