scholarly journals The effect of the conditions of a landscape on its retention capacity

2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
K. Vrána ◽  
T. Dostál ◽  
P. Koudelka ◽  
V. David ◽  
K. Uuléřová
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Flood Control ◽  
Considerable Effect ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Flood Events ◽  
Flood Wave ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Water Courses ◽  
Basic Approaches

The effect of the conditions of a landscape on its retention capacityQuestions related to the occurrence, frequency, intensity, duration, characteristics and causes of floods have been discussed more in recent years. Two basic approaches to flood control often conflict. The first is based on the assumption of the considerable effect of a landscape's retention capacity, which can in fact prevent surface runoff generation and flood formation and can significantly transform flood wave. The second approach asserts that the retention capacity of a landscape is nearly negligible and that the only reliable flood protection can be provided by extending the technical structures of flood control measures mainly and directly on water courses. Two different approaches were applied to assess the effect of landscape conditions and revitalization measures on surface runoff and flood formation within a catchment and floodplain. The conclusion shows that the effect of landscape revitalization is very important, but mainly for low return periods of flood events, while for extreme events, the effect on landscapes and floodplains becomes less important and even negligible.

scholarly journals Planning of technical flood retention measures in large river basins under consideration of imprecise probabilities of multivariate hydrological loads

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 1349-1363 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Nijssen ◽  
A. Schumann ◽  
M. Pahlow ◽  
B. Klein
Keyword(s):  
Flood Control ◽  
Large River ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Imprecise Probabilities ◽  
Flood Events ◽  
Modeling Tools ◽  
Statistical Characterization ◽  
Design Floods ◽  
Known Unknowns ◽  
Flood Waves

Abstract. As a result of the severe floods in Europe at the turn of the millennium, the ongoing shift from safety oriented flood control towards flood risk management was accelerated. With regard to technical flood control measures it became evident that the effectiveness of flood control measures depends on many different factors, which cannot be considered with single events used as design floods for planning. The multivariate characteristics of the hydrological loads have to be considered to evaluate complex flood control measures. The effectiveness of spatially distributed flood control systems differs for varying flood events. Event-based characteristics such as the spatial distribution of precipitation, the shape and volume of the resulting flood waves or the interactions of flood waves with the technical elements, e.g. reservoirs and flood polders, result in varying efficiency of these systems. Considering these aspects a flood control system should be evaluated with a broad range of hydrological loads to get a realistic assessment of its performance under different conditions. The consideration of this variety in flood control planning design was one particular aim of this study. Hydrological loads were described by multiple criteria. A statistical characterization of these criteria is difficult, since the data base is often not sufficient to analyze the variety of possible events. Hydrological simulations were used to solve this problem. Here a deterministic-stochastic flood generator was developed and applied to produce a large quantity of flood events which can be used as scenarios of possible hydrological loads. However, these simulations imply many uncertainties. The results will be biased by the basic assumptions of the modeling tools. In flood control planning probabilities are applied to characterize uncertainties. The probabilities of the simulated flood scenarios differ from probabilities which would be derived from long time series. With regard to these known unknowns the bias of the simulations was considered by imprecise probabilities. Probabilities, derived from measured flood data were combined with probabilities which were estimated from long simulated series. To consider imprecise probabilities, fuzzy sets were used to distinguish the results between more or less possible design floods. The need for such a differentiated view on the performance of flood protection systems is demonstrated by a case study.

scholarly journals Uncertainties of soil parameterisation in process-based simulation of distributed flood control measures

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 121-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Rieger ◽  
F. Winter ◽  
M. Disse
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Flood Control ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Pedotransfer Functions ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Generation Process ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Physically Based

Abstract. Distributed flood control measures such as land-use changes or differing soil tillage practices which affect the runoff generation process, are hard to simulate physically based due to a high degree of uncertainty with regard to soil parameterisation. In this study the physically based rainfall runoff model WaSiM-ETH (Version 8.4.2) was used with a multi-layered vegetation and soil parameterisation. The modelling area was the meso-scaled and rurally characterised Windach catchment. In addition, soil measurement datasets were compared to demonstrate the uncertainties in soil parameterisation of physically based models. The datasets were gained from the hillslope scale at the Scheyern research farm with similar soil conditions to the Windach catchment. While parameterising and calibrating the model, seven different pedotransfer functions were used with strong influence on the simulated hydrographs. The differing bulk densities of soils depending on land-use and soil tillage must be taken into consideration due to their high impact on modelling results, and they also offer a comprehensive way to model distributed flood control measures. These measures have noticeable effects on flood events under HQ10, especially if the land-use type which is affected by the distributed flood control measure is the dominating land-use form in the catchment area. To account for the variability of soils in the investigation area of Scheyern, different approaches were applied to estimate soil hydraulic properties and saturated hydraulic conductivity, and were compared to field measurements.

scholarly journals Is there a link between agricultural land-use management and flooding?

