Flow Sitometri ile Bazı Ispanak Aksesyonlarının Çekirdek DNA İçeriklerinin Belirlenmesi

The aim of this research is to determine ploidy levels of 53 spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) accessions obtained from abroad sources by using flow cytometry. According to the results of the statistical analysis, the differences among DNA content of accessions were statistically important. The average DNA content of spinach accessions used in the study ranged between 2.225 pg/2C (Esfenaj accession) and 2.059 pg/2C (Matador and Godir accessions). The mean nuclear DNA of accessions shown to be relatively stable due to low standard deviation (0.003-0.096). Based on the mitotic chromosome analyses of the some plants with different DNA contents, mitotic chromosome number of the all plants analyzed in the study were determined as 2n=12. These results indicate that all the accessions used in the study are diploid although their DNA content is significantly vary. According to the clustering analysis of the 2C DNA contents results, it was observed that eight sub clusters were formed under two main clusters. The clustering of axioms was performed in a similar manner to the multiple comparison test. As a result, the data will save time and labor convenience in a further breeding studies deal with the same 53 spinach accessions of our study.

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Variation in Ploidy Levels and Reproductive Pathways Among Flowering Crabapples

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.39.4.773b ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 773B-773

Author(s):

Thomas Ranney* ◽

Thomas Eaker

Keyword(s):

Ploidy Level ◽

Dna Content ◽

Nuclear Dna ◽

Nuclear Dna Content ◽

Unreduced Gametes ◽

Breeding Programs ◽

Ploidy Levels ◽

Level Measurement ◽

Dna Contents

Information on ploidy levels is extremely valuable for use in plant breeding programs. Fertility, crossability, and heritability of traits are all influenced by ploidy levels. Knowledge of reproductive pathways, including occurrence of apomixes, pseudogamy, and formation of unreduced gametes can also be important information for developing breeding strategies. Although ploidy level can be determined by counting chromosomes, flow cytometry provides a reliable and much faster means for determination of nuclear DNA content and associated ploidy level. Measurement of ploidy levels of seeds (embryo and endosperm) can also provide useful insights into reproductive pathways. The objective of this study was to determine the approximate genome size, estimated ploidy level, and range of reproductive pathways of a diverse collection of flowering crapbapples (Malus spp.). Genome sizes were calculated as nuclear DNA content for unreduced tissue (2C). Results from the taxa included in our survey showed DNA contents ranging from 1.52 to 1.82 for diploids, 2.40 to 2.62 for triploids, and 3.36 to 3.74 pg/2C for tetraploids. Based on these ranges, we identified 43 diploid, 10 triploid, and 4 tetraploid crabapple taxa in this collection. Results from open pollinated seeds and seedlings demonstrated a variety of reproductive pathways including apomixes and unreduced gametes. This research provides information on ploidy levels and reproductive pathways of flowering crabapples and will allow for more systematic and efficient progress in the development of improved cultivars.

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Nuclear DNA content and minimum generation time in herbaceous plants

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspb.1972.0042 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 181 (1063) ◽

pp. 109-135 ◽

Cited By ~ 406

Keyword(s):

Cell Cycle ◽

Dna Content ◽

Cycle Time ◽

Generation Time ◽

Nuclear Dna ◽

Nuclear Dna Content ◽

Annual Species ◽

Cell Cycle Time ◽

Developmental Processes ◽

The Mean

Many components of cell and nuclear size and mass are correlated with nuclear DNA content in plants, as also are the durations and rates of such developmental processes as mitosis and meiosis. It is suggested that the multiple effects of the mass of nuclear DNA which affect all cells and apply throughout the life of the plant can together determine the minimum generation time for each species. The durations of mitosis and of meiosis are both positively correlated with nuclear DNA content and, therefore, species with a short minimum generation time might be expected to have a shorter mean cell cycle time and mean meiotic duration, and a lower mean nuclear DNA content, than species with a long mean minimum generation time. In tests of this hypothesis, using data collated from the literature, it is shown that the mean cell cycle time and the mean meiotic duration in annual species is significantly shorter than in perennial species. Furthermore, the mean nuclear DNA content of annual species is significantly lower than for perennial species both in dicotyledons and monocotyledons. Ephemeral species have a significantly lower mean nuclear DNA content than annual species. Among perennial monocotyledons the mean nuclear DNA content of species which can complete a life cycle within one year (facultative perennials) is significantly lower than the mean nuclear DNA content of those which cannot (obligate perennials). However, the mean nuclear DNA content of facultative perennials does not differ significantly from the mean for annual species. It is suggested that the effects of nuclear DNA content on the duration of developmental processes are most obvious during its determinant stages, and that the largest effects of nuclear DNA mass are expressed at times when development is slowest, for instance, during meiosis or at low temperature. It has been suggested that DNA influences development in two ways, directly through its informational content, and indirectly by the physical-mechanical effects of its mass. The term 'nucleotype' is used to describe those conditions of the nucleus which effect the phenotype independently of the informational content of the DNA. It is suggested that cell cycle time, meiotic duration, and minimum generation time are determined by the nucleotype. In addition, it may be that satellite DNA is significant in its nucleotypic effects on developmental processes.

