scholarly journals Morphological variability and taxonomic affinity of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) clones from Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
pp. 60-64
Author(s):  
Rarastyan Arum Widaysary ◽  
Ratna Susandarini
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Taxonomic Affinity ◽  
Cocoa Production ◽  
Central Sulawesi ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is one of the most important export commodities of Indonesia, with Sulawesi becomes the largest cocoa production centers in Indonesia. Since the majority cocoa production comes from Sulawesi Island, there is high diversity of cocoa clones cultivated in this area. The objective of this study was to explore morphological variability and to assess taxonomic affinity of cocoa clones cultivated by smallholder farmers in four districts of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Nineteen cocoa clones from the districts of Sigibiromaru, Palolo, South Parigi and Sausu were used in this study. Fourteen morphological characters of leaves, fruits, and beans were examined. Cluster analysis were done to determine taxonomic affinity between the clones. Results of this study indicated that there was high morphological variability, mainly in fruit or pod characters. Cluster analysis on 14 morphological characters resulted in the grouping of the clones into two main clusters. The grouping of cocoa clones did not correspond to the geographical origin of samples. It is concluded that taxonomic affinity was determined by similarities of morphology, especially fruit and bean characters.

scholarly journals Isolation and Identification of Endophytic Fungi on Cocoa Plant (Theobroma cacao L.) and Antagonist Activity against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 419-430
Author(s):  
Zaedar A. Rosmana ◽  
T. Kuswinanti Nasaruddin
Keyword(s):  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Trichoderma Sp ◽  
Cocoa Production ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Central Sulawesi ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

Anthracnose disease which is caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides fungi becomes a resistor factor in cocoa production. Infect on young leaves creates leaf blight, consequently those leaves can die completely or only several parts starting from leaf blade and then fall, but infection at mature leaves spots appear in random border form and leave hole in the same location. Branches with infected leaves will experience die back and look like a broom, in the other side, infection at young fruit turns fruit to be dried and wrinkled while at mature fruits showed dried and rotten tips. This research is aimed at finding potential endophytic fungi from cocoa plant that can resist the growth of pathogenic fungi, C. gloeosporioides which cause anthracnose on cocoa plant (Theobroma cacao L). Isolation and identification of endophytic fungi on cocoa plant from Banggai district in Central Sulawesi results showed 10 isolates of endopphytic fungi: 2 isolates from leaves organ isolation; 4 isolates from stem; and 4 isolates from fruit pod. They both identified morphologically and macroscopically and found to have similarity to Trichoderma sp, Penicillium sp, Aspergilus sp that has resistance capability against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides colony through antagonist mechanism marked by the presence of resistance zone. Trichodermasp demonstrated the highest percentage at isolate G in 56,92%.

scholarly journals Pod Characteristics of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Related to Cocoa Pod Borer Resistance (Conopomorpha cramerella Snell.)

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Agung Wahyu Soesilo ◽  
Surip Mawardi ◽  
Witjaksono , ◽  
Woerjono Mangoendidjojo
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Entry And Exit ◽  
Pod Borer ◽  
Central Sulawesi ◽  
Series Study ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L ◽  
Criteria For Selection

AbstractThe characteristics of pod related to cocoa pod borer resistance (CPB, Conopomorpha cramerella Snell.) had been identified in a series study. This research has objective to evaluate performance of the characteristics using more diverse of genetic background to select criteria for selection. Genetic materials for this study were 25 cocoa clones which be planted in Central Sulawesi for resistant evaluation. Field evaluation of the resistance were assessed using the variable of the percentage of unextractable bean, number of entry and exit hole larvae by which the clones were grouped into 5 groups of resistance. A laboratory works were carried out to assess pod characteristics based on the number of trichome, granule of tannin and thickness the lignified-tissue of sclerotic layer using micro-technique method at the different level of pod maturity (3.0; 3.5; 4.0 months). Correlation between groups of those variables was analyzed using Canonical Correlation. The analysis performed a positive association between the thickness of sclerotic layer at the secondary furrow with the number of entry holes and the number of entry holes through sclerotic layer. The thickness performed a higher value of the coefficient in association with the variables of canonical for pod characteristics (0.59; 0.55; 0.43) and the variables of canonical for CPB resistance (0.54; 0.51; 0.39) that would presenting the characteristics of pod related to CPB resistance. Lignification at sclerotic layer was considered as genotypic expressions due to the thickness at the secondary furrow at 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 months of pod maturity performed high value of broad-sense heritability i.e. 0.75, 0.89 and 0.92 respectively. A qualitative assessment of the lignification clearly differentiate the resistant clones (ARDACIAR 10) with the susceptible clones (ICCRI 04, KW 516 and KW 564).Key words : cocoa pod borer, Theobroma cacao L., pod characteristics, resistance

