Hydrochemical Evaluation of Surface and Groundwater in Khan Al-Baghdadi Area, Al- Anbar Province / West of Iraq

The hydrochemical study of the surface and groundwater in Khan AL-Baghdadi area included interpretation of physical, chemical and biological properties of 14 wells and 6 surface water samples collected from Euphrates River.. The study covered two periods representing dry and wet periods in October 2018 and April 2019, respectively. The surface water samples were characterized as slightly alkaline, fresh water, excessively mineralized, calcium-chloride type, and hard to very hard class. While the groundwater samples were characterized as slightly alkaline, brackish water, excessively mineralized, calcium-chloride and sodium-chloride type, and hard to very hard class. The assessment of water for irrigation purposes for both water sources in the dry period showed a Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) of no harmful effects, while the Soluble Sodium Percentage (Na%) demonstrated a good irrigation Water Class, except for one well with a permissible irrigation Water Class. While in the wet period, all surface and groundwater samples were of a good irrigation Water Class, except for two wells with permissible irrigation Water Class. In terms of total dissolved solids (TDS) and electrical conductivity (EC), all surface water samples for the two periods were within the permissible limits of irrigation water quality, whereas groundwater samples for the two periods showed unsuitable limits, except for three wells within the permissible limits of irrigation water quality. The microbiological tests showed that all samples of surface and groundwater are classified as clean.

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Application of Irrigation Water Quality Indices and Multivariate Statistical Techniques for Surface Water Quality Assessments in the Northern Nile Delta, Egypt

Water ◽

10.3390/w12123300 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 3300

Author(s):

Salah Elsayed ◽

Hend Hussein ◽

Farahat S. Moghanm ◽

Khaled M. Khedher ◽

Ebrahem M. Eid ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Surface Water ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Water Samples ◽

Surface Water Quality ◽

Irrigation Water Quality ◽

Quality Indices ◽

Multivariate Statistical ◽

Water Quality Indices ◽

Surface Water Samples

Under sustainable development conditions, the water quality of irrigation systems is a complex issue which involves the combined effects of several surface water management parameters. Therefore, this work aims to enhance the surface water quality assessment and geochemical controlling mechanisms and to assess the validation of surface water networks for irrigation using six Water Quality Indices (WQIs) supported by multivariate modelling techniques, such as Principal Component Regression (PCR), Support Vector Machine Regression (SVMR) and Stepwise Multiple Linear Regression (SMLR). A total of 110 surface water samples from a network of surface water cannels during the summers of 2018 and 2019 were collected for this research and standard analytical techniques were used to measure 21 physical and chemical parameters. The physicochemical properties revealed that the major ions concentrations were reported in the following order: Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+ and alkalinity > SO42− > Cl− > NO3− > F−. The trace elements concentrations were reported in the following order: Fe > Mn > B > Cr > Pb > Ni > Cu > Zn > Cd. The surface water belongs to the Ca2+-Mg2+-HCO3− and Ca2+-Mg2+-Cl−-SO42− water types, under a stress of silicate weathering and reverse ion exchange process. The computation of WQI values across two years revealed that 82% of samples represent a high class and the remaining 18% constitute a medium class of water quality for irrigation use with respect to the Irrigation Water Quality (IWQ) value, while the Sodium Percentage (Na%) values across two years indicated that 96% of samples fell into in a healthy class and 4% fell into in a permissible class for irrigation. In addition, the Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Permeability Index (PI), Kelley Index (KI) and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) values revealed that all surface water samples were appropriate for irrigation use. The PCR and SVMR indicated accurate and robust models that predict the six WQIs in both datasets of the calibration (Cal.) and validation (Val.), with R2 values varying from 0.48 to 0.99. The SMLR presented estimated the six WQIs well, with an R2 value that ranged from 0.66 to 0.99. In conclusion, WQIs and multivariate statistical analyses are effective and applicable for assessing the surface water quality. The PCR, SVMR and SMLR models provided robust and reliable estimates of the different indices and showed the highest R2 and the highest slopes values close to 1.00, as well as minimum values of RMSE in all models.