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DNA content in Tradescantia

Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology ◽

10.1139/g85-114 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 27 (6) ◽

pp. 766-775 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Arturo Martínez ◽

Héctor D. Ginzo

Keyword(s):

North America ◽

Dna Content ◽

Nuclear Dna ◽

Nuclear Dna Content ◽

Life Forms ◽

Chromosome Size ◽

Polyploid Complex ◽

Ploidy Levels ◽

Vegetative Adaptation ◽

The Relationship

There is a wide variation in the nuclear DNA content and chromosome size between the species belonging to the T. crassifolia and T. virginiana alliances (all the species but one are native to Central and North America). Also the DNA content per genome decreases when the ploidy level increases within the same specific polyploid complex with three ploidy levels (2x, 4x, and 6x). In contrast, no variation was found in the DNA content per genome between different ploidy levels in the T. fluminensis alliance (all the species are native to South America) where they range from 6x to 22x. Since all the species described here are perennials with various life forms, it was possible to analyze the relationship between the DNA content and their vegetative adaptation to the environment. The more specialized species (geophytes and hemicryptophytes) have a higher amount of DNA than the chamaephytes adapted to live in relatively more mesic regions. In the species living in Central and North America there is a positive correlation between the increase in DNA content and the latitude of their native regions.Key words: Tradescantia, DNA content, geographical distribution, life forms, polyploidy.

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Nuclear DNA content of three Eucalyptus species estimated by flow and image cytometry

Australian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1071/bt09114 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 57 (6) ◽

pp. 524 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Milene Miranda Praça ◽

Carlos Roberto Carvalho ◽

Carolina Ribeiro Diniz Boaventura Novaes

Keyword(s):

Dna Content ◽

Nuclear Dna ◽

Methodological Approach ◽

Nuclear Dna Content ◽

Image Cytometry ◽

Eucalyptus Species ◽

International Consensus ◽

Mean Values ◽

Dna Contents ◽

Nuclear Dna Contents

Previous flow cytometry (FCM) analyses delivered nearly equal mean values of nuclear 2C DNA content for Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden and E. urophylla S. T. Blake (1.33 pg and 1.34 pg, respectively), whereas E. globulus Labill. presented distinct mean values (1.09, 1.13 and 1.40). These differences have been attributed to the different methodological approach, utilised plant cultivar and presence of intrinsic metabolic compounds that affect fluorochrome fluorescence. In the present study, a FCM and image cytometry (ICM) design, following international consensus criteria, were adopted to reassess the nuclear DNA contents of the above-mentioned Eucalyptus species. Statistical analyses revealed either similar or discrepant nuclear DNA contents, depending on the standard species used and whether FCM or ICM was employed. Our results demonstrated that 2C DNA values obtained by FCM and ICM were most uniform when Solanum lycopersicum was used as a standard. Moreover, the values obtained for E. grandis and E. urophylla were close, but differed as much as 24.63% in relation to previous data, and E. globulus proportionally varied up to 25%. New DNA content values are suggested for these eucalypt species.

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Karyotype analysis, DNA content and molecular screening in Lippia alba (Verbenaceae)

Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências ◽

10.1590/s0001-37652011005000012 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 83 (3) ◽

pp. 993-1006 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Patrícia M.O. Pierre ◽

Saulo M. Sousa ◽

Lisete C. Davide ◽

Marco A. Machado ◽

Lyderson F. Viccini

Keyword(s):

Genetic Variation ◽

Dna Content ◽

Chromosome Numbers ◽

Rapd Markers ◽

Nuclear Dna ◽

Pollen Viability ◽

Flow Cytometric Analysis ◽

Nuclear Dna Content ◽

Ploidy Levels ◽

Lippia Alba

Cytogenetic analyses, of pollen viability, nuclear DNA content and RAPD markers were employed to study three chemotypes of Lippia alba (Mill.) (Verbenaceae) in order to understand the genetic variation among them. Different ploidy levels and mixoploid individuals were observed. This work comprises the first report of different chromosome numbers (cytotypes) in L. alba. The chromosome numbers of La2-carvone and La3-linalool chemotypes suggested that they are polyploids. Flow cytometric analysis showed an increase of nuclear DNA content that was not directly proportional to ploidy level variation. A cluster analysis based on RAPD markers revealed that La3-linalool shares genetic markers with La1-citral and La2-carvone. The analysis showed that the majority of genetic variation of La3-linalool could be a consequence of ixoploidy. ur data indicates that sexual reproduction aong those three chemotypes is unlikely and suggests the beginning of reproductive isolation. The results demonstrated that chromosome analysis, nuclear DNA content estimation and RAPD markers constitute excellent tools for detecting genetic variation among L. alba chemotypes.

