scholarly journals Assessing sediment pollution by applying some geochemical indices for Al-Wind River banks/ East of Iraq

2019 ◽  
pp. 1711-1719
Author(s):  
Iman A. Al-Ali
Keyword(s):  
Enrichment Factor ◽  
Chemical Weathering ◽  
Contamination Factor ◽  
Anthropogenic Pollution ◽  
Sediment Pollution ◽  
Pollution Indices ◽  
Polluted Sediments ◽  
Chemical Index ◽  
Chemical Index Of Alteration ◽  
Cu And Zn

15 sediment samples were collected; 8 samples from the eastern bank, and 7 samples from the western bank of Al-Wind River in Diyala governorate to assess the sediment pollution in some trace elements such as Fe, Ni, Cd, Zr, Zn and Cu in addition to some oxides such as Al2O3, CaO, Na2O and K2O to find the effect of anthropogenic pollution and the industrial production on the sediment closed especially Naftkhana by using some geochemical pollution indices such as: geoaccumulation factor (I-geo), enrichment factor (EF),contamination factor (CF), pollution loud index (PLI) and to evaluate the degree of weathering by Applying the Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA)in both banks of Al-Wind River. The results of general contamination factors indicate that the eastern bank of Al-Wind River especially that closed by Naftkhana area having quite more concentrations of trace element and oxides from the western bank. The results of I-geo presents unpolluted sediment with Pb and Fe and slightly polluted with Zn, Cu, and Ni in both banks, while the western bank in some locations recorded of moderately polluted sediments with Ni and slightly to moderately polluted sediments with Cu and Zn and reach moderately severely polluted in the eastern bank. The contamination factor (CF) for Ni and Zr classified as class 2 which indicate moderately contamination to severely pollute in both banks, while Fe, Pb, Cu and Zn conbankred unpolluted in both banks. Enrichment factor (EF) for Fe, Pb, Zr and Cu are conbankred deficiency to low enrichment the range of natural variability, while Ni record  high values reached to 6.4 indication of anthropogenic inputs. Pollution load Index (PLI) is perfection and classified as class 0 in both banks. Chemical index of alteration (CIA) reflecting the chemical weathering intensity especially for the western bank.

scholarly journals Study of Some Indicators of Environmental Pollution of Surface Soil for the City of Touggourt (Southeast Algeria)

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Benarabi ◽  
M. S. Nili ◽  
A. Douadi
Keyword(s):  
Enrichment Factor ◽  
Contamination Factor ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Pollution Indices ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Pollution Load ◽  
Human Effects ◽  
The City

Soil is contaminated with various potentially harmful metals (PTMs). Therefore, the adequate protection of soil from contamination is imperative, as the soil is regarded as the primary cradle for living and environmental balance. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to assess the contamination level by PTMs in Touggourt city, where soil samples have been collected randomly from 18 sites. These sites included manufacturing companies and institutions belonging to the industrial region of Touggourt city. The concentrations of six PTMs - zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and manganese (Mn) were assessed using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) instrument as well as the application of the modern pollution indices such as CF (Contamination Factor), PLI (Pollution Load Index) and EF (Enrichment Factor). The highest values of contamination factor (CF) for Zn, Fe, Co, Cu, and Pb were 0.605, 1.605, 0.277, 0.05, 0.438, and 0.01, respectively, and the highest value of pollution load index (PLI) was 0.139, while the results of enrichment factor (EF) for the Zn, Mn, Co, Cu and Pb metals were 2.608, 0.060, 0.740, 0.122, and 2.358, respectively. According to these pollution indices, the results of this study have indicated that human effects or industrial wastes and traffic, in particular, were the sources of heavy metal contaminating the studied region.

Reconstructing chemical weathering during the Lower Mesozoic in the Western-Central Mediterranean area: a review of geochemical proxies

2017 ◽  
Vol 155 (4) ◽  
pp. 944-954 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANCESCO PERRI
Keyword(s):  
Rift Valley ◽  
Chemical Weathering ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Climatic Changes ◽  
Central Mediterranean ◽  
Geochemical Proxies ◽  
Chemical Index ◽  
Chemical Index Of Alteration ◽  
Mineralogical Compositions

