scholarly journals Long-Term Change in Characteristics of Cloud Vertical Structures Over Sumatra from Radiosonde Observations

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-53
Author(s):  
Lismalini Lismalini ◽  
Marzuki Marzuki ◽  
Mohammad Ali Shafii
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Vertical Structure ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Occurrence Rate ◽  
Cloud Base ◽  
Term Change ◽  
Radiosonde Observation ◽  
The One ◽  
Layer Cloud

Study on the vertical structure of cloud in Indonesia in terms of climate change is still very limited. We investigated the long-term change in characteristics of cloud vertical structures over Sumatra from three radiosonde observation stations in this work. The cloud base height (CBH), cloud top height (CT), and the number of cloud layers were retrieved using relative humidity (RH) profiles from radiosonde observation. The height of the cloud base is determined by taking the height of the layer with relative humidity (RH) value > 84% with at least a 3% jump in the RH from the ground level. Sumatra’s most frequently observed cloud layer is a one-layer cloud with an average occurrence rate of > 60%, which is slightly larger than the one-layer cloud globally. The percentage of appearance values at the Padang station, Pangkal Pinang, and Medan are 63.58%, 69.50% and 66.05%. The appearance of low-level clouds also dominates in Sumatra compared to other cloud types. CT and CBH increase with the number of years including all seasons. This is in line with the increase in temperature in Indonesia reported by previous researchers. On the other hand, the clouds’ thickness, especially for the cloud with one layer, varies from one location to another. The thickness of clouds decreases at Padang station and does not change at Pangkal Pinang and Medan stations.

scholarly journals Cloud vertical structure over a tropical station obtained using long-term high resolution Radiosonde measurements

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelli Narendra Reddy ◽  
Madineni Venkat Ratnam ◽  
Ghouse Basha ◽  
Varaha Ravikiran
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Vertical Structure ◽  
Lower Layer ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Cloud Base ◽  
High Level ◽  
Tropical Station ◽  
Layer Cloud

Abstract. Cloud vertical structure, including top and base altitudes, thickness of cloud layers, and the vertical distribution of multi-layer clouds affects the large-scale atmosphere circulation by altering gradients in the total diabatic heating/cooling and latent heat release. In this study, long-term (11 years) observations of high vertical resolution radiosondes are used to obtain the cloud vertical structure over a tropical station, Gadanki (13.5° N, 79.2° E), India. The detected cloud layers are verified with independent observations using cloud particle sensor (CPS) sonde launched from the same station. High-level clouds account for 69.05 %, 58.49 %, 55.5 %, and 58.6 % of all clouds during pre-monsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon, and winter seasons, respectively. The average cloud base (cloud top) altitude for low-level, middle-level, high-level and deep convective clouds are 1.74 km (3.16 km), 3.59 km (5.55 km), 8.79 km (10.49 km), and 1.22 km (11.45 km), respectively. Single-layer, two-layer, and three-layer clouds account for 40.80 %, 30.71 %, and 19.68 % of all cloud configurations, respectively. Multi-layer clouds occurred more frequently during the monsoon with 34.58 %. Maximum cloud top altitude and the cloud thickness occurred during monsoon season for single-layer clouds and the uppermost layer of multiple layer cloud configurations. In multi-layer cloud configurations, diurnal variations in the thickness of upper layer clouds are larger than those of lower layer clouds. Heating/cooling in the troposphere and lower stratosphere due to these clouds layers is also investigated and found peak cooling (peak warming) below (above) the Cold Point Tropopause (CPT) altitude. The magnitude of cooling (warming) increases from single-layer to four or more-layer cloud occurrence. Further, the vertical structure of clouds is also studied with respect to the arrival date of Indian summer monsoon over Gadanki.

scholarly journals Cloud vertical structure over a tropical station obtained using long-term high-resolution radiosonde measurements

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (16) ◽  
pp. 11709-11727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelli Narendra Reddy ◽  
Madineni Venkat Ratnam ◽  
Ghouse Basha ◽  
Varaha Ravikiran
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Vertical Structure ◽  
Lower Layer ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Cloud Base ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
High Level ◽  
Tropical Station ◽  
Layer Cloud

