scholarly journals Mistyka i życie Relacja religijna w fenomenologii Michela Henry’ego

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-316
Author(s):  
Andrzej Gielarowski

Mysticism and life. Religious relationship in Michel Henry’s phenomenologyThis article discusses the concept of mysticism in the phenomenology of Michel Henry, which involves the relationship of life and the living, as set against two opposing views on the connection of life to the living: Arthur Schopenhauer’s naturalistic philosophy of life and the religious doctrine of Master Eckhart. In the first approach, life is identical with the will to live, a natural force inherent to everything that is alive. In the other one, life is identified with the Christian God (infinite or absolute life), encompassing all individual livings and constituting the foundation for all creation existing out of him. Hermeneutic analyses carried out in the article consider those texts by Michel Henry which comment on the works of Master Eckhart and Schopenhauer and provide for his own interpretations of them. They aim to show that Henry’s thought involves the religious understanding of mysticism as pertaining to the connection of life and the living identified with the relationship of God (absolute life) and humans (finite life). Moreover, the mysticism of life should be distinguished from Schopenhauer’s naturalistic metaphysics of life, while its main inspiration are the Christian teachings of Master Eckhart, therefore the former may be considered as one of the interpretations of the latter. Irrespective of its Christian background, Henry’s thought can be also of interest to non‑Christians, as it presents a way of accessing (absolute) life through the experience of a living body (French: chair) underlying self‑affectivity, largely forgotten in modern times but which can be revived by communing with art, because aesthetic experience is one of the forms of feeling one’s own being. In Henry’s thought, aesthetics, ethics and religion are closely interrelated, providing an effective remedy for the contemporary cultural crisis.

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-94
Author(s):  
Andrianna Roma

The culture of ancient Rome is impressive with its uniqueness, so scholars have always been interested in it. In ancient societies religious component always plays a great role, so studying it becomes key in understanding the depth of human feelings. The ancient perception of the world is clearly represented in mythology, the first type of human consciousness, whose reflections manifest itself in all the following stages of human development. The article seeks to identify the mythological components in Roman paganism tradition that facilitates deep understanding of the religion of ancient Rome. At the same time, the cornerstone of the study is the relationship between the religious and the human—what role in the process of social and cultural transformations the religious component played, how deeply mythological components intertwined with religious doctrine, what was the nature of the relationship of the Romans with their gods, and how the features of mentality transformed universal human aspirations as seen by the ancient Romans. A comprehensive analysis of this issue opens up further prospects for research, which can be considered a broader layer of the culture of ancient Rome.


2017 ◽  
pp. 35-44
Author(s):  
Richard Gorban

In this article, the author represents the aspect of philosophical and religious doctrine of Czeslaw Stanislaw Bartnik, a Polish personalist, which deals with the way the philosopher understands freedom as a structural component of a personality that enables a man to realize his inner and outer potential in both individual and social planes, in all dimensions of human existence: soul, body, intellect, will, actions, perception and creation of existence. Interrelation and interdependence between freedom and responsibility of a personality, as well as between freedom and will of a person, are the issues of principle for a Catholic thinker. As interpreted by Bartnik, responsibility is a measure of freedom, because of direct relationship between them: the more freedom a person possesses, the greater responsibility it takes to implement and use it. The relationship between freedom and will explains the dialectic character of structure of a personality. Freedom of a man is manifested through auto- determination, which means the ability of will to make free choices, and ultimately the will determines itself, being evaluated by practical mind. Freedom in personal existence concerns personality as a whole, but not the will or actions taken separately. That is why, Bartnik believes, it is better to speak about personal freedom and free existence of a personality. Choice -making proves freedom of a man, but when choosing an option, a person chooses himself, thus creating his own spiritual image. Existence consists of possibilities to choose from and means the core and backbone structure of a personality in the dynamic process of self-realization.


PMLA ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 846-855 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Cline Kelly

Swift recognized that “slavery” was an ambivalent term: on one hand, slavery can be seen as a biological imperative—a natural condition of the innately servile; on the other hand, slavery can be seen as a political accident— a circumstance imposed from without by those with the will and power to oppress. Swift consistently characterized the Irish as “slaves” and called the relationship of Ireland to England “slavery.” In the case of the Irish, Swift feared that their slavery, which may have begun as external oppression, would eventually become an intrinsic part of Irish character. If Swift's observations on slavery in Ireland are applied to the slavery of the Yahoos to the Houyhnhnms in Book iv of Gulliver's Travels, the question of whether slavery is a matter of nature or nurture also arises, for there is evidence in Book iv to suggest that the Yahoos were as rational as Gulliver when they arrived in Houyhnhnmland.