Diversity of chloroplast genome among local clones of cocoa (Theobroma cacao, L.) from Central Sulawesi

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Nengah Suwastika ◽  
Nurul Aisyah Pakawaru ◽  
Rifka ◽  
Rahmansyah ◽  
Muslimin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chloroplast Genome ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Central Sulawesi ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

scholarly journals Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Menentukan Kualitas Pada Biji Kakao Dengan Menggunakan Metode Weighted Product (Wp) (Studi kasus : CV. Bulok Kakao Sentosa Kecamatan Bulok)

Respati ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Elisabet Yunaeti Anggraeni ◽  
Sri Hartati ◽  
Icha Mufadila
Keyword(s):  
Decision Support ◽  
Decision Support System ◽  
Support System ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Cocoa Beans ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
Cocoa Production ◽  
Cocoa Farmers ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

INTISARITanaman kakao (Theobroma cacao, L.) atau yang biasa disebut coklat merupakan tanaman perkebunan yang tumbuh di lahan kering. Tanaman kakao merupakan salah satu komoditas unggulan nasional yang berperan penting bagi pertumbuhan perekonomian Indonesia. Namun, dalam  budidayanya petani kakao seringkali menghadapi masalah yang dapat menyebabkan penurunan kualitas hasil produksi kakao. Karena permasalahan inilah yang membuat peneliti ingin membuat suatu sistem pendukung keputusan yang dapat membantu petani dan suplayer terutama CV. Bulok Kakao Sentosa untuk menentukan kualitas biji kakao. Sistem yang dirancang menggunakan metode Weighted Product (WP) merupakan metode penyelesaian dengan menggunakan perkalian untuk menghubungkan nilai atribut, dimana nilai harus dipangkatkan terlebih dahulu dengan bobot atribut yang bersangkutan. Dengan adanya sistem  penunjang keputusan ini mampu membantu masyarakat untuk menentukan  kualitas biji kakao dan di harapkan sistem pendukung keputusan menggunakan metode Weighted Product dalam proses menentukan kualitas pada biji kakao tersebut dapat menyelesaikan masalah pada CV. Bulok Kakao Sentosa, petani dan pengepul kakao dalam menentukan kualitas biji kakao yang baik Kata Kunci : Sistem Penunjang Keputusan, Weighted Product (WP), Biji Kakao ABSTRACTCacao (Theobroma cacao, L.) or commonly called cocoa is an estate crop that grows on dry land. Cacao is one of the leading national commodities that plays an important role in Indonesia's economic growth. However, in the cultivation of cocoa farmers often face problems that can cause a decrease in the quality of cocoa production. Because of this problem that makes researchers want to create a decision support system that can help farmers and suppliers, especially CV. Bulok Kakao Sentosa to determine the quality of cocoa beans. The system is designed using the Weighted Product (WP) method is a method of settlement using multiplication to connect the attribute value, where the value must be raised first with the weight of the attribute in question. With this decision support system able to help the community to determine the quality of good cocoa beans and expected with the decision support system using the Weighted Product method in the process of determining the quality of the cocoa beans can solve the problem in the CV. Bulok Kakao Sentosa, cocoa farmers and collectors in determining the quality of good cocoa beans. Keywords : Decision Support System, Weighted Product (WP), Cacao Beans

scholarly journals KERAGAMAN KARAKTERISTIK MORFOLOGIS DAN A G RONOMISP LA SMA NUTFAH KLON HARAPAN KAKAO LOKAL SULAWESI SELATAN

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 145 ◽  
Author(s):  
SAHARDI SAHARDI ◽  
FADJRY DJUFRY
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Agricultural Extension ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
High Yield ◽  
South Sulawesi ◽  
Pod Borer ◽  
Cocoa Production ◽  
Black Pod ◽  
Cocoa Plantation

