Turkey’s Grand Strategy and the Great Powers

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (Fall 2021) ◽  
pp. 95-118
Author(s):  
Şener Aktürk
Keyword(s):  
Security Council ◽  
United Nations Security Council ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Grand Strategy ◽  
International Conflicts ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Militarized Conflicts ◽  
Grand Strategies ◽  
The U.S

How compatible is Turkey’s grand strategy with the grand strategies of global great powers? This article briefly summarizes principles of Turkish grand strategy, both from a descriptive and normative point of view, and then proceeds to outline and compare the grand strategies of five great powers that are permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). While there are some observable conflicts between Turkey and the French, Russian, and American proxies in Syria, Libya, and the Caucasus, there are no outstanding militarized conflicts between Turkey and the British proxies. China is also positioned against Turkey in several international conflicts including Syria, and the intense persecution of Turkic Muslim Uyghurs in Xinjiang adds another dimension of latent Chinese-Turkish conflicts. The article provisionally concludes that the Turkish grand strategy seems to be most compatible, or least incompatible, with the British grand strategy, followed by the U.S. grand strategy, among the five permanent members of the UNSC, whereas Turkish and French and especially Russian grand strategies seem particularly incompatible.

Population Aging and Grand Strategy

2021 ◽  
pp. 720-736
Author(s):  
Mark L. Haas
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Grand Strategy ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
Demographic Trend ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
Grand Strategies ◽  
A Share

This chapter examines the effects of population aging on states’ grand strategies. Due to major reductions in fertility levels and significant increases in life expectancies over the course of the last century, a majority of countries are growing older, many at fantastic rates and extent. The number of seniors, both absolutely and as a share of states’ overall population, is reaching unprecedented levels. This worldwide demographic trend is likely to affect all dimensions of states’ grand strategies, including in the great powers, which are among the world’s oldest countries. Population aging is likely to reduce states’ military capabilities, push leaders to adopt more isolationist and peaceful foreign policies, reshape states’ core international interests to place greater emphasis on the advancement of citizens’ quality of life and the protection of particular ethnocultural identities, and increase the perceived threat posed by immigration and multicultural ideologies.

Comparing Grand Strategies—and Their Inherent Limitations

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Reich ◽  
Peter Dombrowski
Keyword(s):  
Scenario Planning ◽  
Grand Strategy ◽  
Grand Strategies ◽  
The U.S

This chapter begins with a personal vignette from one of the authors (Reich) regarding scenario planning and its relationship to strategizing. In this chapter, we outline the major strands of contemporary US grand strategy, and identify the conditions under which each one is employed by policymakers and, ultimately, the U.S. Navy. It then examines theories that may explain why a series of strategies run simultaneously before comprehensively examining the contemporary contending variants of grand strategy. It outlines three major variants and then distinguish two sub-categories within each variant for a total of six. It compares and contrasts the key elements of each to illustrate how – despite the fact that they may share features –is ultimately configures in a unique way.

scholarly journals THE CAUCASIAN POLICY OF THE SELJUK STATE IN TURKISH HISTORIOGRAPHY

Globus ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1(58)) ◽  
pp. 9-12
Author(s):  
M.J. Bayramov
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Area ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The West ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
Decisive Victory

The Caucasus region has always been in the center of attention of great powers, as it is located in a very favorable geographical area. The Caucasus was also of great importance to the Seljuk Turks, who established a state after a decisive victory over the Ghaznavids in the Battle of Dandanakan. As it is known, after the establishment of the Seljuk state by the Turks, their main policy was to advance to the west, to seize Anatolia and turn Anatolia into Turkish lands. The Caucasus region was the gateway to Anatolia. From this point of view, the Caucasus was of great military-strategic importance for the Seljuks. However, the study of the Caucasian policy of the Seljuk Turks began a little late in Turkish historiography. The article examines the research work written on this topic and determines the level of study of the topic in Turkish historiography.

Grand Strategy and the Tools of Economic Statecraft

2021 ◽  
pp. 369-388
Author(s):  
Bryan R. Early ◽  
Keith Preble
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Economic Sanctions ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Grand Strategy ◽  
Nonstate Actors ◽  
Commercial Policy ◽  
Economic Statecraft ◽  
Grand Strategies

Economic statecraft provides great powers with a set of valuable tools they can employ in pursuing grand strategies, but the importance of its contribution is often overlooked. This chapter provides a conceptual framework for understanding how policymakers can leverage the tools of economic statecraft to achieve major objectives in pursuit of their grand strategies, including: bargaining, balancing, generating power and prosperity, signaling and norms promotion, and influencing nonstate actors. It then maps how economic sanctions, foreign aid, strategic commercial policy, and institutionalized economic cooperation can best contribute to the realization of these objectives. The analysis reveals that the flexibility of economic sanctions and foreign aid in achieving numerous objectives helps explain why great powers rely so heavily upon them.

