Hydrochemical characteristics and environmental evaluation of surface and groundwater quality at Al-Tarmiyah Area, Baghdad, Iraq

The present study aims to assess the water quality and the hydrochemical characteristics and seasonal variation of surface water on the aspect of trace elements in Al-Tarmiyah District, Baghdad, Iraq. Ten water samples were collected, four from surface water and six from groundwater on October 2017, and on April 2018. All samples were analyzed for physiochemical parameters such as water temperature, pH, EC, TDS,TH,TSS, major ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, SO42-, Cl-, and HCO3-), and nutrients (NO3-, and PO43-). In addition, samples were analyzed for trace elements that include Fe, Al, Pb, Zn, Mn, Cr, Cu, Co, Ni, and Cd. Suitability of water for domestic uses was evaluated depending on the criteria or standards of acceptable quality for that use. Surface water samples of October 2017 were classified as Ca-Cl and Na-Cl water type while they were classified as Na-Cl water type in April 2018. Most groundwater of both months' samples was classified as Ca-Cl and Na-Cl water types. There is only one groundwater sample (GW2) was classified as Ca-SO4-2 water type. According to water classification based on the Piper diagram, most of surface and groundwater samples for both months falling in class (e), this means that the type of water is "Earth alkaline water with increased portions of alkalis with prevailing sulfate or chloride". Suitability of water for drinking purpose is evaluated depending on the criteria or standards of acceptable quality for that use ( WHO and Iraqi Standard). All surface and groundwater samples from the studied area are not suitable for drinking purposes and within "excellent typeâ€ for livestock and poultry use. Additionally, almost all surface water samples were within Good class based on the suggested limits of EC value (Ayers and Westcot, 1985) for irrigation while most of the groundwater samples are within unsuitable class. All surface water and groundwater samples lie within low hazard class of the irrigation water based on SAR values.

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Hydrochemical Evaluation of Surface and Groundwater in Khan Al-Baghdadi Area, Al- Anbar Province / West of Iraq

Iraqi Journal of Science ◽

10.24996/ijs.2020.61.8.15 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1978-1993

Author(s):

Sarmad Jamal Hussien ◽

Firas Mudhafar Abdulhussein

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Surface Water ◽

Calcium Chloride ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Water Samples ◽

Irrigation Water Quality ◽

Permissible Limits ◽

Groundwater Samples ◽

Surface Water Samples ◽

Surface And Groundwater

The hydrochemical study of the surface and groundwater in Khan AL-Baghdadi area included interpretation of physical, chemical and biological properties of 14 wells and 6 surface water samples collected from Euphrates River.. The study covered two periods representing dry and wet periods in October 2018 and April 2019, respectively. The surface water samples were characterized as slightly alkaline, fresh water, excessively mineralized, calcium-chloride type, and hard to very hard class. While the groundwater samples were characterized as slightly alkaline, brackish water, excessively mineralized, calcium-chloride and sodium-chloride type, and hard to very hard class. The assessment of water for irrigation purposes for both water sources in the dry period showed a Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) of no harmful effects, while the Soluble Sodium Percentage (Na%) demonstrated a good irrigation Water Class, except for one well with a permissible irrigation Water Class. While in the wet period, all surface and groundwater samples were of a good irrigation Water Class, except for two wells with permissible irrigation Water Class. In terms of total dissolved solids (TDS) and electrical conductivity (EC), all surface water samples for the two periods were within the permissible limits of irrigation water quality, whereas groundwater samples for the two periods showed unsuitable limits, except for three wells within the permissible limits of irrigation water quality. The microbiological tests showed that all samples of surface and groundwater are classified as clean.

