Resistance inducers and their role in reinforcing wheat defense system against fungal pathogens

Introduction Neutrophils form the first line of defense against most bacterial and fungal pathogens after disruption of the skin and mucous membranes. Once tissue is invaded by microorganisms, a variety of vasoactive and chemotactic mediators are released by the involved tissue. In response to these chemotactic peptides, neutrophils, normally found in the circulation, adhere to the inflamed endothelium and migrate to the site of infection where the phagocytes ingest and kill the invading microorganisms. Neutrophils also release a variety of cytokines that may modify the neutrophils' own responses as well as interact with other elements of the immune system. Neutrophils, therefore, are both important effectors and regulators of the host defense system. Because of the complexity of this defense system and the major role played by neutrophils, both primary and acquired defects in neutrophil number or function result in persistent as well as recurrent infections. Primary defects in neutrophil number or function are relatively rare, but they must be considered in a child who presents with recurrent infections. Early identification and management of affected children lead to decreased morbidity and mortality. Although care predominantly has been supportive in the past through the use of prophylactic and therapeutic antibiotics, specific therapies now are becoming available to reduce the frequency of infections in some diseases.

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Development of antioxidative defense system of wheat seedlings in response to high light

Physiologia Plantarum ◽

10.1034/j.1399-3054.1995.950112.x ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 95 (1) ◽

pp. 77-82 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Neelam P. Mishra ◽

Tasneem Fatma ◽

Gauri S. Singhal

Keyword(s):

High Light ◽

Antioxidative Defense ◽

Defense System ◽

Wheat Seedlings ◽

Antioxidative Defense System

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SOOTY MOULD DISEASES OF SOME TREES FROM AURANGABAD DISTRICT, MAHARASHTRA (INDIA)

FLORA AND FAUNA ◽

10.33451/florafauna.v23i2pp351-354 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

Author(s):

NAVALSINGH J. TODAWAT

Keyword(s):

Surface Area ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Leaf Surface ◽

Severity Of Disease ◽

Sooty Mould ◽

Leaf Surface Area

Sooty mould diseases of Tress from Aurangabad district were surveyed. During the survey of tress, 5 species were found infected by fungal pathogens causing sooty mould diseases. Disease is easily identifiable by the presence of a black, velvety growth covering the leaf surface area. The fungus produces mycelium which is superficial and dark grows on the flowers, leaf, stem and sometime on fruits also. The severity of disease depends on the honeydew secretions by insects. The diseases were found to be caused by 5 species of fungi viz. Capnodium anonae, C. ramosum, Capnodium sp., Meliola bangalorensis and Meliola ranganthii.

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Interspecies Interactions: Effects On Virulence And Antimicrobial Susceptibility Of Bacterial And Fungal Pathogens

10.3389/978-2-88966-097-1 ◽

2020 ◽

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Interspecies Interactions

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In Shortly about HIV and AIDS

Health Sciences ◽

10.15342/hs.2020.241 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

Author(s):

Sinisa Franjic

Keyword(s):

Opportunistic Infections ◽

Hiv And Aids ◽

The Body ◽

Hiv Disease ◽

Infected Person ◽

Defense System ◽

Infected Mother ◽

Unprotected Sexual Intercourse ◽

Hiv Virus ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus

HIV is a human immunodeficiency virus, a retrovirus that causes AIDS in the event of untreated infection. The virus causes the weakness and inability of the organism's defense system. HIV disease is a chronic progressive process that begins with the onset of HIV virus into the body, and over time (in adults over 10 years), a gradual destruction of the immune system occurs. The host during the infection becomes vulnerable and is suffering from complications of opportunistic infections and malignancies. A person infected with HIV feels good until developing AIDS, does not notice any changes in health, and has no specific external signs of infection. The only way to detect infection at this stage is HIV testing. HIV is transmitted: unprotected sexual intercourse with the infected person, exchange of needles, syringes or accessories with infected persons when taking drugs, with infected mother on her baby before, during or after delivery (breastfeeding).

