scholarly journals KONVERSI SELULOSA TANDAN KOSONG SAWIT (TKS) MENJADI ETANOL

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rakhman Sarwono ◽  
Eka Triwahyuni ◽  
Yosi Aristiawan ◽  
Hendris Hendarsyah Kurniawan ◽  
Trisanti Anindyawati
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Ethanol Concentration ◽  
Enzymatic Saccharification ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Energy Crisis ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Rapid Conversion

A serious global energy crisis is thought to be originated from the imbalance rapid consumption and the non-renewable nature of the fossil fuels. A potential, yet promising route for diminising this problem might involve rapid conversion of organic waste and biomass into fuels as an alternative. Oil-palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) is the waste from the oil palm plantation which abundant amount of lignocellulosic EFB biomass. EFB biomass was used as raw material of the second generation of bioethanol production. EFB was converted into ethanol through enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation simultaneously. Cellulose waste was then turned into glucose by enzymatic saccharification and finally fermented into ethanol. The experiment of 20 liter broth resulted in ethanol concentration of about 7.93% (w/w). Conversion of cellulose into glucose was about 60.02%, and conversion of glucose into ethanol was about 88.44%. Following distillation, ethanol of 1970 mL was obtained at a concentration of 63% (v/v).Keywords: EFB, saccharification, fermentation, glucose, ethanol  ABSTRAKAdanya krisis energi minyak bumi secara global disebabkan oleh ketimpangan antara konsumsi dan produksi minyak bumi. Guna mengimbangi ketimpangan tersebut, maka dilakukan konversi limbah organik dan biomassa menjadi bahan bakar secara tepat dan cepat. Tandan Kosong Sawit (TKS) merupakan limbah dari perkebunan sawit yang melimpah jumlahnya. Penelitian etanol generasi kedua berbahan baku biomassa lignoselulosa dilakukan melalui proses sakarifikasi selulosa menjadi glukosa secara enzimatis dan fermentasi glukosa menjadi etanol. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh dari 20 liter hidrolisat didapat konsentrasi etanol sebesar 7,93% (b/b). Hasil konversi selulosa menjadi glukosa sebesar 60,02%, sedangkan konversi glukosa menjadi etanol sebesar 88,44%. Setelah dilakukan distilasi didapatkan etanol sebanyak 1970 mL dengan konsentrasi 63% (v/v).Kata kunci: TKS, sakarifikasi, fermentasi, glukosa, etanol

Effects of Various Pretreatment Variables on Hydrolysis of Lignocellulose to Produce Sugar in Bioethanol Production

2017 ◽  
Vol 890 ◽  
pp. 141-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akida Mulyaningtyas ◽  
Fitri Nur Kayati ◽  
Siti Syamsiah ◽  
Sarto ◽  
Wahyudi Budi Sediawan
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Pretreatment Condition ◽  
Several Variables ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

This research intends to explore the effect of pretreatment on lignoselulose to be used as raw material for bioethanol production. Pretreatment prepares lignocellulose compounds to be more easily hydrolyzed. Several variables were tested on oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) i.e. temperature, NaOH concentration, and particle size. According to the method of size reduction, there are two types of pretreatment which were milling and cutting. The first pretreatment type consisted of milling and screening resulting -+10-30, -30+40, -40+80, and-80 mesh. Each size fractions were then soaked in water at 90 °C for 2 hours. Meanwhile the second type consisted of cutting to 1 cm length followed by soaking in NaOH solutions for 2 hours. The operating temperatures at the second type were varied at 90 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, 170 °C while the NaOH concentrations applied were 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 5%, 10%.The pretreated OPEFB was then hydrolyzed using cellulase produced by Aspergillusniger grown in situ. It was revealed that the relatively good pretreatment condition was milling to-80 mesh followed by soaking in hot water at 90 °C. It gave the highest produced sugar concentration at 15 g/L while other type resulted only 5.8 g/L.