2007 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. O’Connell ◽  
J. Ewen ◽  
G. O’Donnell ◽  
P. Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Local Scale ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Land Use Management ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Catchment Scale

Abstract. Over the past fifty years, significant changes in UK land use and management practices have occurred, driven by UK and EU agricultural policies. There is substantial evidence that modern land-use management practices have enhanced surface runoff generation at the local scale, frequently creating impacts through "muddy floods". Such local impacts can be avoided or mitigated through the adoption of better land management practices and/or small scale surface runoff control measures. There is little evidence that local scale changes in runoff generation propagate downstream to create impacts at the larger catchment scale. This does not imply that impacts do not exist, but the very few studies in which evidence has been sought have not produced any conclusive findings. Multiscale catchment experimentation, linked to new developments in modelling, is needed which can lead to a better understanding of how small scale changes to runoff generation propagate to larger catchment scales. To facilitate the tracking of changes from the local to the catchment scale, a new modelling approach is demonstrated which allows a downstream flood hydrograph to be mapped back onto its source areas, thus presenting impact information to users in a useful and comprehensible form.

scholarly journals Adsorption, desorption and fractionation of As(V) on untreated and mussel shell-treated granitic material

Solid Earth ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 337-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Seco-Reigosa ◽  
L. Cutillas-Barreiro ◽  
J. C. Nóvoa-Muñoz ◽  
M. Arias-Estévez ◽  
E. Álvarez-Rodríguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Chain ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Mussel Shell ◽  
Weakly Bound ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Adsorption Data ◽  
Water Courses ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Adsorption Desorption ◽  
Langmuir And Freundlich Models

Abstract. As(V) adsorption and desorption were studied on granitic material, coarse and fine mussel shell and granitic material amended with 12 and 24 t ha−1 fine shell, investigating the effect of different As(V) concentrations and different pH as well as the fractions where the adsorbed As(V) was retained. As(V) adsorption was higher on fine than on coarse shell. Mussel shell amendment increased As(V) adsorption on granitic material. Adsorption data corresponding to the unamended and shell-amended granitic material were satisfactory fitted to the Langmuir and Freundlich models. Desorption was always <19% when the highest As(V) concentration (100 mg L−1) was added. Regarding the effect of pH, the granitic material showed its highest adsorption (66%) at pH <6, and it was lower as pH increased. Fine shell presented notable adsorption in the whole pH range between 6 and 12, with a maximum of 83%. The shell-amended granitic material showed high As(V) adsorption, with a maximum (99%) at pH near 8, but decreased as pH increased. Desorption varying pH was always <26%. In the granitic material, desorption increased progressively when pH increased from 4 to 6, contrary to what happened to mussel shell. Regarding the fractionation of the adsorbed As(V), most of it was in the soluble fraction (weakly bound). The granitic material did not show high As(V) retention capacity, which could facilitate As(V) transfer to water courses and to the food chain in case of As(V) compounds being applied on this material; however, the mussel shell amendment increased As(V) retention, making this practice recommendable.

Comprehensive Flood Control Measures in the Tsurumi River Basin in Japan

1997 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 252-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadahiko Nakao ◽  
Koji Tanimoto
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Flood Control ◽  
Control Measures

scholarly journals Modelling monthly runoff generation processes following land use changes: groundwater–surface runoff interactions

2004 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 903-922 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bari ◽  
K. R. J. Smettem
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Mean Annual Rainfall ◽  
Monthly Runoff ◽  
Stream Bed

