scholarly journals THE QUESTION OF UKRAINIAN STATEHOOD ON THE INTERNATIONAL STAGE (1919–1923): THE STUDY AND INTERPRETATION OF POLISH HISTORIANS

2021 ◽  
pp. 250-270
Author(s):  
Vasyl Futala
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Union ◽  
National Interests ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
International Aspects ◽  
First World

Summary. The purpose of this study is to show the achievements of Polish historiography in the study of international aspects of the Ukrainian question during 1919–1923. Research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, systemicity, and objectivity. In solving specific problems, methods of historiographical analysis and synthesis were applied. The scientific novelty is that the qualitative completeness of historical information of historiographical sources, the personal contribution of Polish scholars to the study of Ukrainian statehood in the international arena during 1919–1923 is highlighted. Conclusions. The analyzed problem began to be studied in Poland at the scientific level in 1960–1980’s. The historians tried to show the place of the Ukrainian question in the system of international relations after the end of the First World War; the attitude of the Entente countries to Ukrainian statehood; Polish-Ukrainian military and diplomatic confrontation for Eastern Galicia; transformation of the political status of Eastern Galicia; actualization of the Ukrainian question in the League of Nations and its place in Polish-Soviet relations, etc. After 1989, an important event in the Polish-Ukrainian studies became the emergence of special monographic studies. The authors deepened the work of historians period of people’s Poland, especially in such areas as Pilsudski’s federal program, Polish-Ukrainian military-political union of 1920, the Treaty of Riga and the Ukrainian question. In fact, modern researchers were the first to violate the problem of state and legal status Carpathian Ruthenia and Northern Bukovyna. However, despite significant scientific advances, the following aspects need in-depth study: miscalculations and inconsistent actions of Ukrainian governments, that influenced the policies of the victorious states concerning the Ukrainian People’s Republic and the Western Ukrainian People’s Republic; Anglo-French controversy over the problem of Eastern Galicia; activities of special Entente missions in order to reach a truce between Poland and the Western Ukrainian People’s Republic. Polish historians have mostly covered the Ukrainian question through the prism of the foreign policy of the reborn Republic of Poland and Polish national interests. Therefore, it would be good if in the Polish historiography the diplomacy of the UPR and ZUNR in the period of the Ukrainian revolution became a separate topic of research in the future.

The Compost Wars

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory A. Barton
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
First World War ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Popular Audience ◽  
First World

After the death of Gabrielle Howard from cancer, Albert married her sister Louise. Louise had been pressured to leave Cambridge as a classics lecturer as a result of her pro-peace writings during the First World War. After working for Virginia Wolf, she then worked for the League of Nations in Geneva. Louise was herself an expert on labor and agriculture, and helped Albert write for a popular audience. Albert Howard toured plantations around the world advocating the Indore Method. After the publication of the Agricultural Testament (1943), Albert Howard focused on popularizing his work among gardeners and increasingly connected his composting methods to issues of human health.

scholarly journals Public Welfare as One of the Directions of Activity of Zemstvos in Yekaterinoslav Region in 1914–1918

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 170
Author(s):  
Anna Manko
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Public Welfare ◽  
World War ◽  
Agricultural Work ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
History Of ◽  
First World

The purpose of the study is to analyze the contribution of zemstvos in Yekaterinoslav province during the World War First to the development of the system of public welfare in the province.Methods of research – historiographical analysis and synthesis, comparative and descriptive methods of cognition.The system of public welfare began to be formed after the Zemstvoʼs reform in 1864. Gradually, the main directions of rural care were distinguished: care for servicemen who devoted a significant part of their lives to the army or had special merits; care for persons deprived of livelihood (orphans, incurable ill); care for persons suffering from mental disorders. Zemstvos at their own expense kept orphanages, mansions, homes for the incurably ill, educational-handicrafts homes-invalids. nurseries and temporary shelters for children whose parents were busy with agricultural work. The undeniable merit of Zemstvos was that social protection began to be regarded as one of the most important social affairs, which was extremely relevant in the context of the growing number of people in need of protection, especially during the First World War. However, despite some progress in the organization of social protection, the size of the zemstvos in the field of care with low-income sections of society were insufficient.The results obtained during the study can be used during the teaching of the course "History of Ukraine", studies of local lore.The scientific novelty of the study is to analyze statistical data on the work of zemstvos Yekaterinoslav province in the field of public welfare.The article is of an exploratory nature.

scholarly journals The Policy of Poland and Romania Concerning Interned Army of the Ukrainian People's Republic (1921–1924s): Modern Domestic Historiography

2021 ◽  
pp. 118-129
Author(s):  
Mykola Stopchak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
First World