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The distributed intelligent defense system

10.2514/6.1989-108 ◽

1989 ◽

Author(s):

MARK ROBINSON ◽

TIMOTHY GIAMBRA ◽

PETER KOGGE

Keyword(s):

Defense System

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Aftermath Effect Of GST On Consumer Purchasing Power

Restaurant Business ◽

10.26643/rb.v118i5.7657 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 118 (5) ◽

pp. 122-131

Author(s):

S. Thowseaf ◽

M. Ayisha Millath ◽

K. Malik Ali

Keyword(s):

Living Standard ◽

Purchasing Power ◽

Percentage Increase ◽

Defense System ◽

Key Factors ◽

Predominant Role ◽

Tax System ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Individual ◽

Taxation System

Tax is an important source of income for the country. It is through tax; country strengthens its defense system, infrastructure, and government. Hence, tax system plays a predominant role in developing country’s economy. The complication in taxation system and liberty for taxpayers are key factors generating loopholes for corruption. GST is superior taxation system over VAT but, if neither properly implemented nor scrutinized according to the economy, it is people residing get affected. GST taxation system is capable of increasing legal transaction, reducing corruption and complexity that exists in current taxation. India is 166th country to adopt GST and GST taxation slab in India is 0%, 5%, 12%, 18% and 28%. Although average Tax levied is 14.8750% in India, it is 28% tax that is levied for most of the commodities, which are directly or indirectly used in everyday life of common individuals. Despite, GST being favorable to distributor in-terms of profit and government to attain tax by increasing legal transaction through invoice. It is noted that for the same percentage of taxation, the amount does not vary for VAT and GST. The tax slab decreased for 71 commodities and no change in 21 commodities; there has been an increase in tax slab for 60 commodities. 26% taxation was levied for most commodities considered was currently levied by 28% taxation which is greater than before. It was found that average tax percentage reduced was calculated to be 6.07143. The average tax percentage increase was calculated to be 4.7833 percentage for the considered commodities. The overall tax average tax percentage is estimated to be 14.8750% which does not have a significant difference concerning tax levied before GST, which was calculated to be 15.7829% for considered commodities. Therefore, the consumer purchasing power and overall living standard of the individual in India will remain almost same.

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Diseases of the kumara crop

New Zealand Plant Protection ◽

10.30843/nzpp.2009.62.4845 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 62 ◽

pp. 402-402

Author(s):

S.L. Lewthwaite ◽

P.J. Wright

Keyword(s):

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Ipomoea Batatas ◽

Mechanical Damage ◽

Soft Rot ◽

Economic Loss ◽

Root Surface ◽

Black Rot ◽

Rhizopus Stolonifer ◽

Ceratocystis Fimbriata ◽

Pink Rot

The predominant diseases of the commercial kumara (Ipomoea batatas) or sweetpotato crop are caused by fungal pathogens The field disease pink rot results from infection by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Lesions form on vines but may spread down stems to the roots The widespread nature of this disease in sweetpotato appears peculiar to New Zealand Scurf is a disease caused by Monilochaetes infuscans which occurs in the field but may proliferate amongst stored roots The disease causes a superficial discolouration of the root surface which is mainly cosmetic but can also increase root water loss in storage Infection by Ceratocystis fimbriata produces a disease known as black rot The disease can be transmitted amongst plants at propagation but is particularly rampant amongst roots in storage This disease is readily transmitted and can cause severe economic loss Fusarium oxysporum causes surface rots in stored roots characterised by light to dark brown lesions that tend to be firm dry and superficial The lesions may be circular and centred on wounds caused by insects or mechanical damage at harvest Soft rot caused by Rhizopus stolonifer generally occurs in roots after they are washed and prepared for the market Fungal infection occurs through wounds or bruised tissue producing distinctive tufts of white fungal strands and black spores

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