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ASSESSMENT OF SURFACE WATER RESOURCES FOR IRRIGATION PURPOSES IN ASSIUT GOVERNORATE, UPPER EGYPT

International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH ◽

10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i3.2020.140 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 156-179

Author(s):

Mamdouh Salama Morsi ◽

Abdel Hai. A. Farrag ◽

Esam E. A. El Sayed ◽

Ashraf M. T. Elewa

Keyword(s):

Waste Water ◽

Water Quality ◽

Surface Water ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Water Samples ◽

River Nile ◽

Irrigation Canals ◽

Chemical Laboratory ◽

Laboratory Staff ◽

Surface Water Samples

Water from some sources may contain so much salt that it is unsuitable for irrigation because of potential danger to the soil or crops. Irrigation water quality can best be determined by chemical laboratory analysis. The main objectives of this study are to assess the surface water quality for irrigation, and to present solutions for managing and protecting these resources in Assiut area. To achieve that, thirty surface water samples were collected from River Nile and main irrigation canals. Chemical analysis was carried out and analyzed for major and trace elements according to the irrigation water guidelines of (FAO 1985), and (Rowe, et al. 1995), taking into account the spatial variations and the representation of the hydro chemical data. The results show that 97% of surface water samples lie within no restriction on use level and 3% is represent slight to moderate restoration on use according to TDS concentrations. 97 % of surface water samples belongs to (C2-S1) good water for irrigation all crops in all soils and 3 % belongs to (C3 -S1) good water for irrigation all crops in all soils under ordinary and specific condition like adequate drainage and leaching According U.S. salinity laboratory staff classification depend on (EC, TDS and SAR). Where 87% Excellent water for irrigation sensitive all crops and low likelihood of soil problems According Boron content. Consequently, it is recommended to prevent the sewage and domestic waste water, and the industrial waste water from direct disposal without treatment to the irrigation canals and River Nile; controlling the use of fertilizers and pesticides in the agriculture purposes; selected the suitable crops for every sector (area) according to the chemical characters of the available irrigation water and soil properties.

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HYDROCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT IN ABU-ZAABAL AREA, EASTERN NILE DELTA, EGYPT

International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics ◽

10.22159/ijap.2021v13i6.42562 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 221-231

Author(s):

RAGAA EL-SHEIKH ◽

IBRAHIM HEGAZY ◽

EHAB ZAGHLOOL ◽

MOHAMED E. A. ALI ◽

AYMAN A. GOUDA

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Surface Water ◽

Water Resources ◽

Water Samples ◽

Nile Delta ◽

Hard Water ◽

Water Quality Assessment ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Groundwater Samples ◽

Surface Water Samples

Objective: The study presents simple tools for water resources quality classification based on its chemical compositions in Abu Zaabal area, eastern Nile Delta, Egypt and assess the water quality for different uses. Methods: 31 water samples were collected from different water resources in the study area and analyzed for physicochemical parameters. Hydrochemical relations, contour maps and statistical methods were used to estimate the contamination indices and evaluate the water resources for different purposes. Results: 83.3% of groundwater samples is fresh water and 16.7% are brackish water. 85.7% of surface water samples are fresh and 14.3% is saline. 92% of groundwater samples and 71.5% of surface water samples are very hard water. According to HPI values, 8% of the quaternary groundwater samples are good, 4% are poor, 4% are very poor and 84% of the samples are unsuitable. All groundwater samples and 71% of surface water samples are contaminated with respect to ammonia. Conclusion: Higher concentrations of TDS and heavy metal may be due to the clay nature of the soil, the marine sediments in the aquifer matrix together with the dissolution and leaching of minerals from agricultural, anthropogenic and industrial activities. The groundwater in the polluted zones is considered unsuitable for human drinking.