<p>ABSTRAK</p><p>Kakao (<em>Theobroma cacao</em> L.) merupakan komoditas perkebunan <br /> yang   memegang   peranan   penting   dalam   perekonomian   Indonesia. Sulawesi Selatan merupakan daerah sentra produksi kakao dan telah berkembang berbagai varian klon kakao lokal.  Sulawesi Selatan memiliki potensi menghasilkan klon-klon kakao unggul, yang berpotensi daya hasil tinggi, memiliki ketahanan/toleransi terhadap hama penggerek buah kakao, penyakit busuk buah dan vascular streak dieback. Klon kakao lokal yang telah dikembangkan oleh petani belum pernah dilakukan karakterisasi baik morfologi maupun genetik.  Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengobservasi karakter morfologi dan agronomi klon lokal harapan yang tersebar pada petani di Sulawesi Selatan. Penelitian dilaksanakan mulai bulan Februari – Desember 2013 di Kabupaten Luwu dan Luwu Utara, Sulawesi Selatan. Untuk mendapatkan klon-klon harapan kakao lokal, dilakukan observasi langsung   pada   sentra   produksi   kakao.   Sumber   informasi adalah Pemerintah daerah (dinas terkait), penyuluh pertanian, tokoh masyarakat dan petani.    Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap karakter morfologi utama klon  harapan  kakao  lokal  yang  didapat  saat  pelaksanaan  observasi. Analisis kemiripan karakter morfologi antar klon dan pengelompokan serta dendogram dilakukan dengan menggunakan program SPSS versi 21.0. Hasil eksplorasi diperoleh sejumlah 30 klon harapan kakao lokal.  Hasil analisis karakter morfologi terhadap 30 aksesi klon unggul harapan kakao lokal di Sulawesi Selatan, menunjukkan keragaman yang sempit.  Hal ini mengisyaratkan bahwa perlu upaya lain untuk meningkatkan keragaman genetik.</p><p>Kata kunci:  <em>Theobroma  cacao</em>  L.,  keragaman,  morfologi,  agronomi, plasma nutfah</p><p> </p><p>ABSTRACT</p><p>Morphological and Agronomics Diversity of Cocoa Characteristics    Local Promising Clones Germplasm in South Sulawesi </p>Cocoa (<em>Theobroma cacao  </em>L.) is one of  important estate crops <br /> commodities which plays a role on Indonesian economy. South Sulawesi <br /> has a potency to generate superior clones of cocoa. A number of local <br /> cocoa clones   from   South   Sulawesi   has   been   recommended   in <br /> rehabilitation and rejuvenation in  the implementation of cocoa “Gernas” <br /> (National Cocoa Planting Action). Sulawesi   Cocoa local clones have a <br /> potency of high yield, resistance to pest or main  diseases such as cocoa <br /> pod borer, black pod disease and vascular streak dieback which were still <br /> widespread among cocoa plantation. Although variation accured in cocoa <br /> local clones, but there had been no study on both  morphological and <br /> genetic. The objective of the research was to observe morphological  and <br /> agronomis characters of local cocoa  promising clones that has been <br /> planted by the farmers in South Sulawesi. This research  was conducted <br /> from  February - Desember 2013 in Luwu District and North Luwu, in <br /> South Sulawesi. To find local cacao clones  used direct observation in <br /> cocoa production centers. The information sources obtained from local <br />government (relevant agencies). Agricultural extension, prominent societyleader and the farmers. The Observation was conducted on morphologicalcharacters,  and  the  results  were  analysed  on  characters  resemblancebetween clones. Statistic anlyses for the Grouping and dendogram wasgene rated  by SPSS vertion 21.0. In South Sulawesi. The result from theanalyses of morphological characters   indicated  low genetic variability in 30 accessions of local cocoa clones in South Sulawesi. To such  low ingenetic diversity, Indicated  the need of another effort to broadan  geneticvariability<p>Keywords:   <em>Theobroma   cacao</em>  L.,   genetic   variability,   morphology, agronomy, germplasm</p>

scholarly journals Morphological characters of root and yield of three cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) clones in the field with dead-end trench

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Canggih Nailil Maghfiroh ◽  
Eka Tarwaca Susila Putra
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Perennial Crop ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Dead End ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is a perennial crop originated from tropical regions, divided into Criollo, Forastero, and Trinitario. Demand for cocoa has increased, but the productivity is still low. The increase in production could be achieved by improving crop management and using superior clones. RCC-70, RCC-71, and KKM-22 are recommended as the superior cocoa clones. Dead-end trench can reduce erosion and surface run-off as well as improve rooting and soil organic matter sequestration. The objectives of this research were to study the effects of dead-end trench application on morphological characters of roots and yields of three cocoa clones and to determine which cocoa clone(s) performed a signifificant yield increase with the application of dead-end trench. The research was conducted in August 2018–April 2019 at Pagilaran Ltd. cocoa plantation in North Segayung Production Unit, subdistrict Tulis, Batang, Central Java. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with two factors and three replications as block. The first factor was dead-end trench application (with and without dead-end trench application) and the second factor was cocoa clones (RCC-70, RCC-71, and KKM-22). This study showed that application of dead-end trench and clones significantly increased root fresh weight, root dry weight, seed fresh weight, and seed dry weight, but had no significant effect on fruit diameter, fruit length, root length, and root surface area. RCC-70 clone, coupled with the application of dead-end trench, resulted in the highest seed dry weight compared to RCC-71 and KKM-22 clones.

scholarly journals Genotyping Based on SSR Marker on Local Cacao (Theobroma Cacao L.) from Central Sulawesi

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 88-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Nengah Suwastika ◽  
Muslimin ◽  
Rifka ◽  
Nurul Aisyah ◽  
Rahmansyah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Ssr Marker ◽  
Central Sulawesi ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L
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