An Evaluation of Hemoglobin Concentration in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karem Kdaer Karem ◽  
Saba Ibrahim Salih ◽  
Wafaa Kadhim Jassim

The second type of diabetes Mellitus is the most common type of diabetes, its represent about 90-95% of diabetes cases. In this disease, the response of the body to insulin does not occur properly in a condition known as insulin resistance. The diabetes may accompany with anemia because the hormone erythropoietin (EPO) which is produced by the kidneys is regulates red blood cell production and the Kidney has been damaged at several levels as a complication of diabetes, the complication range from diabetic nephropathy to chronic kidney disease. This study was conducted at the AL-Kafeel Hospital, Kerbala from October 2016 to December2016. The study included 60 adult patients with age range from 43-67 years and having diabetes mellitus type 2. Fasting blood sugar and Hb tests were made and accompanied with other information like age and duration of diabetes mellitus. The results show that 43% of diabetic patients had anemia and there is a strong negative connection between Hb levels and the duration of getting diabetes (p0.01). We conclude from this study that anemia is may developed in Type 2DM patients and the diabetic patients should be taken care of toprevent the development of diseases and other complications.

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 202-205
Author(s):  
Hayder Almsaid ◽  
Hydar Muhsin Khalfa

Abstract A keto diet is well-known for being a low carb diet in which the body produces ketones in the liver to be used as energy. When something high in carbs is eaten, the body will produce glucose and insulin. Glucose is the easiest molecule for the body to convert and use as energy, so it will be chosen over any other energy source. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of a ketogenic diet on type 2 diabetic patients and the effect it has on testosterone, vitamin D3, HDL, LDL levels, in comparison to non-ketogenic diet subjects. In the study, Type 2 diabetic patients undergoing a keto diet were selected and serum D3 levels and testosterone levels were examined and compared with control subjects. The result show a significant increase in testosterone hormone in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 following a Ketogenic diet (mean± Std. Error 427.4±2.52) as compared with the control group (mean ± Std. Error 422.2±0.24) and as compared with patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 who are not following a Ketogenic diet (mean± Std. Error 151.4±1.41). The results show no significant level in LDL level in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 following a Ketogenic diet (mean ± Std. Error 78.53±0.17), as compared to a control group (mean ± Std. Error 75.0.3±0.14) and no significant level in HDL level in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 following a Ketogenic diet (mean± Std. Error 46.3±1.55), as compared with a control group (mean ± Std. Error 46.2±2.43), and with patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 who are not following a Ketogenic diet (mean ± Std. Error 45.1±1.55). The results show a significant increase in vitamin D3 level in patient with diabetes mellitus type 2 who are following a Ketogenic diet (mean ± Std. Error 53.5±0.32), as compared with a control group (mean± Std. Error 57±0.24), and with patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 who are not following a Ketogenic diet (mean ± Std. Error 25.1±1.55). Herein, normal vitamin D3 levels in patients corresponds to normal testosterone hormone levels. In conclusion, this study shows that in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2, following a ketogenic diet has a positive effect on the patients’ health.


2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amalia Priscila Peña-Pita ◽  
Beatriz Pérez-Giraldo

Objetivo: aplicar la teoría de las relaciones interpersonales de H. Peplau en la atención a pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2, para mostrar su importancia en la práctica clínica hospitalaria y en la prevención de las complicaciones de las personas con esta enfermedad en el hogar. Materiales y Métodos: la experiencia clínica desarrollada se organizó mediante una adaptación de la metodología del marco lógico. La muestra estuvo conformada por cinco pacientes hospitalizados con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Se tuvo en cuenta variables como la relación profesional de enfermería ­ paciente, nivel de conocimiento y capacidad de cuidado. Las técnicas de recolección de información fueron la entrevista semiestructurada, el taller (intervención educativa) y la lista de chequeo. Resultados: la aplicación de la teoría de H. Peplau permitió un acercamiento con los pacientes. A partir de éste, se logró un proceso de educación y seguimiento en el cual la mayoría reconoció la importancia de las prácticas preventivas para el manejo de su condición clínica.  Conclusiones: mediante el fortalecimiento de las relaciones interpersonales, orientado por la teoría de H Peplau, la (el) enfermera (o) y el paciente identifican las necesidades de cuidado con el fin de atenderlas y generar conductas preventivas para evitar complicaciones por la enfermedad. De esta forma, tanto los pacientes como el profesional de enfermería logran tener un mayor nivel de autonomía.  PALABRAS CLAVE: educación en enfermería, diabetes mellitus tipo 2, relaciones interpersonales, teoría de enfermería.Application of the Peplau theory in hospitalized diabetic patients ABSTRACTObjective: apply the H.Pelau theory of interpersonal relations in the care of patients with diabetes mellitus type 2, to show its importance in the hospital clinical practice and in the prevention of complications on individuals with this disease at home. Materials and Methods: the clinical experience developed was organized through an adaptation of the logical framework methodology. The sample was composed of five hospitalized patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. Variables as the nurse-patient professional relationship, level of knowledge and care ability were taken into consideration. The collection techniques were: semi-structured interview, workshop (educational intervention) and check list. Results: the application of the H. Pelau theory allowed an approach with the patients. From this start point, a process of education and monitoring was achieved, wherein most recognized the importance of the preventive practices for the handling of their clinical condition. Conclusions: through the strengthening of interpersonal relations, oriented by the H. Pelau theory, the nurse or patient identify the care necessities in order to assist and generate conducts to prevent disease complications from the disease. Therefore, patients and nursing professionals are able to have a higher autonomy level. KEYWORDS: education, nursing, diabetes mellitus type 2, interpersonal relations, nursing theory.Aplicação da teoria de Peplau em pacientes com diabetes hospitalizados RESUMOObjetivo: aplicar a teoria das relações interpessoais de H. Peplau no atendimento a pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2, para mostrar sua importância na prática clínica do hospital e na prevenção das complicações das pessoas com esta doença no lar. Materiais e Métodos: a experiência clínica desenvolvida se organizou através de uma adaptação da metodologia do marco lógico. A amostra esteve conformada por cinco pacientes hospitalizados com diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Teve-se em conta variáveis como a relação professional de enfermagem - paciente, nível de conhecimento e capacidade de cuidado. As técnicas de recolecção de informação foram: uma entrevista semiestruturada, um workshop (intervenção educativa) e uma lista de verificação.  Resultados: a aplicação da teoria de H. Peplau permitiu uma aproximação com os pacientes.  A partir disto, foi alcançado um processo de educação e acompanhamento, em que a maioria reconheceu a importância das práticas preventivas para o manejo de sua condição clínica. Conclusões: através do fortalecimento das relações interpessoais orientado pela teoria de H Peplau, a (o) enfermeira (o) e o paciente identificam as necessidades de cuidado com o fim de atendê-las e gerar condutas preventivas para evitar complicações pela enfermidade. Desta forma, ambos os pacientes e os professionais de enfermagem podem alcançar maior nível de autonomia. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: educação em enfermagem, diabetes mellitus tipo 2, relações interpessoais, teoria de enfermagem. 