2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-72
Author(s):  
Natalie Mojžíšová

The novel depicts the relationship of a young couple living in Montreal. The poetics of the text not only provides the reader with an unusual aesthetic experience but also reveals interesting details about life in Canada in the 1960s. We will introduce the main characters of the novel and focus on some of its aspects, especially those moments where the political situation, whether historically distant or recent, is reflected in the life of modern society. The sixties of the twentieth century were imbued with a desire to resist authority which was lived collectively and also as an individual issue. In the novel, the theme of revolt is portrayed on both these levels, but it shows that it is not always easy to realize one’s ideas in practice.The structure of the novel which refers to the influence of nouveau roman is composed of fragmentary narrative, repetitive allusions and unfinished sentences. Using all these techniques Jacques Godbout has created a captivating text, fascinating especially by its disquieting dynamics.


2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-190
Author(s):  
Yu A Timoshenko

Despite the fact that the scientific development of the problems of presenting the text of the law being quite a long time, up to the present time no General theory of law, nor in the theory of criminal law has not developed a unified view about how to understand the legislative machinery and, therefore, what its components are. The article examines the main approaches to the understanding of legislative technique and its content. On the basis of the conducted analysis the author comes to the conclusion that the formation of the will of the legislator, aimed at recognition of socially dangerous encroachment on the environment is criminal, and its technical regulation, which is impossible without the use of appropriate tools, which has a legislative technique, the two interrelated and interdependent processes. The author on the basis of use of methods of integrated and comparative study comes to the conclusion that in order to criminalize socially dangerous acts that threaten environmental safety, it is necessary not only to identify criminological and to justify the need for the existence of criminal responsibility for such actions, to identify socially dangerous forms of such behavior, but also the most precisely formulated text of the criminal legal prohibition, which is impossible without using appropriate tools, which has a legislative technique.


2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 267-286
Author(s):  
Richard A. Muller

Abstract The present essay addresses Paul Helm’s most recent attempt to assimilate the thought of such Reformed scholastics as Francis Turretin to the ‘compatibilism’ of Jonathan Edwards. Helm has misunderstood a series of important scholastic distinctions concerning the relationship of intellect and will in the older faculty psychology, and the relationship of foundational or, as I identified it, ‘root’ indifference in the will to its multiple potencies. He has, accordingly, failed to register how Reformed orthodox understandings of free choice outlined in recent scholarship affirm both a simultaneity or synchronicity of potencies or capacities of the will and a diachronicity of actual effects and events. The Reformed orthodox writers certainly thought that human freedom was not incompatible with the divine determination of all things—their resolution of the issue does not, however, coincide with modern compatibilism.


2010 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 105-130
Author(s):  
Julia Knap ◽  
Robert Piłat

In this article we present an analysis of attitudes towards the future as they are presented in memoirs of unemployed persons, who participated a contest announced by Institute of Social Economy at Warsaw School of Economics by sending their memoirs of their experiences in the years 1999 to 2001. Our analysis encompasses such attitudes as wishes, planning, predicting, hope, dreams, fear of the future, pure endurance, and expectations of help. Our departure point is an observation that the future rarely becomes a topic of reflection in the entries submitted by the authors. The authors seek the explanation of this by analysing the cognitive, imaginary, emotional and social dimensions of the authors’ prospective attitudes, the will to survive and tendency for hope. Examination of the future through the eyes of those finding themselves in lasting difficult economic and social conditions sheds light on the nature of behaviour toward and attitudes to the future in general, demonstrating the most fragile and at the same time most essential elements of these behaviours and attitudes. In this way, this study constitutes a contribution to general philosophical reflections on the subject of the relationship of man to the future.


Author(s):  
Pradana Boy Zulian ◽  

The relationship of Muhammadiyah and radicalism has been both exaggerated or denied by a number of observers and Muhammadiyah’s inner circles respectively. In the lights of these two opposing views, this research seeks to investigate connections, possible links, and types of relationships between Muhammadiyah and radicalism among the youth in Indonesia. It assesses and compares Muhammadiyah’s religious doctrines with those of radical Islam’s. The paper confirms certain intersections between Muhammadiyah and radical Islam doctrines. Based on the case of radical Islamic movements in Lamongan, East Java, this research finds that the radical doctrinal intersections do not automatically transform into radicalism in Muhammadiyah milieu, but they developed and advanced outside Muhammadiyah. This relationship is reffered to as “elementary relationship”. When the radical potential developed, those radicalised activists subsequently separated from Muhammadiyah and left for a more radical Islamic groups. This stage is called “separation”. However, when those activists have fully transformed into radicals, some of them returned to Muhammadiyah, not to rejoin the organization, but to correct Muhammadiyah’s religious doctrine that they percive as false, and at the same time persuade Muhammadiyah’s youth to join radical Islamic fronts. This type of relationship is termed as “return-for salvation”. Furthermore, this paper also reveals that Muhammadiyah youth, especially those who are involving in Muhammadiyah autonomous organizations do not show radical tendency, although some of them are sympathetic to radical Islam agendas.