AbstractThe Triassic–Jurassic rift-valley stage of Tethyan rifting in the Western-Central Mediterranean area is characterized by a development of a puzzle of plates and microplates with the deposition of continental redbeds (in the internal domains of the Gibraltar Arc and Calabria–Peloritani Arc) that can be considered a regional lithosome. This paper aims to reconstruct the chemical weathering conditions of the Triassic–Jurassic boundary in the Western-Central Mediterranean area using the geochemical and mineralogical composition of continental redbed mudrocks of Mesozoic age. The mudrocks from the Calabria–Peloritani Arc show higher values of weathering (mobility) indices (αMg=(Al/Mg)sed/(Al/Mg)UCC;αK=(Th/K)sed/(Th/K)UCC;αBa=(Th/Ba)sed/(Th/Ba)UCC) than the Gibraltar Arc samples. Furthermore, the CIA (Chemical Index of Alteration) and MIA (Mineralogical Index of Alteration) values and the ‘Rb-type indices’ (e.g. Rb/Sr and Rb/K ratios) are higher for the Calabria–Peloritani Arc mudrocks than the Gibraltar Arc samples. All these geochemical proxies closely resemble each other and show similar variations suggesting climatic changes towards humid conditions through the Uppermost Triassic to Lowermost Jurassic that favoured chemical weathering conditions. This period is probably characterized by seasonal climate alternations corresponding to an increase in palaeoclimatic humidity. The mineralogical compositions of the Mesozoic mudrocks further confirm these indications as shown by a higher abundance of kaolinite, related to warm–humid conditions, in the Calabria–Peloritani Arc mudrocks than in those of the Gibraltar Arc.

The lower Proterozoic Fern Creek Formation, northern Michigan: mineral and bulk geochemical evidence for its glaciogenic origin

2002 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Argast
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Chemical Weathering ◽  
Chemical Index ◽  
Quartz Arenite ◽  
Bulk Chemical ◽  
Chemical Index Of Alteration ◽  
Rare Earth Mineral ◽  
Chemical Trends ◽  
Northern Michigan ◽  
Bulk Chemistry

Bulk chemical data indicate the Fern Creek Formation (Early Proterozoic, Marquette Range Supergroup, Lower Chocolay Group) originated as a glacial till, resolving an old argument about the correct interpretation for diamictite-containing units within the formation. There are poor correlations among SiO2, Al2O3, and K2O, and the chemical index of alteration averages 55. These are qualities characteristic of tills and other sediments accumulated in the absence of chemical weathering and transport-induced sorting and inconsistent with an origin as a fluvial deposit (the principal alternate hypothesis). The Archean Carney Lake Gneiss might be the source for at least the lower portions of the Fern Creek Formation. Compositions are similar, and rare earth element trends in the Fern Creek Formation are consistent with derivation from an Archean high-grade terrane. Pegmatites in the gneiss could be the source for monazite, huttonite, and an unnamed fluor-hydroxy-rare earth mineral that occurs in the midsection of the Fern Creek Formation. In addition, mineral and bulk chemical trends are consistent with models involving deep erosion of a complex Archean source, similar to models previously developed for Gowganda tills in the Huronian Supergroup. Samples of the Sturgeon River Quartzite occurring above the Fern Creek Formation were also analyzed. The bulk chemistry is consistent with a well-sorted, supermature quartz arenite.

scholarly journals Heavy Metalspatial Distribution and Pollution Assessment in the Surface Sediments of the North � Western Black Sea Shelf

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 155-170
Author(s):  
Andra Bucse ◽  
Dan Vasiliu ◽  
Sorin Balan ◽  
Oana Cristina Parvulescu ◽  
Tanase Dobre
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Contamination Factor ◽  
Pollution Assessment ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Sediment Pollution ◽  
Pollution Indices ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
The North ◽  
Accumulation Index

22 surface sediment samples were collected in August 2018 from the Romanian inner shelf (Nord-Western Black Sea). Concentrations of some metals (Al, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, As, Pb, and Hg), TOC content, and grain size of sediment samples were determined by specific techniques. The order of accumulation of heavy metals was Zn]Cr]Ni]Cu]Pb]As]Hg. Multivariate analysis indicated that As, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Hg concentrations had similar behavior and they were positively correlated with the clay content, whereas Al and Cr concentrations presented close patterns and they were negatively correlated with the water depth. Sediment pollution assessment indices (enrichment factor, contamination factor, and geo-accumulation index) suggested no/low pollution for most of the metals analyzed, excepting for Pb and Hg (moderate pollution). Values of pollution indices highlighted a higher sediment pollution with Pb and Hg along the Danube�s plume direction, in the oil platform area (eastern edge of the Portita Bay), and partially in the Constanta and Mangalia area, suggesting the influence of port activities, tourism, urban wastewater discharges, oil and gas extraction.

scholarly journals Potassium-metasomatism in Anthracite: A Cluster of Geochemical Evidences

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santanu Ghosh ◽  
Anwita Ojha ◽  
Atul Kumar Varma
Keyword(s):  
Source Rock ◽  
Chemical Weathering ◽  
Bituminous Coal ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Rock Composition ◽  
Thrust Belts ◽  
Chemical Index ◽  
Parent Rocks ◽  
Chemical Index Of Alteration ◽  
The Fourier Transform

