scholarly journals Effect of Language Switching On the Response Latency in the Cued Picture-Naming Paradigm among Hindi Dominant and Balanced Bilinguals

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mishra K. A ◽  
Asthana, H. S. ◽  
Singh, I. L.
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Picture Naming ◽  
Processing Time ◽  
Control Model ◽  
Language Switching ◽  
Dominant Language ◽  
Language Dominance ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Time Required

Language dominance has long been considered an important factor in determining the processing time associated with language switching. It is evident that when an unbalanced bilingual switch from ones non-dominant to dominant language (backward switching), s/he requires more reaction time in comparison to when s/he switches from dominant language to non-dominant language (forward switching). In this study, the researcher examined the effects of language dominance and switching on the response time in the cued picture-naming paradigm. Results indicate that the overall response time required by balanced bilingual is less than that of Hindi dominant bilinguals. It was also found that, Hindi dominant required more reaction time in backward switching in comparison to forward switching. For balanced bilinguals, the difference between forward and backward switching was not found to be significant. The results of this study have been discussed in light of the concept of ‘reactive inhibition’ of the Inhibitory Control Model (ICM).

scholarly journals Taxing the brain to uncover lying? Meta-analyzing the effect of imposing cognitive load on the reaction-time costs of lying

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Verschuere ◽  
Nils Köbis ◽  
yoella meyer ◽  
David Gertler Rand ◽  
Shaul Shalvi
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Lie Detection ◽  
Mental Effort ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Truth Telling ◽  
Total N ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Brain

Lying typically requires greater mental effort than telling the truth. Imposing cognitive load may improve lie detection by limiting the cognitive resources needed to lie effectively, thereby increasing the difference in speed between truths and lies. We test this hypothesis meta-analytically. Across 21 studies using response-time (RT) paradigms (11 unpublished; total N = 792), we consistently found that truth telling was faster than lying, but found no evidence that imposing cognitive load increased that difference (Control, d = 1.45; Load, d = 1.28). Instead, load significantly decreased the lie-truth RT difference by increasing the RT of truths, g = -.18, p = .027. Our findings therefore suggest that imposing cognitive load does not necessarily improve RT-based lie detection, and may actually worsen it by taxing the mental system and thus impeding people’s ability to easily—and thus quickly—tell the truth

scholarly journals The gradient effect of context on language switching and lexical access in bilingual production

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 725-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANIEL J. OLSON
Keyword(s):  
Switching Costs ◽  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Language Switching ◽  
Dominant Language ◽  
Language Dominance ◽  
Switch Costs ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Inhibitory Mechanisms ◽  
Language Selection ◽  
Language Context

ABSTRACTPrevious research on bilingual language switching costs has demonstrated asymmetrical switch costs, driven primarily by language dominance, such that switches into a more dominant language incur significantly greater reaction time delays than switches into a less dominant language. While such studies have generally relied on a fixed ratio of switch to nonswitch tokens, it is clear that bilinguals operate not in a fixed ratio, but along a naturally occurring bilingual continuum of modes or contexts. Bridging the concepts of language switching and language context, the current study examines language switching costs through a cued picture-naming study with variable contexts or modes. The results demonstrate that switch costs are dependent upon both language dominance and language context, with asymmetrical costs found in more monolingual modes and symmetrical costs found in bilingual modes. Implications are discussed with respect to language mode and gradient inhibitory mechanisms of language selection.

Impact of language dominance on phonetic transfer in Cantonese–English bilingual language switching

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
RACHEL KA-YING TSUI ◽  
XIULI TONG ◽  
CHUCK SIU KI CHAN
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Speech Processing ◽  
Switch Cost ◽  
Voice Onset Time ◽  
Onset Time ◽  
Control Model ◽  
Language Switching ◽  
Language Dominance ◽  
English Bilingual ◽  
English Dominant

AbstractBilinguals are susceptible to interaction between their two phonetic systems during speech processing. Using a language-switching paradigm, this study investigated differences in phonetic transfer of Cantonese–English bilingual adults with various language dominance profiles (Cantonese-dominant, English-dominant, and balanced bilinguals). Measurements of voice onset time revealed that unbalanced bilinguals and balanced bilinguals responded differently to language switching. Among unbalanced bilinguals, production of the dominant language shifted toward the nondominant language, with no effect in the opposite direction. However, balanced bilinguals’ speech production was unaffected by language switching. These results are analogous to the inhibitory control model, suggesting an asymmetrical switch cost of language switching at the phonetic level of speech production in unbalanced bilinguals. In contrast, the absence of switch cost in balanced bilinguals implies differences in the mechanism underlying balanced bilinguals’ and unbalanced bilinguals’ speech production.