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Nuclear DNA amount in pure species and hybrid willows (Salix): a flow cytometric investigation

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b97-153 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 76 (1) ◽

pp. 157-165 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Jérôme Thibault

Keyword(s):

Flow Cytometry ◽

Ploidy Level ◽

Dna Content ◽

Nuclear Dna ◽

Nuclear Dna Content ◽

Natural Hybridization ◽

Ploidy Levels ◽

Key Words Flow Cytometry ◽

Dna Values ◽

Dna Amounts

Flow cytometry (FCM) has been used to estimate the nuclear DNA content of 11 Salix species and 5 hybrids. One hundred and sixty nine individuals were studied including 159 individuals from a sequence of 32 communities along a stretch of river in France and 10 individuals from French and English collections for comparison. Isolated nuclei were stained with propidium iodide. FCM was a significantly more practical and rapid technique than that of establishing the karyotype to survey many samples of Salix for variation in ploidy. The 2C DNA amounts for diploid species ranged from 0.76 to 0.98 pg, and tetraploid values ranged from 1.62 to 1.80 pg. The DNA values were consistent with the known ploidy levels. With the exception of a doubtful Salix xquercifolia, ploidy levels and DNA amounts of hybrids were intermediate compared with those of their parents. Intraspecific variation of nuclear DNA values including instrumental variation was low (i.e., 6-11% at the same ploidy level). FCM appeared to be an accurate tool for determination of Salix triploid hybrids. However, it remains limited concerning hybrids from crosses between species of the same ploidy level. Results suggest that natural hybridization might not be frequent in the communities studied, although they have been subject to disturbance. Previous overestimates of hybridization frequency in willows were probably due to misinterpretation of the effects of the environment on Salix spp. morphology; however, the extent and mechanisms of introgression in the genus remain to be further investigated. Key words: flow cytometry, Salix, hybridization, nuclear DNA content, riparian vegetation, disturbance.

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Genome Sizes in Hepatica Mill: (Ranunculaceae) Show a Loss of DNA, Not a Gain, in Polyploids

Journal of Botany ◽

10.1155/2010/758260 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 2010 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

B. J. M. Zonneveld

Keyword(s):

Flow Cytometry ◽

Genome Size ◽

Dna Content ◽

Close Relationships ◽

Nuclear Dna ◽

Nuclear Dna Content ◽

Dna Contents ◽

Asiatic Species ◽

Nuclear Dna Contents ◽

Allotetraploid Species

Genome size (C-value) was applied anew to investigate the relationships within the genus Hepatica (Ranunculaceae). More than 50 samples representing all species (except H. falconeri), from wild and cultivated material, were investigated. Species of Hepatica turn out to be diploid (), tetraploid ( ), and a possible pentaploid. The somatic nuclear DNA contents (2C-value), as measured by flow cytometry with propidium iodide, were shown to range from 33 to 80 pg. The Asiatic and American species, often considered subspecies of H. nobilis, could be clearly distinguished from European H. nobilis. DNA content confirmed the close relationships in the Asiatic species, and these are here considered as subspecies of H. asiatica. Parents for the allotetraploid species could be suggested based on their nuclear DNA content. Contrary to the increase in genome size suggested earlier for Hepatica, a significant (6%–14%) loss of nuclear DNA in the natural allopolyploids was found.

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Chromosome Number, Ploidy Level, and Nuclear DNA Content in 23 Species of Echeveria (Crassulaceae)

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes12121950 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 1950

Author(s):

Guadalupe Palomino ◽

Javier Martínez-Ramón ◽

Verónica Cepeda-Cornejo ◽

Miriam Ladd-Otero ◽

Patricia Romero ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flow Cytometry ◽