Abstract The present study focuses on the inorganic geochemical features of the bituminous coal samples from the Raniganj and the Jharia Basin, as well as the anthracite samples from the Himalayan fold-thrust belts of Sikkim, India. The SiO2 content (48.05 to 65.09 wt% in the ash yield of the bituminous coal samples and 35.92 to 50.11 wt% in the ash yield of the anthracite samples) and the ratio of Al2O3/TiO2 (6.97 to 17.03 in the bituminous coal samples and 10.34 to 20.07 in the anthracite samples) reveal the intermediate igneous source rock composition of the minerals. The ratio of the K2O/Al2O3 in the ash yield of the bituminous coal samples (0.03 to 0.09) may suggest the presence of kaolinite mixed with montmorillonite, while its range in the ash yield of the anthracite samples (0.16 to 0.27) may imply the presence of illite mixed with kaolinite. The chemical index of alteration values may suggest the moderate to strong chemical weathering of the source rock under sub-humid to humid climatic conditions. The plot of the bituminous coal samples in the A-CN-K diagram depicts the traditional weathering trend of parent rocks, but the anthracite samples plot near the illite field and are a bit offset from the weathering trend. This may imply the plausible influences of the potassium-metasomatism at post coalification stages. The Fourier transform infrared spectra further reveal the hydroxyl stretching intensity of the illite in the anthracite samples substantiating the effect of the epigenetic potassium-metasomatism. The decrease in total kaolinite intensity/compound intensity of quartz and feldspar may provide additional evidence towards this epigenetic event.

Provenance and geochemical variations across the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition in the Soltanieh Formation, Alborz Mountains, Iran

2018 ◽  
Vol 156 (07) ◽  
pp. 1157-1174 ◽  
Author(s):  
NAJMEH ETEMAD-SAEED ◽  
MAHDI NAJAFI
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Weathering ◽  
Tectonic Setting ◽  
Geochemical Data ◽  
Remarkable Change ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Magmatic Arc ◽  
Chemical Index ◽  
Geochemical Variations ◽  
Chemical Index Of Alteration ◽  
Mountain Belts

AbstractThe Soltanieh Formation in the Alborz Mountains of northern Iran is not only a key lithostratigraphic unit for reconstruction of the Iranian geological history, but also a globally outstanding succession to reveal variations in seawater composition across the Precambrian–Cambrian (PC–C) transition. Mineralogical and geochemical data from a continuous stratigraphic record of Lower and Upper Shale members of the Soltanieh Formation are used to define their provenance, tectonic setting as well as geochemical variations during the PC–C transition. The Soltanieh mudrocks are composed of quartz and plagioclase, with minor constituents of illite, chlorite and montmorillonite. The chemical index of alteration, A-CN-K (Al2O3 – CaO + Na2O – K2O) relations, index of compositional variability, and Th/Sc versus Zr/Sc ratios indicate low chemical weathering in source areas, compositionally immature and first-cycle sediments. Immobile trace-element ratios and discrimination diagrams, chondrite-normalized rare Earth element (REE) patterns and negative Eu anomaly, along with low total REE abundances and negligible Ce anomalies, demonstrate that the Soltanieh Formation was mainly derived from proximal felsic-intermediate Cadomian magmatic arc sources and deposited in a continental-arc-related basin on the proto-Tethyan active margin of Gondwana. The palaeoredox indicators exhibit a remarkable change in environmental condition from a suboxic to an oxic state across the PC–C transition from the Kahar Formation to the Upper Shale Member of the Soltanieh Formation. Moreover, a significant upwards increase of P, Ba, and Ca is likely associated with enhanced fluxes of nutrient elements during the PC–C transition, coeval with the building of collisional mountain belts during the amalgamation of Gondwana.

scholarly journals ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND ASSESSMENT OF POLLUTION BY VANADIUM IN TOP SOIL OF KIRKUK, NORTHERN IRAQ

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (2E) ◽  
pp. 74-95
Author(s):  
Haider Afloog
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Enrichment Factor ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Contamination Factor ◽  
Pollution Indices ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Northern Iraq ◽  
Accumulation Index ◽  
Geo Accumulation Index ◽  
Geo Accumulation

