Research on the legal regulations concerning the risk of electronic contract error

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Li ◽  
X. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Electronic Contract

Allergic Reactions to Food Proteins

2011 ◽  
Vol 81 (23) ◽  
pp. 173-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara K. Ballmer-Weber
Keyword(s):  
Food Allergies ◽  
Allergic Reactions ◽  
Allergenic Food ◽  
Processed Foods ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Pollen Allergens ◽  
Curative Therapy ◽  
Novel Foods ◽  
Allergenic Proteins ◽  
Adolescents And Adults

Four to eight percent of the population are estimated to be food-allergic. Most food allergies in adolescents and adults are acquired on the basis of cross-reaction to pollen allergens. Theses allergens are ubiquitous in the plant kingdom. Therefore pollen-allergic patients might acquire a multitude of different plant food allergies, and even react to novel foods to which they have never previously been exposed. A curative therapy for food allergy does not yet exist. Food-allergic patients have to rely on strict avoidance diets, The widespread use of industrially processed foods poses a general problem for food-allergic patients. Although the most frequent allergens must be declared openly in the list of ingredients, involuntary contamination with allergy-provoking compounds can occur. The precautionary labelling “may contain” is sometimes applied even if the chance of contamination is very low; on the other hand, foods not declared to contain possible traces of allergenic components may actually contain relevant amounts of allergenic proteins. Switzerland is the only country in Europe with legal regulations on contamination by allergenic food; however, the allowance of 1 g/kg is too high to protect a relevant proportion of food-allergic individuals.

Organisational aspects of spatial information infrastructure in Poland

2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elzbieta Bielecka ◽  
Agnieszka Zwirowicz-Rutkowska
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Information ◽  
Information Infrastructure ◽  
Class Diagram ◽  
Use Case ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Organisational Structure ◽  
Technical Aspects ◽  
Polish Law

Abstract One of the more important elements of spatial information infrastructure is the organisational structure defining the obligations and dependencies between stakeholders that are responsible for the infrastructure. Many SDI practitioners and theoreticians emphasise that its influence on the success or failure of activities undertaken is significantly greater than that of technical aspects. Being aware of the role of the organisational structure in the creating, operating and maintenance of spatial information infrastructure (SII), Polish legislators placed appropriate regulations in the Spatial Information Infrastructure Act, being the transposition of the INSPIRE Directive into Polish Law. The principal spatial information infrastructure stakeholders are discussed in the article and also the scope of cooperation between them. The tasks and relationships between stakeholders are illustrated in UML, in both the use case and the class diagram. Mentioned also are the main problems and obstructions resulting from imprecise legal regulations.

Obywatele Unii Europejskiej – wyborcy Parlamentu Europejskiego – parlamentu ponadnarodowego

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-162
Author(s):  
Stefan Marek Grochalski
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
European Parliament ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Democratic State ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Direct Elections

Parliament – an institution of a democratic state – a member of the Union – is not only an authority but also, as in the case of the European Union, the only directly and universally elected representative body of the European Union. The article presents questions related to the essence of parliament and that of a supranational parliament which are vital while dealing with the subject matter. It proves that the growth of the European Parliament’s powers was the direct reason for departing from the system of delegating representatives to the Parliament for the benefit of direct elections. It presents direct and universal elections to the European Parliament in the context of presenting legal regulations applicable in this respect. It describes a new legal category – citizenship of the European Union – primarily in terms of active and passive suffrage to the European Parliament, as a political entitlement of a citizen of the European Union.

Dyskusja na temat odpowiedzialności odszkodowawczej państwa za szkody wyrządzone przez bezprawne działania urzędników na Kongresie Prawników Niemieckich w Kilonii w 1906 roku

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-146
Author(s):  
Andrzej Adamczyk
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Legal Problems ◽  
Legal Questions ◽  
German States ◽  
Illegal Acts ◽  
State Liability ◽  
German Reich ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
German Association

One of the most important legal problems discussed in the 19th century by German lawyers was that of state liability due to damages resulting from illegal acts of its officials. An influential forum of exchange of ideas was the German Association of German Jurists which organized all-German congresses to solve legal questions in order to promote German unity. Although the problem of state responsibility was discussed at some of the Association congresses in the 19th century, the most interesting was that held in Kiel in 1905. It was due to the fact that many German states had at that time legal regulations concerning state liability, but they were quite different. That generated many complications, making realization of a legal unity within the German Reich difficult. Two proposals for solving this situation were presented at the Congress in Kiel by Otto von Gierke and Rudolf von Herrnritt. Their ideas constituted bases for the discussion which followed. The paper presents the discussion on the state liability, which took place at the Congress in Kiel.