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U.S. Geological Survey Protocol for Measuring Low Levels of Inorganic Constituents, Including Trace Elements, in Surface-Water Samples

Sampling Environmental Media ◽

10.1520/stp16582s ◽

2009 ◽

pp. 329-329-14

Author(s):

KK Fitzgerald ◽

TL Miller ◽

AJ Horowitz ◽

CR Demas ◽

DA Rickert

Keyword(s):

Trace Elements ◽

Surface Water ◽

Water Samples ◽

Geological Survey ◽

Low Levels ◽

Inorganic Constituents ◽

Survey Protocol ◽

Surface Water Samples

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HYDROCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT IN ABU-ZAABAL AREA, EASTERN NILE DELTA, EGYPT

International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics ◽

10.22159/ijap.2021v13i6.42562 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 221-231

Author(s):

RAGAA EL-SHEIKH ◽

IBRAHIM HEGAZY ◽

EHAB ZAGHLOOL ◽

MOHAMED E. A. ALI ◽

AYMAN A. GOUDA

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Surface Water ◽

Water Resources ◽

Water Samples ◽

Nile Delta ◽

Hard Water ◽

Water Quality Assessment ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Groundwater Samples ◽

Surface Water Samples

Objective: The study presents simple tools for water resources quality classification based on its chemical compositions in Abu Zaabal area, eastern Nile Delta, Egypt and assess the water quality for different uses. Methods: 31 water samples were collected from different water resources in the study area and analyzed for physicochemical parameters. Hydrochemical relations, contour maps and statistical methods were used to estimate the contamination indices and evaluate the water resources for different purposes. Results: 83.3% of groundwater samples is fresh water and 16.7% are brackish water. 85.7% of surface water samples are fresh and 14.3% is saline. 92% of groundwater samples and 71.5% of surface water samples are very hard water. According to HPI values, 8% of the quaternary groundwater samples are good, 4% are poor, 4% are very poor and 84% of the samples are unsuitable. All groundwater samples and 71% of surface water samples are contaminated with respect to ammonia. Conclusion: Higher concentrations of TDS and heavy metal may be due to the clay nature of the soil, the marine sediments in the aquifer matrix together with the dissolution and leaching of minerals from agricultural, anthropogenic and industrial activities. The groundwater in the polluted zones is considered unsuitable for human drinking.

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Assessment of water quality in parts of industrial area of Nnewi north local government area, southeast, Nigeria

International Journal of Advanced Geosciences ◽

10.14419/ijag.v8i2.31040 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 160

Author(s):

Ifeanyichukwu A. Agbonma ◽

Elizabeth Okeyeh ◽

Chukwuebuka Emeh

Keyword(s):

Surface Water ◽

Local Government ◽

Water Samples ◽

Dry Season ◽

Local Government Area ◽

Environmental Data ◽

Industrial Activities ◽

The Impact ◽

Surface Water Samples ◽

Surface And Groundwater

Industrial pollution in Nnewi-North local Government Area, Anambra state, South Eastern Nigeria has become a major environmental concern due to unregulated discharge of industrial emissions and effluents into the environment. However, the paucity of environmental data and research from this area makes it difficult to ascertain the effect of the industrial activities on the surrounding environment. For this reason, it became imperative to assess the impact of the industrial activities on the quality of the surrounding surface and groundwater for agricultural and domestic purposes. To this end, an integration of geological, and geochemical method of analyses was adopted. The geology of the study area was determined through surface geological mapping, 22 groundwater water samples, and 3 surface water samples were collected within the study area following American Public Health Association (APHA) procedures. The sample collections were done in such a way that consider lateral and during the dry season. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), titrimetric and gravimetric, analytical method was used to ascertain the chemical composition of the water. The laboratory and field results were analyzed by employing several geochemical indices calculations, and inferential and summary statistics. Results from groundwater indices such as GWQI, HPI, HEI and Cd calculated with respect to WHO, 2011 and NSDWQ for both dry seasons revealed that the groundwater was contaminated, and unfit for drinking. Then from the surface water samples result of irrigation quality indices such as TH, MH, SAR, RSBC, Na% and PI calculated for dry season, indicated that the surface water is fit for irrigation for all irrigation indices expect RSBC and MH. From the statistics of PCA and T-test it was statistical proven that the source of contamination of surface and groundwater was anthropogenic (that is from industrial waste) and geogenic. Since the groundwater is contaminated, it is therefore recommended that the water should be treated before consumption.