Visual Search in Complex Fields: Size Differences between Target Disc and Surrounding Discs

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Bloomfield
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Time Factors ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Single Target ◽  
Solid Disc ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Times ◽  
Time Required

An adaptable technique for performing search experiments, enabling extensive studies to be undertaken with well-practiced observers, is described. In each trial a single target disc was presented. Cumulative distributions of the times taken to locate 6 solid disc targets of varying size in a display containing 99 larger standard discs arranged in a regular fashion, and 3 disc targets in a display of 107 larger discs arranged irregularly, are presented. Three practiced observers were used with each display. Sixty readings per observer, per target, per display were obtained. It is suggested that for the targets most different in size from the background discs, the distributions of times to locate are largely dependent on response time factors; and for the targets closest in size the distributions are largely dependent on search factors. Some support is lent to theoretical work that suggests search times are exponentially distributed. The shortest time required to locate a particular target is used as an estimate of response time. Response times are found to be inversely proportional to both the difference between the log of the target and nontarget disc diameters, and to the difference between the diameters. An amendment, taking response time into account, is suggested for exponential search equations.

Processing Time of Contour Integration: The Role of Colour, Contrast, and Curvature

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p3164 ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 833-853 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H A Beaudot ◽  
Kathy T Mullen
Keyword(s):  
Processing Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Contour Integration ◽  
Additional Time ◽  
Processing Times ◽  
Temporal Properties ◽  
Curved Paths ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Path Detection

We investigated the temporal properties of the red-green, blue – yellow, and luminance mechanisms in a contour-integration task which required the linking of orientation across space to detect a ‘path’. Reaction times were obtained for simple detection of the stimulus regardless of the presence of a path, and for path detection measured by a yes/no procedure with path and no-path stimuli randomly presented. Additional processing times for contour integration were calculated as the difference between reaction times for simple stimulus detection and path detection, and were measured as a function of stimulus contrast for straight and curved paths. We found that processing time shows effects not apparent in choice reaction-time measurements. (i) Processing time for curved paths is longer than for straight paths. (ii) For straight paths, the achromatic mechanism is faster than the two chromatic ones, with no difference between the red – green and blue – yellow mechanisms. For curved paths there is no difference in processing time between mechanisms. (iii) The extra processing time required to detect curved compared to straight paths is longest for the achromatic mechanism, and similar for the red – green and blue – yellow mechanisms. (iv) Detection of the absence of a path requires at least 50 ms of additional time independently of chromaticity, contrast, and path curvature. The significance of these differences and similarities between postreceptoral mechanisms is discussed.

scholarly journals A Fast Retrieval of Cloud Parameters Using a Triplet of Wavelengths of Oxygen Dimer Band around 477 nm

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 152
Author(s):  
Haklim Choi ◽  
Xiong Liu ◽  
Gonzalo Gonzalez Abad ◽  
Jongjin Seo ◽  
Kwang-Mog Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scattered Light ◽  
Trace Gas ◽  
Retrieval Algorithm ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Cloud Parameters ◽  
Retrieval Scheme ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Look ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Cloud Top Pressure

Clouds act as a major reflector that changes the amount of sunlight reflected to space. Change in radiance intensity due to the presence of clouds interrupts the retrieval of trace gas or aerosol properties from satellite data. In this paper, we developed a fast and robust algorithm, named the fast cloud retrieval algorithm, using a triplet of wavelengths (469, 477, and 485 nm) of the O2–O2 absorption band around 477 nm (CLDTO4) to derive the cloud information such as cloud top pressure (CTP) and cloud fraction (CF) for the Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS). The novel algorithm is based on the fact that the difference in the optical path through which light passes with regard to the altitude of clouds causes a change in radiance due to the absorption of O2–O2 at the three selected wavelengths. To reduce the time required for algorithm calculations, the look-up table (LUT) method was applied. The LUT was pre-constructed for various conditions of geometry using Vectorized Linearized Discrete Ordinate Radiative Transfer (VLIDORT) to consider the polarization of the scattered light. The GEMS was launched in February 2020, but the observed data of GEMS have not yet been widely released. To evaluate the performance of the algorithm, the retrieved CTP and CF using observational data from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2), which cover the spectral range of GEMS, were compared with the results of the Fast Retrieval Scheme for Clouds from the Oxygen A band (FRESCO) algorithm, which is based on the O2 A-band. There was good agreement between the results, despite small discrepancies for low clouds.