2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 369-372
Author(s):  
Beata Matuszek ◽  
Monika Lenart-Lipińska ◽  
Barbara Wdowiak-Barton ◽  
Mariusz Kowalczyk ◽  
Ewa Kiszczak-Bochyńska ◽  
...  

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 833-846 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. V. Kologrivova ◽  
T. E. Suslova ◽  
I. V. Vinnitskaya ◽  
O. A. Koshelskaya ◽  
A. A. Boshchenko ◽  
...  

Diabetes mellitus type 2 is one of the most important non-infectious diseases in the modern world, being an important risk factor of cardiovascular disorders. Changes in left ventricular myocardial diastolic function are observed in diabetic patients independently from other comorbidities. Etiology of the heart failure during diabetes mellitus type 2 is multifactorial, exhibiting cellular,  molecular and metabolic aspects. However, its pathophysiological mechanisms are not completely understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate numbers of inflammatory T lymphocytes, i.e., T helper type 1 (Th1) and T helper type 17 (Th17) cells, and FoxP3+T regulatory lymphocytes, depending on the functional state of the heart assessed by two-dimensional echocardiography in patients with arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus type 2. A total of twenty-five patients with a combination of arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus type 2, and 14 patients with arterial hypertension without carbohydrate disturbances were recruited to a cross-ectional case-control study. All the patients underwent echocardiography with transthoracic access at the M-mode, B-mode and Doppler mode of imaging. We evaluated numbers of Th1 and Th17 lymphocytes by intracellular production of IL-17 and IFNγ by CD4+ lymphocytes, respectively. The numbers of FoxP3+T regulatory lymphocytes were estimated by expression of CD25 and FoxP3 transcription factor. A flow cytometry approach was used in both cases. We revealed some correlations between the numbers of Th17 lymphocytes, FoxP3+T regulatory lymphocytes and functional parameters of myocardium in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2, which were absent in patientswithout carbohydrate impairments. The numbers of FoxP3+T egulatory lymphocytes, Treg/Th17 lymphocyte ratio, and mean fluorescence intensity of IL-17 for Th17 cells was lower in patients with diabetes mellitus and diastolic dysfunction compared to the patients with diabetes free of diastolic dysfunction. Association of diastolic dysfunction with diabetes mellitus type 2 was accompanied by increase of IFNγ+Th1 lymphocyte numbers and concentrations of IL-10, IFNγ and TNFα in serum as compared to the patients with diastolic dysfunction in the absence of carbohydrate metabolism disturbances. The diabetic patients with diastolic dysfunction were characterized by hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, higher index of insulin resistance, increase of waist circumference and visceral adiposity index when compared to the patients with diastolic dysfunction without diabetes. Visceral obesity and decrease of insulin sensitivity may be regarded as pathogenetically significant factors for the development of immune regulatory imbalance and diastolic dysfunction in the patients with diabetes mellitus type 2.


2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 98-102
Author(s):  
Hashim Abdul Razzaq Iman ◽  
Hussein Murtadha Jinan

Diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) results from beta cell dysfunction or reduced action of insulin responsive. The objective of this study was to examine the relevance between blood sugar, the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in fasting women diabetic patients in different durations. A total of sixty-eight women were divided into three groups: first a healthy group – non-diabetic (twenty-six women), second and third groups (twenty-one) were diabetic patients of age 35 – 50 and 51 – 69 years respectively. Serum fasting blood sugar was significantly (P < 0.05) elevated to 181.60 mg/dl in female patients with 35 – 50 years. The same effect happened in activity of AST to 32.91 u/L in 51 – 69 years and ALT was 28.43 u/L in 35 – 50 years. No significant differences were found between the aged and fasting blood sugar, AST and ALT in diabetic patients. The correlation factor (r) between fasting blood sugar and the activity of ALT was highly significant.


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