The article focuses on a comprehensive analysis of the historiographical achievements of modern Ukrainian historians on the policy of the leadership of Poland and Romania regarding the interned in the camps of these countries, the Army of the Ukrainian People's Republic. The methodological basis of the study comprises the principles of historicism, objectivity and systematics. General scientific and special research methods were used in solving the set tasks: historiographical analysis and synthesis of knowledge development, generalization, quantitative, historical-comparative, chronological, retrospective, etc. The scientific novelty of the work lies in a comprehensive analysis of the state of study in modern domestic historiography of the policy of the leadership of Poland and Romania during 1921-1924s concernig interned Army of the UPR. Conclusions. The analysis of the historiographical achievements of modern Ukrainian historians proved they have made significant progress in studying the scientific field. Having gained access to previously closed domestic and foreignarchival materials, scholars of independent Ukraine cooperated with foreign historians and rejected unscientific, ideologically biased approaches and conclusions of Soviet historiography regarding the policy of the Polish and Romanian leadership towards the interned army. The shortcomings of Ukrainian foreign historiography on this problem, which consisted of a number of inaccuracies and a weak source base, were eliminated, which led to the distortion of historical realities. Domestic historians have clearly shown that the policy pursued by the governments of Poland and Romania regarding the internment of the UPR Army in the camps of these countries was aimed at ensuring their own national interests. It varied depending on the state of relations with its aggressive northern neighbor – Bolshevik Russia. The orientation of this policy was significantly influenced by the position of the Entente states, the victors of the First World War/ They viewed the UPR Army as a force capable of counteracting the expansionist aspirations of Bolshevik Russia. At the same time, despite significant progress in the study of this topic, especially in the 1990s – early XXI century, in the last twenty years, domestic historians didn’t pay enough attention to its study. A number of aspects of this problem remain unexplored and require further scientific analysis.

Mandated Pasts

2020 ◽  
pp. 29-60
Author(s):  
Billie Melman
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
International System ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
International Institute ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Post War ◽  
First World

Chapter 1 examines the new definitions of antiquity that emerged after the First World War and relates them to the new post-war imperial order and international system. It tracks the shift from a perception of ancient objects and monuments as the loot of victors, through their handling within the framework, which had first emerged in the nineteenth century, of laws of war, to their treatment as a part of policies of an imperial peace in the Middle East—in peace treaties and the new mandates system. The chapter follows the internationalization of the discourse on antiquity and the formation of a new “regime of antiquities”, a term referring to international and local mandatory legislation on archaeology and to practices of its monitoring. It offers a view “from above” of the new regime and its formulation by internationalist experts, within the League of Nations and its organizations for intellectual cooperation, such as the International Institute for Intellectual Cooperation (IIIC) and International Museums Office (OIM), and of internationalist apparatuses, as well as considering the implementation of the regime “on the ground” by the antiquities’ administrations in mandate A territories, formerly under Ottoman rule (Palestine and Transjordan, and Iraq), and the nominally independent Egypt. The chapter demonstrates how the internationalist pull and discourse seeped to colonial rhetoric but conflicted with notions of imperial sovereignty and the power of the mandatories to implement policies on the ground. At the same time, visions of regional cooperation amongst archaeologists and national rights to patrimony were adopted by local archaeologists and nationalists.

The Legacy of the First World War in the Transcaucasia from the Perspectives of the New Humanities

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-57
Author(s):  
George Gotsiridze
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Progress ◽  
World Order ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
National Interests ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Post War ◽  
First World

The work discusses the legacy of the First World War - its positive and negative sides - which played an important role in the formation of the world processes in the post-war period and still preserves its viability.The actuality of the problem is backed by the fact that the relationship of the Trans-caucasian countries with the outer world is still problematic nowadays. We witness how the world’s political and economic map is changing and technical-scientific progress is tangible. In the conditions of the accelerated global processes, a general political, economic and cultural area is being formed, and a new world order is being formed with its difficulties, social catastrophes or cataclysms, conflicts, divergence and integration. At this time, it is of utmost importance to analyze historical problems from the past and seek ways to resolve them in the political relations of the South Caucasus, as in their attitude towards the outside world, understanding that unity is a necessary guarantee of strengthening the statehood of each country and that the perception of the Transcaucasia by the rest of the world as a unified political and economic sphere will simplify the Euro - Atlantic integration. The issue is discussed from the new humanitarian perspectives, which gives us the opportunity to determine the national verticals from experience received centuries ago, around which local or regional political consciousness should be unified in order to satisfy the national interests of each country in the Transcaucasia through closer cooperation.

Railway Workers and Relational History: Arabs and Jews in British-Ruled Palestine

1993 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 601-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary Lockman
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
World War ◽  
Administrative District ◽  
Economic Entity ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Railway Workers ◽  
Relational History ◽  
First World

During the period of Ottoman rule over the Arab East, from 1516 until the end of the First World War, the term Palestine (Filastin) denoted a geographic region, part of what the Arabs called al-Sham (historic Syria), rather than a specific Ottoman province or administrative district. By contrast, from 1920 to 1948, Palestine existed as a distinct and unified political (and to a considerable extent economic) entity with well-defined boundaries. Ruled by Britain under a so-called mandate granted by the League of Nations, Palestine in that period encompassed an Arab majority and a Jewish minority.

scholarly journals Nationalism, the First World War, and sites of international memory

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenda Sluga
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
World War ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
First World ◽  
Role Of Men

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to restore the history of internationalism to our understanding of the legacy of the First World War, and the role of universities in that past. It begins by emphasising the war’s twin legacy, namely, the twin principles of the peace: national self-determination and the League of Nations. Design/methodology/approach It focuses on the intersecting significance and meaning attributed to the related terms patriotism and humanity, nationalism and internationalism, during the war and after. A key focus is the memorialization of Edith Cavell, and the role of men and women in supporting a League of Nations. Findings The author finds that contrary to conventional historical opinion, internationalism was as significant as nationalism during the war and after, thanks to the influence and ideas of men and women connected through university networks. Research limitations/implications The author’s argument is based on an examination of British imperial sources in particular. Originality/value The implications of this argument are that historians need to recover the international past in histories of nationalism.

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