A comparison of sweet sorghum and maize as first-generation bioethanol feedstocks in Greece

2014 ◽  
Vol 153 (5) ◽  
pp. 853-861
Author(s):  
C. E. VLACHOS ◽  
N. A. MARIOLIS ◽  
G. N. SKARACIS
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Sorghum ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Material Source ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Crop Sustainability ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Ghg Savings

SUMMARYAccording to the EU 28/2009 directive, member states are mandated to substitute 10% of fossil fuels used in transportation with biofuels by the year 2020. Bioethanol production is expected to contribute significantly towards fulfilling Greece's obligations. First-generation bioethanol, produced from amylaceous and sugar crops, is the most important biofuel globally. Maize (Zea mays L.) is the main feedstock for production worldwide, while sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), although a promising raw material source, has not yet enjoyed substantial commercial exploitation due to the high seasonality of the crop. Sustainability criteria set by the EU constitute a key factor in the characterization and future use of biofuels. A 3-year study including 20 maize and 4 sweet sorghum varieties was conducted in order to compare these two crops in terms of emitted greenhouse gases (GHG) during the cultivation phase as well as regarding emission savings by substituting bioethanol for petrol/gasoline. Both crops demonstrated promising bioethanol yields reaching 5235·7 and 6443·7 l/ha/yr for maize and sweet sorghum, respectively, and showed that they could be employed towards first-generation bioethanol production in Greece. Sweet sorghum varieties produced higher bioethanol yields per hectare coupled with lower emissions during the cultivation phase and better overall GHG savings compared to maize.

Simultaneous enzymatic saccharification and ABE fermentation using pretreated oil palm empty fruit bunch as substrate to produce butanol and hydrogen as biofuel

2015 ◽  
Vol 77 ◽  
pp. 447-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad Faizal Ibrahim ◽  
Suraini Abd-Aziz ◽  
Mohd. Ezreeza Mohamed Yusoff ◽  
Lai Yee Phang ◽  
Mohd Ali Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Enzymatic Saccharification ◽  
Abe Fermentation ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch

scholarly journals Biological Pretreatment of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch by Schizophyllum commune ENN1 without Washing and Nutrient Addition

Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enis Natasha Noor Arbaain ◽  
Ezyana Kamal Bahrin ◽  
Mohamad Faizal Ibrahim ◽  
Yoshito Ando ◽  
Suraini Abd-Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Schizophyllum Commune ◽  
Enzymatic Saccharification ◽  
Nutrient Addition ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Biological Pretreatment ◽  
Lignin Removal ◽  
Oil Residue ◽  
Major Loss

Washing and drying are common steps for oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) preparation prior to pretreatment. However, the mass balance of OPEFB preparation proved a major loss of OPEFB during the washing and drying steps. An indigenous fungus, Schizophyllum commune ENN1 was used for delignification of unwashed OPEFB in biological pretreatment without nutrient addition. S. commune ENN1 achieved a maximum lignin removal of 53.8% after 14 days of biological pretreatment of unwashed OPEFB. S. commune ENN1 was able to grow on unwashed OPEFB during biological pretreatment at 55% of moisture content and 5% of oil residue. The highest amount of reducing sugars obtained from OPEFB pretreated by S. commune ENN1 was 230.4 ± 0.19 mg/g with 54% of hydrolysis yield at 96 h. In comparison, the sugar yield of OPEFB pretreated by Phanerochaete chrysosporium was 101.2 ± 0.04 mg/g. This study showed that S. commune ENN1 was feasible to remove lignin of OPEFB through biological pretreatment for enzymatic saccharification without washing and addition of nutrients.

scholarly journals Pretreatment of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) at Bench-Scale High Temperature-Pressure Steam Reactor for Enhancement of Enzymatic Saccharification

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fahriya Puspita Sari ◽  
Faizatul Falah ◽  
Sita Heris Anita ◽  
Kharisma Panji Ramadhan ◽  
Raden Permana Budi Laksana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Optimum Condition ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Enzymatic Saccharification ◽  
Steam Pretreatment ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Severity Factor ◽  
Bench Scale ◽  
Pressure Steam