Chromosome Number ◽

Ploidy Level ◽

Dna Content ◽

Chromosome Numbers ◽

Nuclear Dna ◽

Nuclear Dna Content ◽

Root Tips ◽

Ploidy Levels ◽

Dna Amounts

Echeveria is a polyploid genus with a wide diversity of species and morphologies. The number of species registered for Echeveria is approximately 170; many of them are native to Mexico. This genus is of special interest in cytogenetic research because it has a variety of chromosome numbers and ploidy levels. Additionally, there are no studies concerning nuclear DNA content and the extent of endopolyploidy. This work aims to investigate the cytogenetic characteristics of 23 species of Echeveria collected in 9 states of Mexico, analyzing 2n chromosome numbers, ploidy level, nuclear DNA content, and endopolyploidy levels. Chromosome numbers were obtained from root tips. DNA content was obtained from the leaf parenchyma, which was processed according to the two-step protocol with Otto solutions and propidium iodide as fluorochrome, and then analyzed by flow cytometry. From the 23 species of Echeveria analyzed, 16 species lacked previous reports of 2n chromosome numbers. The 2n chromosome numbers found and analyzed in this research for Echeveria species ranged from 24 to 270. The range of 2C nuclear DNA amounts ranged from 1.26 pg in E. catorce to 7.70 pg in E. roseiflora, while the 1C values were 616 Mbp and 753 Mbp, respectively, for the same species. However, differences in the level of endopolyploidy nuclei were found, corresponding to 4 endocycles (8C, 16C, 32C and 64C) in E. olivacea, E. catorce, E. juarezensis and E. perezcalixii. In contrast, E. longiflora presented 3 endocycles (8C, 16C and 32C) and E. roseiflora presented 2 endocycles (8C and 16C). It has been suggested that polyploidization and diploidization processes, together with the presence of endopolyploidy, allowed Echeveria species to adapt and colonize new adverse environments.

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NUCLEAR DNA CONTENT IN BLUEBERRY DETERMINED BY FLOW CYTOMETRY

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.27.6.580e ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 27 (6) ◽

pp. 580e-580

Author(s):

Rodomiro Ortiz ◽

D.E. Costich ◽

T.P. Meagher ◽

N. Vorsa

Keyword(s):

Flow Cytometry ◽

Dna Content ◽

Nuclear Dna ◽

Nuclear Dna Content ◽

Haploid Genome ◽

Dna Flow Cytometry ◽

Dna Amount ◽

Ploidy Levels ◽

Polyploid Evolution ◽

Haploid Genome Size

DNA flow cytometry was used to determine nuclear DNA content in diploid blueberry species, and 3x, 4x, 5x, and 6x ploidy levels. Relative fluorescence intensity of stained nuclei measured by flow cytometry was a function of the number of chromosome sets (X): Y = 3.7X – 2.3 (r2 = 95.1%). DNA flow cytometry should be useful for ploidy level determination in the seedling stage. A significant linear relationship was established between nuclear DNA content and number of chromosomes (x); DNA (pg) = 0.52 x1 (r2 = 99.8%). Based on this equation the haploid genome DNA amount (1C) was calculated as 0.62 ± 0.08 pg, with an approximate haploid genome size of 602 Mbp/1C. The results indicate that conventional polyploid evolution occured in the section Cyanococcus, genus Vaccinium: the increase in DNA was concurrent with increase in chromosome number. DNA content differences among 2x species were correlated with Nei's genetic distance estimates based on 20 isozyme markers. Most of the variation was among species (49%), with 26% between populations within species, and 25% within populations.

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Flow cytometry-based determination of ploidy from dried leaf specimens in genomically complex collections of the tropical forage grass Urochloa s. l.

10.1101/2021.03.26.437252 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Paulina Tomaszewska ◽

Till K. Pellny ◽

Luis Miguel Hernandez ◽

Rowan A. C. Mitchell ◽

Valheria Castiblanco ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flow Cytometry ◽

Dna Content ◽

Nuclear Dna ◽

Nuclear Dna Content ◽

Germplasm Collection ◽

Forage Grass ◽

Ploidy Levels ◽

Sustainable Improvement ◽

Tropical Forage ◽

Relative Differences

We aimed to develop an optimized approach to determine ploidy for dried leaf material in a germplasm collection of a tropical forage grass group, including approaches to collect, dry and preserve plant samples for flow cytometry analysis. Urochloa (including Brachiaria, Megathyrus and some Panicum) tropical grasses are native to Africa and are now, after selection and breeding, planted worldwide, particularly in South America, as important forages with huge potential for further sustainable improvement and conservation of grasslands. The methods enable robust identification of ploidy levels (coefficient of variation, CV, typically <5%). Ploidy of some 353 forage grass accessions (ploidy range from 2 to 9), from international genetic resource collections, showing variation in basic chromosome numbers and reproduction modes (apomixis and sexual), were determined using our defined standard protocol. Two major Urochloa agamic complexes used in the current breeding programs at CIAT and EMBRAPA: the ' brizantha' and 'humidicola' agamic complexes are variable, with multiple ploidy levels and DNA content. U. brizantha has odd level of ploidy (x=5), and the relative differences in nuclear DNA content between adjacent cytotypes is reduced, thus more precise examination of this species is required. Ploidy measurement of U. humidicola revealed some aneuploidy.

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