Abstract. Cloud vertical structure, including top and base altitudes, thickness of cloud layers, and the vertical distribution of multilayer clouds, affects large-scale atmosphere circulation by altering gradients in the total diabatic heating and cooling and latent heat release. In this study, long-term (11 years) observations of high-vertical-resolution radiosondes are used to obtain the cloud vertical structure over a tropical station at Gadanki (13.5∘ N, 79.2∘ E), India. The detected cloud layers are verified with independent observations using cloud particle sensor (CPS) sonde launched from the same station. High-level clouds account for 69.05 %, 58.49 %, 55.5 %, and 58.6 % of all clouds during the pre-monsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon, and winter seasons, respectively. The average cloud base (cloud top) altitudes for low-level, middle-level, high-level, and deep convective clouds are 1.74 km (3.16 km), 3.59 km (5.55 km), 8.79 km (10.49 km), and 1.22 km (11.45 km), respectively. Single-layer, two-layer, and three-layer clouds account for 40.80 %, 30.71 %, and 19.68 % of all cloud configurations, respectively. Multilayer clouds occurred more frequently during the monsoon with 34.58 %. Maximum cloud top altitude and cloud thickness occurred during the monsoon season for single-layer clouds and the uppermost layer of multiple-layer cloud configurations. In multilayer cloud configurations, diurnal variations in the thickness of upper-layer clouds are larger than those of lower-layer clouds. Heating and cooling in the troposphere and lower stratosphere due to these cloud layers are also investigated and peak cooling (peak warming) is found below (above) the cold-point tropopause (CPT) altitude. The magnitude of cooling (warming) increases from single-layer to four- or more-layer cloud occurrence. Further, the vertical structure of clouds is also studied with respect to the arrival date of the Indian summer monsoon over Gadanki.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of the Cloud Behavior over Inland and Coastal Regions within Single Climate Characteristics

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1316
Author(s):  
Sanghee Lee ◽  
Sug-Whan Kim ◽  
Seung-On Hwang ◽  
Ji Nyeong Choi ◽  
Ki-Beom Ahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Cover ◽  
Vertical Structure ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Cloud Base ◽  
Monthly Precipitation ◽  
Precipitation Variation ◽  
Lower Height

Continuous and accurate ceilometer measurements can provide the sky-condition such as cloud base height (CBH), cloud vertical structure (CVS), and cloud cover at around the sites of meteorological stations. In this study, ceilometer measurement data over a period of 3 years (January 2017 to December 2019) were analyzed to compare the characteristics of CBH at inland and coastal stations sharing the same climate characteristics in Korea. The annual averaged frequency of cloud occurrence between 0 and 7750 m at the first CBH is similar in both inland (41.8 ± 10.2%) and coastal (40.3 ± 9.5%) areas. However, there are differences in monthly and seasonal trends. The maximum cloud occurrence appears in summer (winter) of 64.3% (60.1%) in inland (coastal) areas, while the minimum of 25.6% (21.9%) shows in transient seasons of spring and autumn. In winter, the cold surge of northwest wind tends to increase the cloud occurrence from the ocean at coastal rather than in the inland area. It is shown that monthly cloud occurrence in each station is closely related to its monthly precipitation variation. The CVS frequency calculated from the total number of CBH with 250 m vertical bins shows the maximum between 500 to 1500 m (0 to 1000 m) in inland (coastal) areas, indicating more frequent occurrence at a lower height in the coastal area. It is mainly caused by the seasonal variability of the low-level clouds in the coastal region, which occurs two to three times higher in spring and summer than in other seasons. The study implies that long-term measurements of ceilometer would provide a better understanding of the characteristics of cloud behaviors in inland and coastal areas.

Vivid Imagers Are Better at Detecting Salient Changes

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 218-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Rodway ◽  
Karen Gillies ◽  
Astrid Schepman
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Change Detection ◽  
Visual Imagery ◽  
Detection Task ◽  
Level Of Detail ◽  
Detection Accuracy ◽  
Change Detection Task ◽  
Term Change ◽  
High Level

This study examined whether individual differences in the vividness of visual imagery influenced performance on a novel long-term change detection task. Participants were presented with a sequence of pictures, with each picture and its title displayed for 17  s, and then presented with changed or unchanged versions of those pictures and asked to detect whether the picture had been changed. Cuing the retrieval of the picture's image, by presenting the picture's title before the arrival of the changed picture, facilitated change detection accuracy. This suggests that the retrieval of the picture's representation immunizes it against overwriting by the arrival of the changed picture. The high and low vividness participants did not differ in overall levels of change detection accuracy. However, in replication of Gur and Hilgard (1975) , high vividness participants were significantly more accurate at detecting salient changes to pictures compared to low vividness participants. The results suggest that vivid images are not characterised by a high level of detail and that vivid imagery enhances memory for the salient aspects of a scene but not all of the details of a scene. Possible causes of this difference, and how they may lead to an understanding of individual differences in change detection, are considered.