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Hydrochemical characteristics and environmental evaluation of surface and groundwater quality at Al-Tarmiyah Area, Baghdad, Iraq

Iraqi Journal of Science ◽

10.24996/ijs.2019.60.5.16 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 60 (5) ◽

pp. 1069-1084

Author(s):

Mustafa Haqi Ismael ◽

Balsam Salim Al-Tawash ◽

Younus I. Al-Saady

Keyword(s):

Trace Elements ◽

Surface Water ◽

Water Samples ◽

Water Type ◽

Hydrochemical Characteristics ◽

Water Classification ◽

Groundwater Samples ◽

Acceptable Quality ◽

Surface Water Samples ◽

Surface And Groundwater

The present study aims to assess the water quality and the hydrochemical characteristics and seasonal variation of surface water on the aspect of trace elements in Al-Tarmiyah District, Baghdad, Iraq. Ten water samples were collected, four from surface water and six from groundwater on October 2017, and on April 2018. All samples were analyzed for physiochemical parameters such as water temperature, pH, EC, TDS,TH,TSS, major ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, SO42-, Cl-, and HCO3-), and nutrients (NO3-, and PO43-). In addition, samples were analyzed for trace elements that include Fe, Al, Pb, Zn, Mn, Cr, Cu, Co, Ni, and Cd. Suitability of water for domestic uses was evaluated depending on the criteria or standards of acceptable quality for that use. Surface water samples of October 2017 were classified as Ca-Cl and Na-Cl water type while they were classified as Na-Cl water type in April 2018. Most groundwater of both months' samples was classified as Ca-Cl and Na-Cl water types. There is only one groundwater sample (GW2) was classified as Ca-SO4-2 water type. According to water classification based on the Piper diagram, most of surface and groundwater samples for both months falling in class (e), this means that the type of water is "Earth alkaline water with increased portions of alkalis with prevailing sulfate or chloride". Suitability of water for drinking purpose is evaluated depending on the criteria or standards of acceptable quality for that use ( WHO and Iraqi Standard). All surface and groundwater samples from the studied area are not suitable for drinking purposes and within "excellent typeâ€ for livestock and poultry use. Additionally, almost all surface water samples were within Good class based on the suggested limits of EC value (Ayers and Westcot, 1985) for irrigation while most of the groundwater samples are within unsuitable class. All surface water and groundwater samples lie within low hazard class of the irrigation water based on SAR values.

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Suitability of groundwater quality for irrigation in and around the main Gadilam river basin on the east coast of southern India

Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science ◽

10.26832/24566632.2020.0504019 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 554-562

Author(s):

R. Ravi ◽

S. Aravindan ◽

K. Shankar ◽

P. Balamurugan

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Groundwater Quality ◽

River Basin ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

East Coast ◽

Southern India ◽

Sodium Absorption ◽

Irrigation Water Quality ◽

Groundwater Samples

The main intent of this study was to investigate the condition of groundwater quality for irrigation purposes in and around the main Gadilam river basin, the east coast of southern India. A total of fifty groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for various parameters such as electrical conductivity (EC), pH, TDS, major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+) and anions (SO42-, Cl-, HCO3-, and NO3-). Irrigation water quality parameters like the sodium absorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), percentage sodium (%Na), magnesium hazard (MH), permeability index (PI), and Kelly ratio (KR) were computed to assess the irrigation water quality of groundwater. Furthermore, graphical representation diagrams such as USSL, Wilcox, and Doneen have been prepared for irrigation water quality. From the computation of SAR, Na%, RSC, PI, and KR values, it was found that 100% of groundwater samples were found to be suitable for irrigation purposes. Besides, USSL and Doneen diagrams show that the samples are safe for irrigation usage. The Wilcox diagram in the classification of electrical conductivity reveals that most samples fall into the good to permissible class (78%), in doubtful to unsuitable class (20%), and 2% of samples are unsuitable. Magnesium hazards of 82% of the groundwater samples are suitable for irrigation, while the remaining 18% of the samples exceeded the limit and found to be unsuitable for irrigation purposes. The study concludes that higher percentages of groundwater samples were suitable for irrigation purposes in the study area, and the concentration of magnesium influenced groundwater at a few locations.