Abstract. A conceptual water balance model is presented to represent changes in monthly water balance following land use changes. Monthly rainfall–runoff, groundwater and soil moisture data from four experimental catchments in Western Australia have been analysed. Two of these catchments, "Ernies" (control, fully forested) and "Lemon" (54% cleared) are in a zone of mean annual rainfall of 725 mm, while "Salmon" (control, fully forested) and "Wights" (100% cleared) are in a zone with mean annual rainfall of 1125 mm. At the Salmon forested control catchment, streamflow comprises surface runoff, base flow and interflow components. In the Wights catchment, cleared of native forest for pasture development, all three components increased, groundwater levels rose significantly and stream zone saturated area increased from 1% to 15% of the catchment area. It took seven years after clearing for the rainfall–runoff generation process to stabilise in 1984. At the Ernies forested control catchment, the permanent groundwater system is 20 m below the stream bed and so does not contribute to streamflow. Following partial clearing of forest in the Lemon catchment, groundwater rose steadily and reached the stream bed by 1987. The streamflow increased in two phases: (i) immediately after clearing due to reduced evapotranspiration, and (ii) through an increase in the groundwater-induced stream zone saturated area after 1987. After analysing all the data available, a conceptual monthly model was created, comprising four inter-connecting stores: (i) an upper zone unsaturated store, (ii) a transient stream zone store, (ii) a lower zone unsaturated store and (iv) a saturated groundwater store. Data such as rooting depth, Leaf Area Index, soil porosity, profile thickness, depth to groundwater, stream length and surface slope were incorporated into the model as a priori defined attributes. The catchment average values for different stores were determined through matching observed and predicted monthly hydrographs. The observed and predicted monthly runoff for all catchments matched well with coefficients of determination (R2) ranging from 0.68 to 0.87. Predictions were relatively poor for: (i) the Ernies catchment (lowest rainfall, forested), and (ii) months with very high flows. Overall, the predicted mean annual streamflow was within ±8% of the observed values. Keywords: monthly streamflow, land use change, conceptual model, data-based approach, groundwater

scholarly journals Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) Analysis for Bakun Dam Area

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-59
Author(s):  
Yiau S.S. ◽  
F.J. Putuhena
Keyword(s):  
Catchment Area ◽  
Flood Control ◽  
Design Criterion ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Dam Construction ◽  
Research Publication ◽  
Probable Maximum Precipitation ◽  
Maximum Precipitation ◽  
Probable Maximum Flood ◽  
The One

Probable Maximum Precipitation is defined as the greatest depth of precipitation which is possible for a given time and duration over a given size storm area under known meteorological conditions. This concept has been used as design criterion of major flood control measures such as spillways of large dams worldwide. It is essential for the generation of Probable Maximum Flood. This paper represents the results of PMP analysis for Bakun Dam Area which has a catchment area of 14,750 km2. Three sets of results were produced, i.e. by statistical method (with frequency factors from World Meteorological Organization manual and National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia in Technical Research Publication No. 1 (TRP 1)) for duration of 1 hour, 8 hours, 24 hours and daily and by experimental method for production of daily PMP. The results were compared with each other and the one made by Sarawak Electricity Supply Corporation on Bakun Dam construction. The set of PMP values results from substitution of Km developed by NAHRIM was concluded to be the most reliable results as daily PMP (276mm) was consistent with the one (280mm) produced by SESCO. However, 6 days PMP value (950mm) done by SESCO was recommended as the Bakun Dam Area cover huge catchment area which higher duration of PMP value should be applied .

scholarly journals Spatio-temporal modeling of surface runoff in ungauged sub-catchments of Subarnarekha river basin using SWAT

MAUSAM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 597-606
Author(s):  
CHINMAYA PANDA ◽  
DWARIKA MOHAN DAS ◽  
B. C. SAHOO ◽  
B. PANIGRAHI ◽  
K. K. SINGH
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Temporal Modeling ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
R Factors

In this present study, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) embedded with ArcGIS interface has been used to simulate the surface runoff from the un-gauged sub-catchments in the upper catchment of Subarnarekha basin. Model calibration and validation were performed with the help of Sequential Uncertainty Fitting (SUFI-2) in-built in the SWAT-CUP package (SWAT Calibration Uncertainty Programs). The model was calibrated for a period from 1996 to 2008 with 3 years warm up period (1996-1998) and validated for a period of 5 years from 2009 to 2013. The model evaluation was performed by Nash - Sutcliffe coefficient (NSE), Coefficient of determination (R2) and Percentage Bias (PBIAS). The degree of uncertainty was evaluated by P and R factors. Basing upon the R2, NSE and PBIAS values respectively, of the order of 0.90, 0.90 and -12%, during calibration and 0.85, 0.83 and -15% during validation, substantiate performance of the model. All uncertainties of model parameters have been well taken by the P and R factors respectively, of the order of 0.95 and 0.77 during calibration and 0.82 and 0.87 during validation. The runoff generation from 19 sub-catchments of Adityapur catchment varies from 29.2-44.1% of the annual rainfall and average surface runoff simulated for the entire catchment is 545 mm. As the surface runoff generated in most of the sub-catchments amounts to above 30% of rainfall, it is recommended for adequate number of structural interventions at appropriate locations in the catchment to store the rainfall excess for providing irrigation, recharging groundwater and restricting the sediment and nutrient loss.

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