Acceptable Levels of Tonal and Broad-Band Repetitive and Continuous Sounds during the Performance of Nonauditory Tasks

1995 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 803-816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulf Landström ◽  
Anders Kjellberg ◽  
Marianne Byström
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Broad Band ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Simple Reaction Time Task ◽  
Reasoning Test ◽  
Band Noise ◽  
Time Test ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Reaction Time Test

Three groups of 24 subjects were exposed to a 1000–Hz tone or broad band noise in a sound chamber. During the exposures subjects were engaged in an easy reaction time test or a difficult grammatical reasoning test. For each exposure and work subjects adjusted the noise to a tolerance level defined by its interference with task performance. During the simple reaction-time task significantly higher sound-pressure levels were accepted than during the reasoning test. At the tonal exposure, much lower levels were accepted than during the exposure to broad-band noise. For continuous sound exposures much higher levels were accepted than for noncontinuous exposures. For tonal exposures the difference was approximately 5 dB, for the broad-band exposures approximately 9 dB. In a separate study the effects of the noncontinuity of the noise and pauses were analysed. The raised annoying effect of the noncontinuous noise was not more affected by the noncontinuity of the noise periods than by the noncontinuity of the pauses. The results imply that the annoying reactions to the sound will be increased for repetitive noise and that the reaction is highly influenced by the over-all noncontinuity of the exposure.

scholarly journals Events, Time and the Simple Form

2009 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter H. Hirtle
Keyword(s):  
Simple Form ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Event Time ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Time Required ◽  
English Verb

Abstract This is an attempt to discern more clearly the underlying or POTENTIAL meaning of the simple form of the English verb, described in Hirtle 1967 as 'perfective'. Vendler's widely accepted classification of events into ACCOMPLISHMENTS, ACHIEVEMENTS, ACTIVITIES, and STATES is examined from the point of view of the time necessarily contained between the beginning and end of any event, i.e. EVENT TIME as represented by the simple form. This examination justifies the well known dynamic/stative dichotomy by showing that event time is evoked in two different ways, that, in fact, the simple form has two ACTUAL significates. Further reflection on the difference between the two types thus expressed—developmental or action-like events and non-developmental or state-like events—leads to the conclusion that the simple form provides a representation of the time required to situate all the impressions involved in the notional or lexical import of the verb.

The early attentional pancake: Lack of selection in depth for rapid exogenous cueing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Edward O'Donnell ◽  
Kyrie Murawski ◽  
Ella Herrmann ◽  
Jesse Wisch ◽  
Garrett D. Sullivan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Binocular Disparity ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Exogenous Attention ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Exogenous Cueing ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Depth Cueing ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Attentional Selectivity

There have been conflicting findings on the degree to which exogenous/reflexive visual attention is selective for depth, and this issue has important implications for attention models. Previous findings have attempted to find depth-based cueing effects on such attention using reaction time measures for stimuli presented in stereo goggles with a display screen. Results stemming from such approaches have been mixed, depending on whether target/distractor discrimination was required. To help clarify the existence of such depth effects, we have developed a paradigm that measures accuracy rather than reaction time in an immersive virtual-reality environment, providing a more appropriate context of depth. Four modified Posner Cueing paradigms were run to test for depth-specific attentional selectivity. Participants fixated a cross while attempting to identify a rapidly masked letter that was preceded by a cue that could be valid in depth and side, depth only, or side only. In Experiment 1, a potent cueing effect was found for side validity and a weak effect was found for depth. Experiment 2 controlled for differences in cue and target sizes when presented at different depths, which caused the depth validity effect to disappear entirely even though participants were explicitly asked to report depth and the difference in virtual depth was extreme (20 vs 300 meters). Experiments 3a and 3b brought the front depth plane even closer (1 m) to maximize effects of binocular disparity, but no reliable depth cueing validity was observed. Thus, it seems that rapid/exogenous attention pancakes 3-dimensional space into a 2-dimensional reference frame.

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