Up scaling of biomass pretreatment from laboratory scale to a bench-scale reactor is one of important steps in the application of the pretreatment for pilot or commercial scale.  This study reports the optimization of pretreatment conditions, namely reaction temperature and time, by one factor at a time (OFAT) method for the enhancement of enzymatic saccharification of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB). OPEFB was pretreated using high temperature-pressure steam reactor with different reaction temperatures (160, 170, 180, 190, 200 °C) and times (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 min). The effectiveness of the pretreatment was determined based on chemical compositions of untreated and pretreated OPEFB and sugar production from enzymatic saccharification of the pretreated OPEFB.  Solubilized components in the water that generates the steam were also determined. Pretreatment at 180°C for 20 min provides the highest sugar yields (97.30% of glucose yield per initial cellulose and 88.86% of xylose yield per initial hemicellulose). At the optimum condition 34.9% of lignin and 30.75% of hemicellulose were successfully removed from the OPEFB and resulted in 3.43 delignification selectivity. The relationship between severity factor and by-products generated and the sugars obtained after enzymatic saccharification were discussed. The pretreated OPEFB at the optimum condition was also characterized for its morphological characteristic by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and crystallinity by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and then compared it with untreated one. The steam pretreatment caused some fiber disruptions with more defined and opened structures and increased of the crystallinity index (CrI) by 2.9% compared to the untreated OPEFB

scholarly journals Alkaline pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification of oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber for ethanol production 1) Pengolahan awal dengan basa NaOH dan sakarifikasi enzimatis serat tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) untuk produksi etanol

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanni SUDIYANI ◽  
Kiky C SEMBIRING ◽  
Hendris HENDARSYAH ◽  
Syarifah ALAWIYAH
Keyword(s):  
Ethanol Production ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Enzymatic Saccharification ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Alkaline Pretreatment ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Alkali Pretreatment ◽  
Pretreatment Condition

Abstract Alkaline pretreatment of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) fiber was conducted to improve enzymatic sacchari-fication of EFB fiber for ethanol production.  EFB as one of the major biomass wastes from palm oil industry is a complex lignocellulosic material consists of 41.3 – 46.5% of cellulose, 25.3 – 33.8% of hemicellulose and 27.6 – 32.5% of lignin.  Alkali pretreatment of EFB using NaOH 1 N with temperature at 30 and 600C and reaction times of 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 minutes were investigated.  Furthermore, the enzymatic saccharification of pretreated EFB was examined. The pretreated substrate was subjected to an enzymatic saccharification using meicelase (10, 20 and 40 FPU/g substrate) at 400C, pH 4.5, 100 rpm for conversion of cellulose and hemicellulose in palm oil EFB to monomeric sugars. The alkali pretreatment of EFB using NaOH can significantly improve the enzymatic saccharification of EFB by removing more lignin and hemicellulose and increasing its accessibility to hydrolytic enzymes.  The results showed that the optimum pretreatment condition was NaOH 1 N at 300C and 90 minutes with the optimum component loss of lignin and hemicellulose was 45.8  % and 35.6  % respectively.  The saccharification of EFB pretreated by NaOH 1 N (at 300C and 90 minutes) for 45 hours and pH 4.5 resulted in optimum saccharification of 63.8 %.  Abstrak Pengolahan awal (pretreatment) serat tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) dengan basa NaOH telah dilakukan untuk meningkatkan sakarifikasi enzimatik TKKS menjadi etanol.  TKKS merupakan bahan lignoselulosa yang terdiri dari selulosa 41,3– 46,%,  hemicellulosa 25,3 – 33,8% dan lignin 27,6 – 32,5%. Pretreatment TKKS dilakukan dengan NaOH 1 N dengan variasi suhu 300 dan 600C dan variasi waktu 30, 60, 90, 120 dan 150 menit.  Konversi selulosa dan hemiselulosa hasil pretreatment TKKS menjadi gula dilaku-kan dengan sakarifikasi enzimatik menggunakan enzim meiselase (10, 20 dan 40 FPU/g substrat) pada suhu 400C, pH 4,5 dengan shaker 100 rpm.  Pretretament TKKS dengan basa   NaOH   dapat   meningkatkan   sakarifikasi enzimatik dengan berkurangnya lignin dan hemiselulosa secara signifikan dan memudahkan masuknya enzim hidrolitik.  Hasil pretreatment dengan NaOH 1N pada suhu 300C dan 90 menit menunjukkan kondisi optimum untuk penghilangan lignin dan hemiselulosa berturut-turut sebesar 45,8  % and 35,6  %.  Hasil sakarifikasi optimum yaitu 63,8 % dicapai setelah 45 jam sakarifisi pada pH 4,5. 

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