The vanadium geochemistry was estimated in the topsoil of Kirkuk, northern Iraq, and its potential sources are forecasted by using multivariate statistical analysis as useful tools in this field, in addition to assessing soil pollution with vanadium by using individual indices such as enrichment factor, geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and contamination factor (CF). Eighteen topsoil samples were collected with a depth ranges 0–20cm, and analyzed by using the inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer technique (ICP-MS). The results showed that the concentration of vanadium ranged from 37-51 mg/kg, with an average of 46 mg/kg, relatively it was high concentrations in the agricultural and residential areas compared to the industrial areas. Statistical analysis indicated the contribution of oil combustion and the use of phosphate fertilizers in increasing vanadium concentrations in topsoil. Pollution indices of enrichment factor were in the minimal enrichment category for all samples, geo accumulation index was non-contamination categories for all samples, while Contamination factor was low for all samples.

scholarly journals Quality of Peri-Urban Soil Developed from Ore-Bearing Carbonates: Heavy Metal Levels and Source Apportionment Assessed Using Pollution Indices

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1140
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Sutkowska ◽  
Leslaw Teper ◽  
Tomasz Czech ◽  
Tomasz Hulok ◽  
Michał Olszak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Contamination Factor ◽  
Anthropogenic Pollution ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Pollution Indices ◽  
Geochemical Background ◽  
Ore Bodies ◽  
Metal Levels

Pollution indices are used to assess the influence of the bedrock as a natural source of heavy-metal (HM), and anthropogenic pollution from ore mining in soils developed from ore-bearing carbonates. The research was conducted in two areas differing in geological setting and type of land use in the Upper Silesia Industrial Region, Southern Poland. Physical properties such as pH, total sulfur, total carbon and total organic carbon values, as well as total Zn, Pb, and Cd contents (ICP-OES) for 39 topsoil samples were measured. Contamination factor (Cf), degree of contamination (Cdeg), pollution load index (PLI) and geoaccumulation index (Igeo), were used to determine the deterioration of topsoil due to HM pollution. The HM content exceeded geochemical background levels by 2.5–18.1 times. Very high to moderate topsoil contamination was determined. In a shallow historical mining zone, the relative influence of particular HM was found to be in the order of Pb > Cd > Zn and, in a deep mining zone, Zn > Cd > Pb. In the topsoil developed over shallow ore bodies, the HM content was mainly (60%) due to naturally occurring HM. In the area of deeply buried ore bodies, 90% of the HM load was related to anthropogenic sources. Zn, Pb and Cd vertical distributions and the patterns of topsoil pollution differ in terms of types of mined ores, mining methods and times elapsed since mining ceased. Pollution indices are an efficient tool for distinguishing soil anthropogenic pollution and geogenic contamination.

scholarly journals Loess in eastern equatorial Pangea archives a dusty atmosphere and possible upland glaciation

2020 ◽  
Vol 133 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 379-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lily S. Pfeifer ◽  
Gerilyn S. Soreghan ◽  
Stéphane Pochat ◽  
Jean Van Den Driessche
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Weathering ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Chemical Index ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Low Latitudes ◽  
Chemical Index Of Alteration ◽  
Unique Distribution

Abstract Carboniferous–Permian strata in basins within the Central Pangean Mountains in France archive regional paleoequatorial climate during a unique interval in geological history (Pangea assembly, ice-age collapse, megamonsoon inception). The voluminous (∼1.5 km) succession of exclusively fine-grained red beds that comprises the Permian Salagou Formation (Lodève Basin, France) has long been interpreted to record either lacustrine or fluvial deposition, primarily based on a local emphasis of subaqueous features in the upper ∼25% of the section. In contrast, data presented here indicate that the lower-middle Salagou Formation is dominated by up to 15-m-thick beds of internally massive red mudstone with abundant pedogenic features (microscale) and no evidence of channeling. Up-section, limited occurrences of ripple and hummocky cross-stratification, and mudcracks record the intermittent influence of shallow water, but with no channeling nor units with grain sizes exceeding coarse silt. These data suggest that the most parsimonious interpretation for the Salagou Formation involves eolian transport of the sediment and ultimate deposition as loess in shallow, ephemeral lacustrine environments. Provenance analyses of the Salagou Formation indicate coarse-grained protoliths and, together with geochemical proxies (chemical index of alteration [CIA] and τNa) that correspond respectively to a low degree of chemical weathering and a mean annual temperature of ∼4 °C, suggest that silt generation in this case is most consistent with cold-weathering (glacial and associated periglacial) processes in the Variscan highlands. Together with previous studies that detailed voluminous Permian loess in western equatorial Pangea, this work shows a globally unique distribution of dust at low latitudes that can be linked either directly to glaciated alpine terranes or to reworked and deflated deposits of other types (e.g., fluvial outwash) where fine-grained material was originally generated from glacial grinding in alpine systems. These results further support a revised model for early Permian climate, in which extratropical ice sheets coexisted with a semiarid tropics that may have hosted significant ice at moderate elevation.

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