BIODEINKING SORTED WHITE LEDGER (SWL) MENGGUNAKAN SELULASE (BIODEINKING SORTED WHITE LEDGER (SWL) BY CELLULASE)

Biodeinking is a process of separating ink on the fiber surface by enzymes. This research was conducted to study and optimize biodeinking condition of sorted white ledger (SWL) by cellulase. Commercial cellulase (Sigma Aldrich, Singapore) at a dose of 0.25; 0.5; 0.75; 1; 2 U/g dry weight pulp was applied to the deinking of SWL and compared with blank. The deinked pulp was then analyzed for the fiber morphology and made laboratory hand sheets for the characterization of physical and optical properties. Based on the experiment, at the optimum dose of cellulase 0.75 IU/g dry weight pulp was obtained a maximum increasement of ISO brightness by 4.7 points and a decreasement of ERIC by 34.45%. The use of celulase on the biodeinking was not affecting the fibers length and diameter so the tensile and tear index of deinked pulp unchanged. Loss of fines by enzymatic degradation causes the tear index decreased by 8.70 % and porosity increased. The increasement of coarseness resulted in the decreasement of pulp opacity.ABSTRAKBiodeinking merupakan proses pemisahan tinta pada permukaan serat menggunakan enzim. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mempelajari dan memperoleh kondisi optimum biodeinking sorted white ledger (SWL) menggunakan selulase. Selulase komersial (Sigma Aldrich, Singapura) dengan dosis 0,25; 0,5; 0,75; 1; 2 U/g kering pulp diaplikasikan pada deinking SWL dan dibandingkan terhadap blanko. Pulp deinked yang diperoleh kemudian dilakukan analisis morfologi serat dan dibuat lembaran tangan laboratorium untuk karakterisasi sifat fisik dan optik. Berdasarkan percobaan, pada dosis optimum selulase 0,75 IU/g kering pulp diperoleh kenaikan derajat cerah ISO maksimum sebesar 4,7 poin dan penurunan ERIC 34,45%. Analisis morfologi serat menunjukkan penggunaan selulase pada proses biodeinking tidak berpengaruh terhadap panjang dan diameter serat sehingga indeks tarik dan retak pulp deinked tidak berubah. Kehilangan fines karena degradasi enzimatik menyebabkan indeks sobek turun sebesar 8,70% dan porositas naik. Naiknya nilai coarseness menyebabkan meningkatnya opasitas pulp deinked.

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Preparation and Characterization of an Electrospun PLA-Cyclodextrins Composite for Simultaneous High-Efficiency PM and VOC Removal

Journal of Composites Science ◽

10.3390/jcs4020079 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 79

Author(s):

Silvia Palmieri ◽

Mattia Pierpaoli ◽

Luca Riderelli ◽

Sheng Qi ◽

Maria Letizia Ruello

Keyword(s):

High Efficiency ◽

Fiber Surface ◽

Diameter Distribution ◽

Special Focus ◽

Fiber Morphology ◽

Renewable Sources ◽

Volatile Organic ◽

Fibrous Membranes ◽

Adsorptive Properties

Electrospinning is known to be a facile and effective technique to fabricate fibers of a controlled diameter-distribution. Among a multitude of polymers available for the purpose, the attention should be addressed to the environmentally compatible ones, with a special focus on sustainability. Polylactic acid (PLA) is a widespread, non-toxic polymer, originating from renewable sources and it can degrade into innocuous products. While the production of fibrous membranes is attractive for airborne particles filtration applications, their impact on the removal of gaseous compounds is generally neglected. In this study, electrospun PLA-based nanofibers were functionalized with cyclodextrins, because of their characteristic hydrophobic central cavity and a hydrophilic outer surface, in order to provide adsorptive properties to the composite. The aim of this work is to investigate a hybrid composite, from renewable sources, for the combined filtration of particulate matter (PM) and adsorption of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Results show how their inclusion into the polymer strongly affects the fiber morphology, while their attachment onto the fiber surface only positively affects the filtration efficiency.