Grand strategy in a post-bipolar world: interpreting the final Soviet response

1992 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-375
Author(s):  
Raymond Taras ◽  
Marshal Zeringue
Keyword(s):  
International System ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Grand Strategy ◽  
International Environment ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Grand Strategies ◽  
Distribution Of Power ◽  
Do So

All great powers have a grand strategy—including great powers on the verge of collapse. Each power develops its code of national security ends and means differently. Among the myriad factors which explain particular grand strategies, the most important consideration is the distribution of power capabilities in the international system. Regardless of each state's desire to operate independently—to be master of its own grand strategy—the structure of world politics offers little latitude to do so. As in the case of decision-making processes in organizations and bureaucracies, the international system imposes its own constraints and incentives on the security goals of individual states. Primarily addressing the international environment, however, systems theory ‘provides criteria for differentiating between stable and unstable political configurations.’ The first objective of this essay is to explore the role of structure as an indirect influence on the behaviour of its constituent actors, in this case, states. ‘The effects [of structure] are produced in two ways: through socialization of the actors and through competition among them.’

The Grand Strategies of Small States

2021 ◽  
pp. 489-505
Author(s):  
Anders Wivel
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
National Security ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Grand Strategy ◽  
Small States ◽  
Small State ◽  
Security Environment ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Grand Strategies

This article discusses the nature, opportunities and limitations of small state grand strategy. It identifies the similarities and differences between the grand strategies of small states and great powers and unpacks the nature of traditional defensive small state grand strategies hiding and shelter-seeking as well as more recent offensive, influence-seeking small state grand strategies under the heading of smart state strategy. The article argues that while small state grand strategy remains tied to national security and is formulated in the shadow of great power interests, a changing security environment creates both the need and opportunity for small states to use their weakness instrumentally for maximizing interests. The likelihood of success depends on a pragmatic political culture and the willingness and ability to prioritize goals and means to utilize their nonthreatening small state status in “smart” or “entrepreneurial” policies.

scholarly journals Silencing the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict and Challenges of the Four-Day War

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 116-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agha Bayramov
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Security Council ◽  
The United States ◽  
United Nations Security Council ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Regional Effects ◽  
Political Impact ◽  
External Actors ◽  
Human Losses

The Four-Day War of 2016 once again exposed the danger that the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict poses in the Caucasus. However, despite its military scale and human losses, Russia has raised only general statements from other co-chairs of the osce (Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe) Minsk Group, from the United States and France, and from other international actors such as the United Nations Security Council. In an attempt to stimulate debate about this lack of engagement, this paper claims that the external actors involved aim to cast silence over the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict beyond the region. While this approach may serve to remove the political impact of the conflict from the international arena, it unwittingly also enhances the aggressiveness of both Armenia and Azerbaijan in the regional arena. The main aim of this paper is, then, to explain why the conflict is being silenced, how this is made possible and what the regional effects of this approach are. By drawing on the Four-Day War of 2016, the paper intends to show how the recent violence has challenged the silencing of external actors.

Technological Change and Grand Strategy

2021 ◽  
pp. 220-238
Author(s):  
Sophie-Charlotte Fischer ◽  
Andrea Gilli ◽  
Mauro Gilli
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Technological Change ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Grand Strategy ◽  
Strategic Competition ◽  
Strategic Goals ◽  
Grand Strategies ◽  
Complementary Assets ◽  
The Relationship

What is the relationship between technological change and grand strategy? Can great powers promote technological trends that allow them to pursue specific grand-strategic goals? Or is technological change beyond the reach of great powers, and thus it acts like an independent enabler or an independent constraint? This chapter provides a brief introduction to the interconnection between technological change and grand strategy. First, drawing from other social sciences, this chapter summarizes the most relevant direct and indirect effects of technological change on international politics, with particular attention to its long-term generation of wealth, to its distributional implications within and among countries, to the uncertainty that it brings about, and to the complementary assets that it requires. Second, this chapters shows the main channels through which technological change can modify the domestic sources of grand strategy, promote the pursuit of new grand strategic goals, and enhance or undermine existing instruments. Third, this chapter identifies possible intended and unintended technological trends resulting from the adoption of specific grand strategies, and how, in the medium-to-long term, they can strengthen a country in its strategic competition with adversaries.

UN Ad Hoc Tribunals Under Time Pressure – Completion Strategy and Referral Practice of the ICTY and ICTR from the Perspective of the Defence

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 87-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Dieckmann ◽  
Christina Kerll
Keyword(s):  
Security Council ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Case Law ◽  
United Nations Security Council ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Senior Leaders ◽  
National Courts ◽  
Rules Of Procedure ◽  
Referral Practice

AbstractThe ICTY and ICTR have been put under an enormous time pressure to comply with the deadlines scheduled by the so-called Completion Strategy, which was announced by the United Nations Security Council in its Resolutions 1503 and 1534. This strategy called upon the two ad hoc Tribunals to focus on the trials of the most senior leaders and transfer intermediary- and lower-level accused to competent national jurisdictions in order to complete all trial activities at first instance by 2008 and all of its work by 2010. Rules 11bis of the ICTY and ICTR Rules of Procedure and Evidence were consequently amended to provide for the referral of indictments to national courts. While the ICTY to date has issued ten Referral Bench decisions and seven appellate decisions in Rule 11bis cases, the ICTR has only just initiated its referral practice. It is therefore time to examine the ICTY's jurisprudence on referrals as they will have a large impact on referral cases presented before the ICTR. This article critically analyses the development of the Tribunals' case law on referral cases from the point of view of the Defence. It provides an exhaustive overview of the jurisprudence in Rule 11bis proceedings, and examines the extent to which this jurisprudence has developed reasonable responses to the strict guidelines of the UN Security Council.

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