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Application of Multivariate Statistical Analysis and Water Quality Index for Quality Characterization of Parbati River, Northwestern Himalaya, India

10.21203/rs.3.rs-492884/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Gaurav Sharma ◽

Renu Lata ◽

Nandini Thakur ◽

Vishal Bajala ◽

J. C. Kuniyal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Surface Water ◽

Water Samples ◽

Water Quality Index ◽

Quality Index ◽

Graphical Representation ◽

Water Type ◽

Chemical Parameters ◽

Surface Water Chemistry ◽

Surface Water Samples

Abstract The present study is an attempt to accomplish the understanding of the factors impacting surface water quality of Parbati river in Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh. The main objective is to assess the overall water quality, to explore its hydrogeochemical characteristics including major ion contents and other chemical parameters using Water Quality Index (WQI), statistical techniques (principal component analysis) and conventional graphical representation such as Piper trillinear diagram, Durov. Eighteen surface water sampling sites were selected to analyze physico-chemical parameters for June 2019 and September 2019. Analytical outcomes of thirty six surface water samples for both seasons are well within the permissible limits as per BIS, 2012 & WHO 2011 for drinking and domestic purposes. Water quality characterization for the assigned use shows that maximum surface water samples falls under excellent to good water quality index and are suitable for drinking without conventional treatment. The Piper trillinear diagram classified 100% of surface water samples for both seasons’ falls in the fields of Ca2+ - Mg2+ -HCO3− water type indicating temporary hardness. Abundance of ions in the water samples is in the order: anions HCO3− > Cl−> SO42−>NO3− and cations Mg2+> Ca2+> Na+> K+. PCA identifies that the surface water chemistry is influenced by natural factors as well as minor anthropogenic activities in both the seasons.

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Occurrence of 1,4-dioxane and MTBE in drinking water sources in Japan

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2006.049 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 47-53 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

D. Simazaki ◽

M. Asami ◽

T. Nishimura ◽

S. Kunikane ◽

T. Aizawa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Surface Water ◽

Water Samples ◽

Quality Standards ◽

Raw Water ◽

Water Quality Standards ◽

Butyl Ether ◽

Water Treatment Plants ◽

Standard Value ◽

Surface Water Samples

Nationwide surveys of 1,4-dioxane and methyl-t-butyl ether (MTBE) levels in raw water used for the drinking water supply were conducted at 91 water treatment plants in Japan in 2001 and 2002, prior to the revision of the drinking water quality standards. 1,4-dioxane was widely and continuously detected in raw water samples and its occurrence was more frequent and its concentrations higher in groundwater than in surface water. However, its maximum concentration in raw water was much lower than its new standard value (50 μg/L), which was determined as a level of 10−5 excessive cancer risk to humans. Trace levels of MTBE were also detected in several surface water samples.

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Development of Surface Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction Coupled with HPLC Method for the Removal and Detection of Griseofulvin in Surface Water

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17010134 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 134 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kamran Bashir ◽

Zhimin Luo ◽

Guoning Chen ◽

Hua Shu ◽

Xia Cui ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Water ◽

Solid Phase Extraction ◽

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers ◽

Water Samples ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Phase Extraction ◽

Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction ◽

Molecularly Imprinted ◽

Imprinted Polymers ◽

Surface Water Samples

Griseofulvin (GSF) is clinically employed to treat fungal infections in humans and animals. GSF was detected in surface waters as a pharmaceutical pollutant. GSF detection as an anthropogenic pollutant is considered as a possible source of drug resistance and risk factor in ecosystem. To address this concern, a new extraction and enrichment method was developed. GSF-surface molecularly imprinted polymers (GSF-SMIPs) were prepared and applied as solid phase extraction (SPE) sorbent. A dispersive solid phase extraction (DSPE) method was designed and combined with HPLC for the analysis of GSF in surface water samples. The performance of GSF-SMIPs was assessed for its potential to remove GSF from water samples. The factors affecting the removal efficiency such as sample pH and ionic strength were investigated and optimized. The DSPE conditions such as the amount of GSF-SMIPs, the extraction time, the type and volume of desorption solvents were also optimized. The established method is linear over the range of 0.1–100 µg/mL. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.01 and 0.03 µg/mL respectively. Good recoveries (91.6–98.8%) were achieved after DSPE. The intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations were 0.8 and 4.3% respectively. The SMIPs demonstrated good removal efficiency (91.6%) as compared to powder activated carbon (67.7%). Moreover, the SMIPs can be reused 10 times for water samples. This is an additional advantage over single-use activated carbon and other commercial sorbents. This study provides a specific and sensitive method for the selective extraction and detection of GSF in surface water samples.

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