Environmental Damage and its Impacts on Inequality and Poverty: Applications to Brazil and Costa Rica

2007 ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Mariano Torras
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Ecological Distribution ◽  
Poverty Measures ◽  
Damage Estimates

Accounting for environmental damage is relevant to how one measures the extent and severity of inequality and poverty, and the question of ecological distribution - how the costs associated with environmental damage are distributed across the population - is critical. Following Khan’s (1997) study on Bangladesh, I use environmental damage estimates to adjust inequality and poverty measures for Brazil and Costa Rica. Unlike Khan, I test for different assumptions regarding the ecological distribution. Provisional results indicate that inequality and poverty are understated, and that, under certain assumptions, both worsened in Costa Rica during the 1980s, contrary to what conventional statistics suggest. Want of reliable ecological distribution data, however, suggests that sensitivity analysis around competing assumptions may be preferable to conventional indicators.

scholarly journals The beetle family Carabidae of Costa Rica: The genus Epikastea Liebke of the Plochonida Group, with new Neotropical species and notes on their way of life (Insecta: Coleoptera, Lebiini, Agrina)

Zootaxa ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 790 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
TERRY L. ERWIN
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
New South ◽  
Costa Rican ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
South American ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Madre De Dios ◽  
Definition Of

Genus Epikastea Liebke 1936, of the Plochionida Group of Subtribe Agrina, Lebiini, with six species is revised. Subtribe Agrina consists of those species formerly included in the Subtribe Calleidina. The species of Epikastea Liebke 1936 are diagnosed, described, and illustrated. One species occurs in Costa Rica; five are new South American species and are here assigned to this genus. The five new species described are: Epikastea biolat Erwin, n. sp. (PER , MADRE DE DIOS, Rio Manu, BIOLAT Biodiversity Station, Pakitza Guard Station, 356m, 11 56 47 S, 071 17 00 W), Epikastea grace Erwin, n. sp. (PER , LORETO, Samiria River, Camp Manco Capac, 04 43 0 S, 074 18 0 W), Epikastea mancocapac Erwin, n. sp. (PER , LORETO, Samiria River, Camp Manco Capac, 04 43 0 S, 074 18 0 W), Epikastea piranha Erwin, n. sp. (ECUADOR. ORELLANA, Hauorani Territory, Camp Pira a, 0 39' 25.685" S, 76 27' 10.813" W), Epikastea poguei Erwin, n. sp. (PER , MADRE DE DIOS, Rio Manu, BIOLAT Biodiversity Station, Pakitza Guard Station, 356m, 11 56 47 S, 071 17 00 W). A definition of the Plochionida Group and an identification key to the Western Hemisphere genera included are provided. A key to the known species of Epikastea Liebke is given. Distribution data are provided for all species and a map is provided for the Costa Rican taxon. Adults of Epikastea Liebke have been found on rotting logs in rainforests and fogged from the canopy of tropical trees and palms.

scholarly journals The beetle family Carabidae of Costa Rica: The genera of the Cryptobatida group of subtribe Agrina, tribe Lebiini, with new species and notes on their way of life (Insecta: Coleoptera)

Zootaxa ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 662 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
TERRY L. ERWIN
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Tropical Trees ◽  
Junior Synonym ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
La Selva ◽  
M 10 ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
Hidalgo County