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Treatment of NBKP with Cellulase to Reduce the Refining Energy Consumption in Production of Grease Proof Paper

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.236-238.1379 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 236-238 ◽

pp. 1379-1384

Author(s):

Jun Liu ◽

Hui Ren Hu

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Energy Requirement ◽

Fiber Surface ◽

Orthogonal Test ◽

Manufacturing Cost ◽

Fiber Morphology ◽

Paper Properties ◽

Binding Domains ◽

Tear Index ◽

Cellulose Binding

Refining is an energy-intensive papermaking process where energy consumption contributes about 18% of the total manufacturing cost. Through the application of cellulases before refining, mills can reduce their energy requirement for refining of pulps and realize the aim of energy consumption. In the present study, two kinds of cellulase within or wothout the cellulose binding domains (CBDs) were used to treat the pulp aimed at reducing the refining energy consumption in production of grease proof paper. In order to compare and evaluate these effects on reducing the pulp refining energy consumption, these two cellulases were compared based on their effects on Schopper-Riegler freeness (°SR), fiber morphology and paper properties ( tensile index, tear index). Orthogonal test was used to examine the interaction of enzyme dosages and contact time on the beatability of the pulp. Results showed that the cellulase of Refinase M (within the CBDs) was excellent in reducing the refining energy consumption, when pretreated with 0.02% of Refinase M about 18.5% of the refining energy can be saved, and the properties of paper were not affected obviously. Moreover, results showed that the existence of CBDs in cellulases play a significant role in reducing the energy consumption. Examination of the fiber surface by SEM show notable improvement in fibrillation.

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Characterization of frozen hydrated biological specimens by low-loss EELS

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100132492 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 1572-1573

Author(s):

Songquan Sun ◽

Richard D. Leapman

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Direct Method ◽

Internal Standard ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Dark Field ◽

Protein Solutions ◽

Subcellular Compartment ◽

Differential Shrinkage ◽

Electron Energy Loss

Analyses of ultrathin cryosections are generally performed after freeze-drying because the presence of water renders the specimens highly susceptible to radiation damage. The water content of a subcellular compartment is an important quantity that must be known, for example, to convert the dry weight concentrations of ions to the physiologically more relevant molar concentrations. Water content can be determined indirectly from dark-field mass measurements provided that there is no differential shrinkage between compartments and that there exists a suitable internal standard. The potential advantage of a more direct method for measuring water has led us to explore the use of electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) for characterizing biological specimens in their frozen hydrated state.We have obtained preliminary EELS measurements from pure amorphous ice and from cryosectioned frozen protein solutions. The specimens were cryotransfered into a VG-HB501 field-emission STEM equipped with a 666 Gatan parallel-detection spectrometer and analyzed at approximately −160 C.

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Comparison of ISS–CATS and CALIPSO–CALIOP Characterization of High Clouds in the Tropics

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs12233946 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (23) ◽

pp. 3946

Author(s):

Pasquale Sellitto ◽

Silvia Bucci ◽

Bernard Legras

Keyword(s):

Optical Properties ◽

Space Station ◽

Satellite Observation ◽

Observation Data ◽

Upper Troposphere ◽

Cloud Properties ◽

Synchronous Orbit ◽

The Tropics ◽

High Clouds

Clouds in the tropics have an important role in the energy budget, atmospheric circulation, humidity, and composition of the tropical-to-global upper-troposphere–lower-stratosphere. Due to its non-sun-synchronous orbit, the Cloud–Aerosol Transport System (CATS) onboard the International Space Station (ISS) provided novel information on clouds from space in terms of overpass time in the period of 2015–2017. In this paper, we provide a seasonally resolved comparison of CATS characterization of high clouds (between 13 and 18 km altitude) in the tropics with well-established CALIPSO (Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation) data, both in terms of clouds’ occurrence and cloud optical properties (optical depth). Despite the fact that cloud statistics for CATS and CALIOP are generated using intrinsically different local overpass times, the characterization of high clouds occurrence and optical properties in the tropics with the two instruments is very similar. Observations from CATS underestimate clouds occurrence (up to 80%, at 18 km) and overestimate the occurrence of very thick clouds (up to 100% for optically very thick clouds, at 18 km) at higher altitudes. Thus, the description of stratospheric overshoots with CATS and CALIOP might be different. While this study hints at the consistency of CATS and CALIOP clouds characterizaton, the small differences highlighted in this work should be taken into account when using CATS for estimating cloud properties and their variability in the tropics.