Radioimmunotherapy for treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia and myelodysplastic syndrome

2005 ◽  
Vol 44 (03) ◽  
pp. 107-117
Author(s):  
R. G. Meyer ◽  
W. Herr ◽  
A. Helisch ◽  
P. Bartenstein ◽  
I. Buchmann
Keyword(s):  
Acute Myeloid Leukaemia ◽  
Myeloid Leukaemia ◽  
Primary Tumour ◽  
The Other ◽  
Haematopoietic Stem Cell ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Primary Reduction ◽  
The One ◽  
Acute Myeloid

SummaryThe prognosis of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) has improved considerably by introduction of aggressive consolidation chemotherapy and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT). Nevertheless, only 20-30% of patients with AML achieve long-term diseasefree survival after SCT. The most common cause of treatment failure is relapse. Additionally, mortality rates are significantly increased by therapy-related causes such as toxicity of chemotherapy and complications of SCT. Including radioimmunotherapies in the treatment of AML and myelodyplastic syndrome (MDS) allows for the achievement of a pronounced antileukaemic effect for the reduction of relapse rates on the one hand. On the other hand, no increase of acute toxicity and later complications should be induced. These effects are important for the primary reduction of tumour cells as well as for the myeloablative conditioning before SCT.This paper provides a systematic and critical review of the currently used radionuclides and immunoconjugates for the treatment of AML and MDS and summarizes the literature on primary tumour cell reductive radioimmunotherapies on the one hand and conditioning radioimmunotherapies before SCT on the other hand.

Hidden “holes” in the capital of banks and the supply of credit to the real sector of economy

2018 ◽  
pp. 49-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Mamonov
Keyword(s):  
Credit Risk ◽  
The Other ◽  
Real Sector ◽  
Capital Management ◽  
Loan Loss ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Real ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
The One

Our analysis documents that the existence of hidden “holes” in the capital of not yet failed banks - while creating intertemporal pressure on the actual level of capital - leads to changing of maturity of loans supplied rather than to contracting of their volume. Long-term loans decrease, whereas short-term loans rise - and, what is most remarkably, by approximately the same amounts. Standardly, the higher the maturity of loans the higher the credit risk and, thus, the more loan loss reserves (LLP) banks are forced to create, increasing the pressure on capital. Banks that already hide “holes” in the capital, but have not yet faced with license withdrawal, must possess strong incentives to shorten the maturity of supplied loans. On the one hand, it raises the turnovers of LLP and facilitates the flexibility of capital management; on the other hand, it allows increasing the speed of shifting of attracted deposits to loans to related parties in domestic or foreign jurisdictions. This enlarges the potential size of ex post revealed “hole” in the capital and, therefore, allows us to assume that not every loan might be viewed as a good for the economy: excessive short-term and insufficient long-term loans can produce the source for future losses.

Interrelationships between municipal spatial policy strategy and airport operation and development. Lodz Airport case study

2018 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-79
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Nikorowicz-Zatorska
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Planning ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Spatial Management ◽  
The One ◽  
Surrounding Areas

Abstract The present paper focuses on spatial management regulations in order to carry out investment in the field of airport facilities. The construction, upgrades, and maintenance of airports falls within the area of responsibility of local authorities. This task poses a great challenge in terms of organisation and finances. On the one hand, an active airport is a municipal landmark and drives local economic, social and cultural development, and on the other, the scale of investment often exceeds the capabilities of local authorities. The immediate environment of the airport determines its final use and prosperity. The objective of the paper is to review legislation that affects airports and the surrounding communities. The process of urban planning in Lodz and surrounding areas will be presented as a background to the problem of land use management in the vicinity of the airport. This paper seeks to address the following questions: if and how airports have affected urban planning in Lodz, does the land use around the airport prevent the development of Lodz Airport, and how has the situation changed over the time? It can be assumed that as a result of lack of experience, land resources and size of investments on one hand and legislative dissonance and peculiar practices on the other, aviation infrastructure in Lodz is designed to meet temporary needs and is characterised by achieving short-term goals. Cyclical problems are solved in an intermittent manner and involve all the municipal resources, so there’s little left to secure long-term investments.

Aspects of the Evolution of the Romanian Tourists’ Preferences Concerning the Domestic Tourist Destinations

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-28
Author(s):  
Aniela Bălăcescu ◽  
Radu Șerban Zaharia
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Model ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Tourist Destinations ◽  
Tourism Management ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
On Line ◽  
The One ◽  
Long Term Studies

Abstract Tourist services represent a category of services in which the inseparability of production and consumption, the inability to be storable, the immateriality, and last but not least non-durability, induces in tourism management a number of peculiarities and difficulties. Under these circumstances the development of medium-term strategies involves long-term studies regarding on the one hand the developments and characteristics of the demand, and on the other hand the tourist potential analysis at regional and local level. Although in the past 20 years there has been tremendous growth of on-line booking made by household users, the tour operators agencies as well as those with sales activity continue to offer the specific services for a large number of tourists, that number, in the case of domestic tourism, increased by 1.6 times in case of the tour operators and by 4.44 times in case of the agencies with sales activity. At the same time, there have been changes in the preferences of tourists regarding their holiday destinations in Romania. Started on these considerations, paper based on a logistic model, examines the evolution of the probabilities and scores corresponding to the way the Romanian tourists spend their holidays on the types of tourism agencies, actions and tourist areas in Romania.

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