Psihologija ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Polovina ◽  
Slobodan Markovic

This study investigated the strructure of aesthetic experience and the relationship of this structure and other dimensions of the subjective judgements of paintings. Aesthetic experinece was defined by nine descriptors selected from relevant literature: fascinating, irresistible, unique, eternal, profound, exceptional, universal, unspeakable, I would like to have this painting. 24 paintings were judged of on nine unipolar seven-step scales that were made of the up-mentioned descriptors. The factor analysis extracted one principal component. Multiple regression has shown weak correlation between aesthetic expirience (averaged nine judgements) and the factors of the subjective judgements of paintings (the factors were measured by the instrument SDS 16; Radonjic & Markovic, 2005). Factor Arousal was a significant predictor of aesthetic experience, but the percent of explained variance was relatively low (circa 23%). The prediction of other factors, Regularity, Atraction and Serenity, was not significant. For the purpose of this analysis we used the data from the previous study (Radonjic and Markovic, 2005). Further regression analyses indicated the role of aesthetic experience in the similarity judgments of paintings: the distributions of the paintings within 2-D and 3-D MDS space were partially explained by the measure of aesthetic experience. The MDS data were taken from the previous study (Radonjic i Markovic, 2004). The results of this study suggest that the aesthetic experience is a unique and relatively independent phenomenon: internally, it is not dividable into components, and externally, it is weakly correlated with the other subjective dimensions.


2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignacio Carrasco de Paula ◽  
Nunziata Comoretto ◽  
Adriana Turriziani

Il desiderio di morire sembra oggi espresso con frequenza sempre crescente dai pazienti, anche in situazioni cliniche che di per sé non sarebbero prossime alla morte. Per il medico, il desiderio di morire manifestato dal paziente non dovrebbe costituire un assunto ideologico da avvallare o da contrastare, quanto piuttosto un bisogno da colmare. L’articolo ha dunque l’obiettivo di indagare in quale modo si pone per il medico la volontà di vivere e/o la volontà di morire espressa da un suo paziente, quali conseguenze ha tale richiesta per l’operato del medico e quale spazio lascia alla sua competenza e al suo impegno professionale. Molti pazienti esprimono un desiderio di terminare la propria vita perché percepita come priva di “significato”, di “speranza” o di “dignità”. Soprattutto la nozione di dignità del paziente costituisce un riferimento frequente nelle decisioni etico-cliniche, soprattutto alla fine della vita; tuttavia, essa una comprensione piuttosto vaga e, soprattutto, non sempre è chiaro quali implicanze cliniche dovrebbe avere per la condotta del medico. In ogni caso, è certo che il concetto di dignità, sia nella definizione teorica sia nella esperienza che ne fanno i pazienti, ha a che vedere con la globalità dei tratti e dei bisogni del paziente, cioè con l’uomo tutto intero. Nella percezione che il paziente ha della propria dignità, dunque, riveste un ruolo significativo non tanto la malattia in quanto tale, con i suoi sintomi, quanto gli aspetti esistenziali che da quella malattia possono essere messi, per diverse ragioni e in diverso modo, a dura prova. Pertanto, la risposta ad una sofferenza che è reale ed è intensa non sembra essere una risposta medica in senso tecnico, ma sicuramente medica in senso etico: è la risposta dell’ascolto e della comunicazione, dell’attenzione alla sfera umana del paziente, oltre il limite segnato dalla malattia, ma aperta e accogliente nei confronti delle preoccupazioni espresse dal paziente e della sua personale esperienza della malattia. È nella stessa relazione, cioè nel fatto che esiste una vera relazione tra persone, la prima efficacia “terapeutica” del rapporto tra medico e paziente. ---------- The desire to die seems today expressed with increasing frequency by patients, even in clinical situations, which in itself would not be close to death. For the doctor, a death wish expressed by the patient should not be an ideological assumption to be endorsed or opposed, but rather a need to be filled. The article therefore has the objective to investigate how is the doctor for the will to live and/or expressed desire to die by a patient, how this request affects the work of the doctor and how much room it leaves to his skill and his professional commitment. Many patients express a desire to end their lives because they perceived as devoid of “meaning”, “hope” or “ dignity “. The notion of the patient’s dignity is a frequent reference in the clinical-ethical decisions, especially at the end of life, but it is a rather vague and, above all, it is not always clear which clinical implications should have for the conduct of the doctor. In any case, it is certain that the concept of dignity, both in theory and in practical experience of patients, has to do with all the features and needs of the patient, that is with the whole man. In the perception of the patient’s own dignity, therefore, plays a significant role not so much the disease itself, its symptoms, but the existential aspects that disease, for different reasons and in different ways, can put trough the mill. Therefore, the answer to a real and intense suffering does not seem to be a medical response in the technical sense, but certainly in the medical ethical one: it is the response of listening and communication skills, attention to the sphere of human patient, as well the limit marked by disease, but open and welcoming towards the concerns expressed by the patient and his personal experience of the disease. It is in the same “relationship”, namely, that there is indeed a relationship between two persons, the first “therapeutic” effect of the relationship between doctor and patient.


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