PROBLEMS OF LEGAL REGULATIONS OF COMPANIES IN LITHUANIA AND MALI

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (80) ◽  
pp. 138-147
Author(s):  
DALIA PERKUMIENĖ ◽  
MOHAMED TRAORE
Keyword(s):  
Legal Regulations

The Effect of Islamic Fundamental Regulations on Environ-mental Conservation Kesan Peraturan Asasi Islam pada Pemuliharaan Alam Sekitar

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 180-199
Author(s):  
Najmaldeen K. Kareem Al-Zanki ◽  
Kotb Rissouni
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Environmental Conservation ◽  
Inductive Method ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Environmental Preservation ◽  
Legal Questions ◽  
Universal Law ◽  
The Universe

AbstractThis study focuses on the legal regulations and jurisprudential dictates that are applicable to environmental conservation. The study employs an analytical and inductive method. It shows the set of regulations that apply to the concept of environmental preservation and then explains analytically how these regulations can legally accommodate questions pertaining to how humans address natural beings, natural resources and each component of the universe. The regulations such as the consideration of public interest, deeds' outcomes, customs, the elimination and compensation of damage and a means taking the value of its final objective will help in the adjustment of legal questions relevant to environmental conservation. The authors ensure that the universal laws and Sharī‘ah objectives must complement one another.                           . Keywords: Environmental Conservation, Sharī‘ah Regulations, Universal Law, Integrity of Universal and Divine Laws, Realization of Public Interest.AbstrakKajian ini memberi tumpuan kepada peraturan undang-undang dan jurisprudens yang berkaitan dengan pemuliharaan alam sekitar. Kaedah yang digunapakai dalam kajian ini adalah kaedah analisis dan induktif. Kajian ini menerangkan tentang peraturan yang dikenakan kepada konsep penjagaan alam sekitar dan kemudian menerangkan secara analisis bagaimana peraturan-peraturan ini secara sah boleh menjawab soalan mengenai bagaimana manusia menangani alam semula jadi, sumber asli dan setiap komponen alam semesta. Peraturan-peraturan yang berhubung dengan pertimbangan dan kepentingan awam, hasil perbuatan manusia, adat, penghapusan dan pampasan kerosakan dan cara mengambil nilai objektif akhirnya akan membantu dalam penyesuaian soal undang-undang yang berkaitan dengan pemuliharaan alam sekitar. Pengarang telah memastikan bahawa undang-undang universal dan objektif Sharī‘ah  Islam adalah saling melengkapi satu sama lain.Kata Kunci: Pemuliharaan Alam Sekitar, Peraturan Sharī‘ah, Undang-undang Universal, Integriti Undang-Undang Universal dan Agama, Merealisasikan Kepentingan Awam.

PROCES „INKI” W ŚWIETLE ÓWCZESNEGO PRAWA

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-33
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Olczyk ◽  
Mateusz Król
Keyword(s):  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Death Penalty ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
World War ◽  
Second World

Danuta „Inka” Siedzik was a nurse. During the Second World War she belonged to the HomeArmy and to the independence organizations, which fighted with communist rule after the war.She was sentenced to death penalty and shot in jail in Gdańsk at the age of 17 for her service andfight. She belongs to cursed soldiers, that means activists of anti-communist underground. Althoughshe died in 1946, her memory has been cultivated only for a dozen or so years.The aim of the article was an analyze of documents and interpret of legal regulations, whichapplied to Inka’ case. In the article compared content of the documents with regulations and thattime. No moral judgment was made on the court’s decision, but were presented only the facts.

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