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Dampak Dosis Kompos Kotoran Sapi Terhadap Profil Suhu Tanah di Zona Perakaran dan Produktivitas Tanaman Pakcoy (Brassica rafa L)

Jurnal BETA (Biosistem dan Teknik Pertanian) ◽

10.24843/jbeta.2019.v07.i02.p05 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 253

Author(s):

I Made Andi Purnama Wijaya ◽

Yohanes Setiyo ◽

I Wayan Tika

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Root Zone ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Fertilizer Application ◽

Water Levels ◽

Optimum Dose ◽

Root Zone Temperature ◽

Rooting Zone ◽

Treatment Dose

Suhu tanah adalah salah satu sifat fisik tanah yang secara langsung mempengaruhi pertumbuhan tanaman pakcoy. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah (1) untuk menganalisis suhu di zona perakaran, (2) menganalisis hubungan antara dosis pemupukan mempergunakan kompos dengan suhu di zona perakaran dan (3) untuk menganalis suhu yang optimum untuk produktivitas dan kualitas pakcoy yang dihasilkan saat panen. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan rancangan acak lengkap, dengan lima perlakuan dan tiga ulangan. Perlakuan tersebut adalah P0 : dosis kompos 0 kg/m2, P1 : dosis kompos 1 kg/m2, P2 : dosis kompos 2 kg/m2, P3 : dosis kompos 3 kg/m2, dan P4 : dosis kompos 4 kg/m2. Parameter yang diamati pada penelitian ini adalah suhu udara, suhulingkungan, kadar air tanah dan produktivitas. Padamalam hari suhu tanah di zona perakaran lebih tinggi 0,59 oC dari pada suhu lingkungan. Suhu tanah di zona perakaran terendah dan tertinggi adalah 18,02 oC dan 21,94 oC. Suhu tanah malam hari dan siang hari untuk dosis 0-5kg/m2 masih toleran pada tanaman pacoy. Berat kering tanaman pakcoy tertinggi pada perlakuan dosis kompos 4kg/m2 denganberat 92,21 gram/tanaman dan terendah pada perlakuan kontrol dengan berat 71,82 gram/tanaman. The temperature of the soil is one of the physical properties of the soil, this soil physical properties direc2tly affect plant growth pakcoy. The purpose of this research are (1) to analyze the temperature at root zone, temperature inside and out of the mini greenhouse, (2) analyze the relationship between temperature at root zone with doses of compost fertilizer application and 3) to analyze the optimum dose of compost based on productivity and quality of the pakcoy is generated when the harvest. The design of the research used randomized complete design, with five treatments and three replicates. The treatment is P0: a dose of compost 0 kg/m, P1: a dose of compost 1 kg/m2, P2: a dose of compost 2 kg/m2, P3: the dose of compost 3 kg/m2, and P4: a dose of compost 4 kg/m2. The parameters observed in this research is the air temperature, the temperature of the environment, ground water levels and productivity. At night the temperature of the soil rooting zone higher at 0.59 ºC than at the temperature of the environment. Soil temperature at root zone the lowest and the highest are 18.02 oC and 21.94 oC. The temperature of the soil the night and during the day for dose 0-5 kg/m2 was still tolerant plants pakcoy. Dry weight of the plant the highest pakcoy on the treatment dose of compost 4 kg/m2 with a weight of 92.21 grams/lowest at the treatment plant and the control by the weight of 71.82 grams/plant.

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