Eight genera and eighteen species of the Cryptobatida group of subtribe Agrina, Lebiini, living in Costa Rica are diagnosed, described, illustrated or referenced and new species assigned to inclusive genera. Occurrences of some taxa outside of Costa Rica are also reported, these ranging from Texas to Argentina. Subtribe Agrina consists of those species formerly included in the Subtribe Calleidina. Four new species of Aspasiola Chaudoir 1877 are described: A. bonita Erwin, n. sp. (COSTA RICA. PUNTARENAS, Peninsula de Osa, P.N. Corcovado, Estaci n Sirena, 0 100 m, 08 28' 0 N, 083 35' 0 W, LS270500, 508300), A. osa Erwin, n. sp. (COSTA RICA. PUNTARENAS, Peninsula de Osa, P.N. Corcovado, Estaci n Sirena, upper Ollas Trail, 30 150 m, 08 29' 00 N, 083 34' 39 W), A. selva Erwin, n. sp. (COSTA RICA. HEREDIA, Estaci n Biol gica La Selva, 3.0 km S Puerto Viejo, Finca La Selva, 50 150 m, 10 25' 55 N, 084 00' 32 W, LN535500, 268000), A. steineri Erwin n. sp. (COSTA RICA. HEREDIA, Estaci n Biol gica La Selva, 3.0 km S Puerto Viejo, Finca La Selva, 50 150 m, 10 25' 55 N, 084 00' 32 W, LN535500, 268000). Two new species of Hyboptera Chaudoir 1872 are described: H. apollonia Erwin n. sp. (PANAM , COL N, Porto Bello, 113 m, 09 33' 0 N, 079 39' 0 W), H. auxiliadora Erwin n. sp. (USA. TEXAS, Hidalgo County, Mission; Bentsen State Park, 26 10' 22" N, 098 22' 56" W). Alkestis Liebke 1939 is a nomen dubium and possible junior synonym of Lelis Chaudoir 1869. Aspasiola rutilans ignea Bates 1883 is changed to full species, Aspasiola ignea Bates new status. Pseudolebia Basilewsky 1942 is NOT a synonym of Onota Chaudoir 1872. Pseudometabletus Liebke 1930 is a junior synonym of Cylindronotum Putzeys 1846. Pseudotoglossa rufitarsis nigrescens Mateu 1961:177 is a junior synonym of Pseudotoglossa terminalis (Chaudoir). An identification key is provided to the genera of the Cryptobatida Group and additional keys are provided for those genera with more than one species occurring in Costa Rica. Distribution data is provided for all species including their known occurrence outside of Costa Rica in adjacent Panam and Nicaragua, and other countries. Adults of species of Aspasiola, Cryptobatis, Otoglossa and Hyboptera are known to occur on shelf fungi on rotting logs and have also been fogged from the canopy of tropical trees (which probably contained shelf fungi on dead branches); adults of species of Cylindronotum, Onota, Pseudotoglossa, Valeriaaschero have also been fogged from the canopy of tropical trees and likely adults of Onota and Pseudotoglossa collected from rotten logs were associated with fungi.

scholarly journals Macroevolutionary pattern of Saussurea (Asteraceae) provides insights into the drivers of radiating diversification

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1962) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Zhang ◽  
Jacob B. Landis ◽  
Yanxia Sun ◽  
Huajie Zhang ◽  
Nan Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Niche ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Niche Breadth ◽  
Morphological Evolution ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Ecological Distribution ◽  
Rapid Radiation ◽  
Diversification Rates ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Evolutionary Radiations

Evolutionary radiations have intrigued biologists for more than a century, yet our understanding of the drivers of radiating diversification is still limited. We investigate the roles of environmental and species-intrinsic factors in driving the rapid radiation of Saussurea (Asteraceae) by deploying a number of palaeoenvironment-, diversity- and trait-dependent models, as well as ecological distribution data. We show that three main clades of Saussurea began to diversify in the Miocene almost simultaneously, with increasing diversification rates (DRs) negatively dependent on palaeotemperature but not dependent on species diversity. Our trait-dependent models detect some adaptive morphological innovations associated with DR shifts, while indicating additional unobserved traits are also likely driving diversification. Accounting for ecological niche data, we further reveal that accelerations in DRs are correlated with niche breadth and the size of species' range. Our results point out a macroevolutionary scenario where both adaptive morphological evolution and ecological opportunities provided by palaeoenvironmental fluctuations triggered an exceptionally radiating diversification. Our study highlights the importance of integrating phylogenomic, morphological, ecological and model-based approaches to illustrate evolutionary dynamics of lineages in biodiversity hotspots.