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Groundwater Quality Assessment for Irrigation: Case Study in the Blinaja River Basin, Kosovo

Civil Engineering Journal ◽

10.28991/cej-2021-03091740 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (9) ◽

pp. 1515-1528

Author(s):

Hazir S. Çadraku

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

River Basin ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Water Samples ◽

Agricultural Crops ◽

Irrigation Water Quality ◽

Quality Of Water ◽

Kelly’S Ratio

Groundwater is an important source for a drink and irrigation in the Blinaja river basin. Understanding knowledge of irrigation water quality is critical to the management of water for long-term productivity. Historically for this study area there is no data and information regarding the quality and use of water for irrigation needs. Therefore, there was a need to assess water quality based on data analysed from eight sampling points. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate, relying on analytical results, the quality of groundwater in the Blinaja river basin for the purpose of its use for irrigation of agricultural crops. For this purpose, in the Blinaja River Basin in different months during 2015, 2016, 2018 and 2019, 28 water samples were taken to assess the quality of groundwater for irrigation. Water samples were analysed in a laboratory for some of the key quality indicators; pH, EC, hardness (TH), Ca, Mg, Na, K, HCO3, SO4, Cl, etc. and then irrigation water quality indices were calculated such as: percentage of Na (% Na), SAR (Sodium Adsorption Ratio), PI (Permeability index), KR (Kelly's ratio), etc. The overall objective of this study was to assess the quality of water to be used by the inhabitants of the area for irrigation of agricultural crops. Analytical procedures for the laboratory determinations of water quality have been given in several publications (USDA Handbook 60 by Richards, 1954; FAO Soils Bulletin 10 by Dewis and Freitas1970; APHA 2005). Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091740 Full Text: PDF

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Assessment of irrigation water quality of Bogra District in Bangladesh

Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.3329/bjar.v34i4.5836 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 34 (4) ◽

pp. 507-608 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

MS Islam ◽

SZKM Shamsad

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Total Dissolved Solids ◽

Sodium Adsorption Ratio ◽

Total Hardness ◽

Irrigation Water Quality ◽

Chemical Parameters ◽

Kelly’S Ratio ◽

Surface And Groundwater

Some important physio-chemical parameters of surface and groundwater of Bogra District were evaluated for the criteria of irrigation water quality. Forty four water samples were collected in the peak dry season (December-April) from different areas of Bogra District. The study revealed that temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), total hardness (Ht) and Kelly’s ratio of waters were found within the permissible limits for irrigation purposes. Any initiative for surface and groundwater development for planned irrigation practices is highly encouraged. Key Words: Irrigation water (surface and groundwater); quality; Bogra District. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i4.5836Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(4) : 597-608, December 2009

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Effects of columbite/tantalite (COLTAN) mining activities on water quality in Edege-Mbeki mining district of Nasarawa state, North Central Nigeria

Bulletin of the National Research Centre ◽

10.1186/s42269-019-0237-0 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mohammed Engha Isah ◽

Nuhu Abdulkadir Abdulmumin ◽

Paul D. Elaoyi ◽

Ephraim Audu

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Water Quality ◽

Water Samples ◽

Environmental Pollutants ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Mining District ◽

Mining Activities ◽

North Central ◽

Groundwater Samples ◽

Surface And Groundwater

Abstract Background The release of environmental pollutants such as heavy metals due to mining activities has received worldwide condemnation. Therefore, understanding the contamination of both surface and groundwater in Edege-Mbeki mining district is very important for the health and wellbeing of its people. Hence, the purpose of this study was to determine the physicochemical parameters of water samples and the level of heavy metals in Edege-Mbeki Columbite/Tantalite (COLTAN) mining site, North Central Nigeria. Results A total of 15 water samples were collected and analyzed in triplicate. The concentrations of five heavy metals (Ni, Mn, Pb, Cd, and Fe) in surface and groundwater samples were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AA-6800 Shimadzu). The physicochemical properties of the water samples were also examined. The results of the water quality assessments show that the water samples were contaminated with alarming levels of Pb, Cd and Ni. Mean concentrations were Ni (0.008 mg/L), Mn (0.087 mg/L), Pb (0.324 mg/L), Cd (0.029 mg/L), and Fe (0.839 mg/L) in Edege-Mbeki groundwater, while the surface water (mining ponds) had Ni (0.102 mg/L), Mn (0.099 mg/L), Pb (0.358 mg/L), Cd (0.025 mg/L), and Fe (6.99 mg/L). The groundwater samples in Mararaban-Edege which served as the control site had mean concentration levels of Ni (0.032 mg/L), Mn (0.096 mg/L), Pb (0.122 mg/L), Cd (0.039 mg/L), and Fe (0.608 mg/L). The range of pH was found to be from 5.6 ± 0.02 to 6.5 ± 0.12, turbidity was between 39.27 ± 0.29 and 2271 ± 0.00 NTU, and conductivity ranged from 39.27 ± 0.29 to 757.33 ± 5.69 μS/cm, TDS from 25.0 ± 2.3 to 450.67 ± 6.03 mg/L while dissolved oxygen (DO) values from 3.1 ± 0.3 to 3.5 ± 0.3 mg/L. Conclusion This study confirmed that surface and ground water samples in Edege-Mbeki and Mararaban-Edege are not fit for human consumption and other domestic use. Hence, government and community leaders must provide alternative means of water for the people of these communities.