The tribe Dysoniini part II: The genus Markia (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae; Phaneropterinae), new species and some clarifications

Zootaxa ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 3599 (6) ◽  
pp. 501-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
OSCAR J. CADENA-CASTAÑEDA
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Distribution Range ◽  
Colour Polymorphism ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
The Real ◽  
Distributional Range ◽  
The Status ◽  
New Distribution

This paper clarifies the status of the species of the genus Markia White, 1862, also providing new distribution data. It describes M. erinaceus from Peru, M. arizae n.sp. from the Amazonian foothills of Colombia and Ecuador, M. sarriai n.sp. from the Colombian Biogeographic Chocó, M. espinachi n.sp. from Costa Rica; as well as the true male of M. major (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878), clarifying the real distributional range this latter species. M. longivertex n. syn., is proposed as a synonym of M. major. The colour polymorphism in M. hystrix (Westwood, 1844) is discussed and its distribution range is defined. A key to the species of Markia is provided.

CEDRELA NGOBE (MELIACEAE), A NEW SPECIES FROM PANAMA AND COSTA RICA

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. V. Köcke ◽  
A. N. Muellner-Riehl ◽  
O. Cáceres ◽  
T. D. Pennington
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Red List ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Niche Modelling ◽  
Iucn Red List Categories ◽  
Red List Categories ◽  
A New Species

We present a new species of Meliaceae, Cedrela ngobe Köcke, T.D.Penn. & Muellner, from Panama and Costa Rica. A detailed description with illustrations and a distribution map are provided. Based on distribution data and climatic niche modelling, the species is classified as Vulnerable according to IUCN Red List categories.

scholarly journals Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua)

2018 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 288-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Rudall
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
International Law ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
International Court Of Justice ◽  
International Courts ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
International Court ◽  
The Icj ◽  
First Time

Should trees have standing? The decision of the International Court of Justice (ICJ or Court) in its Question of Compensation (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) case of February 2, 2018 provides a pioneering example of damage to the environment being litigated before an international tribunal. The judgment is the first time that the ICJ has adjudicated compensation for environmental damage, and it is only the third time the ICJ has awarded compensation at all. Nevertheless, the ICJ boldly asserted in this case that “damage to the environment, and the consequent impairment or loss of the ability of the environment to provide goods and services, is compensable under international law” (para. 42). That said, the reasoning employed by the Court leaves much to be desired. Given the increasing number of cases involving the environment, it is unfortunate that international courts and tribunals will garner only limited guidance from the methodology adopted by the ICJ in valuing environmental damage.

A first assessment of lichenized Arthoniales in Bolivia with descriptions of two new species

Phytotaxa ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 217 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damien Ertz ◽  
Adam Flakus ◽  
Magdalena Oset ◽  
Harrie J. M. Sipman ◽  
Martin Kukwa
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
South America ◽  
French Guiana ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
Netherlands Antilles ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
First Time

Records of 48 species belonging to the order Arthoniales from Bolivia are presented. Cryptothecia rosae-iselae Flakus & Kukwa and Lecanactis minuta Ertz, Flakus & Kukwa are described as new to science. Thirty-seven species are reported for the first time from Bolivia, seven of which, Alyxoria apomelaena, Cryptothecia darwiniana, C. groenhartii, C. megalocarpa, Herpothallon furfuraceum, Lecanographa uniseptata, and Opegrapha subvulgata, are new to South America. This raises the number of Arthoniales known from the country up to 72. Two new combinations are proposed: Alyxoria apomelaena (A. Massal.) Ertz for Opegrapha apomelaena A. Massal. and Myriostigma napoense (Kalb & Jonitz) Kukwa for Cryptothecia napoensis Kalb & Jonitz. Cresponea melanocheiloides is the second species of the genus shown to contain a xantholepinone. Cresponea melanocheiloides is reported as new to Costa Rica and Panama, Cryptothecia megalocarpa as new to the Netherlands Antilles and Guyana and C. striata is new to Colombia, Costa Rica, French Guiana and the Netherlands Antilles. Distribution data are reported for each species, with taxonomic remarks provided for new and some problematic taxa.

scholarly journals Systematics, taxonomy, and distribution of species of Myriogenospora G.F. Atk. (Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota)

Check List ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 735-746
Author(s):  
Armando J. Cruz-Laufer ◽  
Melissa Mardones ◽  
Meike Piepenbring
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Molecular Phylogeny ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Spore Morphology

Based on new specimens of Myriogenospora spp. from Costa Rica and Panama, we present morphological analyses, systematic conclusions, additions to host ranges, and geographical distribution data for the two species currently classified in this genus. Myriogenospora atramentosa (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Diehl differs from Myriogenospora linearis (Rehm) J.F. White & Glenn in the ascus and part-spore morphology, a different position in the molecular phylogeny, and the host range. We conclude that the two species are not congeneric and propose that M. linearis should be called Balansia linearis (Rehm) Diehl.

Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area

2020 ◽  
Vol 187 ◽  
pp. 1-543
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
International Environmental Law ◽  
Main Claim ◽  
International Court Of Justice ◽  
Territorial Integrity ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
International Court ◽  
San Juan River

International Court of Justice — Provisional measures — Requirements for the indication of provisional measures — Prima facie jurisdiction — Jurisdiction under American Treaty on Pacific Settlement, 1948 (Pact of Bogotá) — Plausibility of rights claimed — Whether rights claimed by Costa Rica plausible — Irreparable damage — Whether rights claimed by Costa Rica at imminent risk of irreparable prejudiceInternational Court of Justice — Procedure — Control of proceedings — Joinder of proceedings — Counter-claims — Admissibility of counter-claims — Whether counter-claims of Nicaragua having direct connection with main claim of Costa Rica — Conditions for establishing whether a counter-claim connected in fact and in law with main claimInternational Court of Justice — Evidence — Weight to be given — Expert evidence — Burden and standard of proof — CompensationTerritory — Sovereignty — Disputed territory — Costa Rica’s claim that Nicaragua carried out activities in territory under sovereignty of Costa Rica — Extent of disputed territory — Treaty of Limits, 1858 — Cleveland Award, 1888 — Alexander Awards, 1897 — Whether “first channel met” was the caño dredged by Nicaragua starting in 2010 — Whether disputed territory falling under sovereignty of NicaraguaEnvironment — Procedural obligations — Substantive obligations — Nicaragua’s alleged breaches of international environmental law — Whether Nicaragua having to provide Costa Rica with environmental impact assessment relating to activities in disputed territory — Whether Nicaragua breaching its obligations to notify and consult with Costa Rica — Whether Nicaragua breaching its obligation not to cause transboundary harm — Costa Rica’s alleged breaches of international environmental law — Whether Costa Rica breaching its obligation to provide Nicaragua with environmental impact assessment relating to construction of Road 1856 along San Juan River — Whether Costa Rica breaching its obligations to notify and consult with Nicaragua — Whether Costa Rica breaching its obligations under Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992 — Whether Costa Rica breaching its obligation not to cause 2transboundary harm — Whether Costa Rica breaching Nicaragua’s territorial integrityRivers — Right of navigation — Whether Nicaragua breaching Costa Rica’s right of navigation on San Juan River under Treaty of Limits, 1858 — PollutionState responsibility — Breach of provisional measures — Whether evidence showing that Nicaragua breached provisional measures — Assessing compliance with provisional measures at merits stage — Costs — Whether Costa Rica to be awarded costs as a result of Nicaragua’s breach of provisional measures — Breach of territorial integrity — Presence of Nicaragua’s military camp in disputed territory — Declaration that territorial integrity had been breached — Reparation — Compensation to be determined by Parties through negotiation within a year — Whether Court to be requested to determine amount of compensation by either Party after one year had elapsedDamages — Environmental damage — Consequences of responsibility for environmental damage — Request by Costa Rica to determine amount of compensation — Obligation to make full reparation — Hierarchy of means of reparation — Punitive or exemplary damages — Three-step approach to awarding compensation — Establishment of unlawful act — Causal link between unlawful act and injury suffered — Quantification — Compensation for environmental damage — Compensation for expenses incurred by Costa Rica — Methodology to quantify amount due — Parties disagreeing on appropriate methodology — Expenses by Costa Rica as a result of unlawful activities in disputed territory — Expenses by Costa Rica as a result of Nicaragua’s breach of provisional measures — Expenses by Costa Rica for construction and monitoring of a dyke — Costa Rica’s claim for pre-judgment and post-judgment interest — Whether pre-judgment interest necessary to ensure full reparation — Date by which compensation to be paid by Nicaragua

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