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Assessment of Irrigation Water Quality in District Attock, Pakistan

Biological Sciences - PJSIR ◽

10.52763/pjsir.biol.sci.58.1.2015.47.53 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 58 (1) ◽

pp. 47-53

Author(s):

Muhammad Yunas ◽

Sarfraz Ahmad ◽

Bashir Ahmad ◽

Obaid ur Rehman ◽

Sher Afzal

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Water Samples ◽

Analysis Data ◽

Sodium Adsorption Ratio ◽

Residual Sodium Carbonate ◽

Vegetable Crops ◽

Irrigation Water Quality ◽

Irrigation Purpose ◽

Maximum Range

Water samples (total 277) were collected during previous three years (2008-09 to 2010-11) from all tehsils of Attock district, Pakistan, used for irrigation purpose. Regarding sources of irrigation, 122 samples were collected from bores (turbine operated), 97 from wells, 19 from nullahs and 39 from dams. The analysis data showed that 120 samples (43%) were fit, 35 samples (13%) were marginally fit, while 122 samples (44%) were unfit. As regards minimum and maximum range, it varied in EC from 0.05 to 8.1 dS/m, calcium plus magnesium from 0.6 to 70 meq/L, sodium from zero to 40.6 meq/L, carbonates from zero to 0.04 meq/L, bicarbonates from 0.5 to 15 meq/L, chlorides from 0.2 to 70 meq/L, sodium adsorption ratio from zero to 49.85 and residual sodium carbonate from zero to 13 meq/L. Recommendations for wise and judicious use of marginally fit to unfit irrigation water were imparted to the farmers for raising different arable, fruit and vegetable crops.

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ASSESSMENT OF SURFACE WATER QUALITY FOR IRRIGATION PURPOSES IN JEMBER DISTRICT, INDONESIA

KnE Life Sciences ◽

10.18502/kls.v2i1.153 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 260 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Retno Wimbaningrum ◽

Endang Arisoesilaningsih ◽

Catur Retnaningdyah ◽

Serafinah Indriyani

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Surface Water ◽

Water Temperature ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Surface Water Quality ◽

Quality Standard ◽

Irrigated Agriculture ◽

Irrigation Water Quality ◽

Water Quality Standard ◽

The Republic

Irrigated agriculture is dependent on an adequate water supply of usable quality. The analysis of physicochemical parameters of surface water inJember District was done for the criteria of irrigation water quality. Surface water comprises spring water, falls, rivers, and tertiary irrigation channels. For this purpose, three sectors or locations were chosen to take twenty seven water samples in the summer season (September to October, 2013). DO, electrical conductivity (ECw), pH, and water temperature values were measured directly in the field,while analyses of nitrate (NH3-N), orthophosphate, total dissolved solids (TDS), and bicarbonate (HCO3-) was conducted in a laboratory. The results indicated that ECw, TDS, pH, water temperature,NH3-N, and orthophosphate were under the limits set out by the Rules of the Republic of Indonesia Government (PP RI) No. 82, 2001, for water quality standard and FAO for irrigation water quality standard. Thus, the surface water of Jember District was considered to be suitable for irrigation at the sampled location. Keywords: Surface water quality; irrigation; physico-chemical parameter; Jember District.

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