Comparison of some aspects of the in situ and in vitro methods in evaluation of neutral detergent fiber digestion

2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 838-847 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Krizsan ◽  
F. Jančík ◽  
M. Ramin ◽  
P. Huhtanen
Keyword(s):  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Fiber Digestion ◽  
In Vitro Methods

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Nutrient Composition, In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics, and In Situ Degradability of Amaranthus caudatus, Amaranthus cruentus, and Amaranthus hypochondriacus in Cattle

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Kim Margarette C. Nogoy ◽  
Jia Yu ◽  
Young Gyu Song ◽  
Shida Li ◽  
Jong-Wook Chung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Nutrient Composition ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Amaranthus Cruentus ◽  
Amaranthus Caudatus ◽  
Amaranthus Hypochondriacus

The amaranth plants showed high potential feed value as forage for ruminants. An in-depth study of this plant, particularly in cattle, will help extend its utilization as an alternative protein and fiber feed source in cattle feeding. In this study, the nutrient compositions of three different species of amaranth, Amaranthus caudatus L., Amaranthus cruentus L., and Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.—two varieties for each species, A.ca 74, A.ca 91, A.cu 62, A.cu 66, A. hy 30, and A. hy 48—were evaluated. The in vitro technique was used to evaluate the fermentation characteristics such as total gas production, total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration, pH, and ammonia concentration of the rumen fluid. Moreover, the effective degradabilities of dry matter (EDDM) and crude protein (EDCP) of the amaranth forages were determined through in situ bag technique. The amaranth forages: A. caudatus, A. cruentus, and A. hypochondriacus showed better nutritive value than the locally produced forages in Chungcheong province of Korea. The CP of the amaranth ranged from 11.95% to 14.19%, and the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents ranged from 45.53% to 70.88% and 34.17% to 49.83%, respectively. Among the amaranth varieties, A. hypochondriacus 48 showed the most excellent ruminant feed nutrient quality (CP, 14.19%; NDF, 45.53%; and ADF, 34.17%). The effective degradabilities of dry matter (EDDM; 33–56%) and crude protein EDCP (27–59%) of the amaranth were lower compared to other studies, which could be due to the maturity stage at which the forages were harvested. Nonetheless, A. hypochondriacus 48 showed the highest EDDM (56.73%) and EDCP (59.09%). The different amaranth species did not differ greatly in terms of total VFA concentration or molar proportions, total gas production, or ammonia-N concentration. The high nutrient composition, and highly effective degradability of dry matter and crude protein, coupled with the favorable fermentation characteristics, suggest that the amaranth forages showed good to excellent feed quality for cattle.

scholarly journals Degradación microbiana in situ de tejidos foliares de gramíneas y leguminosas y su relación con indicadores de calidad nutricional

2005 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Diego Chamorro ◽  
Juan Evangelista Carulla ◽  
Pablo Cuesta
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Dry Matter Degradation ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Stylosanthes Scabra ◽  
Negative Relationships

<p>Para cuantificar la degradación <em>in situ </em>de tejidos vegetales y su relación con la composición química de especies forrajeras se seleccionaron láminas foliares de las gramíneas <em>Bouteloua repens </em>y <em>Bothriochloa pertusa </em>y foliolos de las leguminosas <em>Stylosanthes scabra</em>, <em>Desmodium barbatum </em>y <em>Tephrosia cinerea</em>. En el rumen se incuba­ron muestras de 10 mm de largo durante 0, 12, 24, 48 y 72 horas; para la lectura del área residual se digitalizaron ocho tejidos. A las 24 y 48 h de incubación <em>B. pertusa </em>presentó relaciones positivas entre la degradación de la epidermis adaxial (EA) y la FDN (R2= 90,2), entre el mesófilo y la DIVMS (R2=80,1), y entre los tejidos len­tamente degradables (TLD) y la FDA (R2= 83,9); y relaciones negativas entre EA y DIVMS (R2= –73,1), los TLD con la DEF (R2= –74,3), la EA con la PC (R2= –87,6), y el esclerenquima con la DIVMS y la PC (R2= –84,3 y R2= –90,8). Después de 72 horas de incubación las mayores áreas residuales en gramíneas fueron la estructura kranz entre 34,2% y 36,5%, el mesófilo entre 20,9% y 21,4%, el xilema de 11,5% a 17,1% y la EA entre 11,8% y 13,9%; no obstante el esclerénquima se relacionó estrechamente con indicadores de calidad nutricional. Las gramíneas obtuvieron mayores porcen­tajes de tejidos no degradables que las leguminosas; por lo tanto, la DIVMS y la DEF fueron menores. Entre las leguminosas, <em>S. scabra</em>, presentó la mayor digestibilidad de los tejidos rápidamente degradables, tanto en sequía como en lluvia; en la época seca se incrementó en 134,6% la degradación de estos tejidos. Adicionalmente, en esta especie el área residual de los taninos no presentó relación directa con la degra­dación del mesófilo. En leguminosas la tasa y extensión de la degradación de las epidermis se incrementaron marcadamente a mayor tiempo de incubación, presen­tándose diferencias entre especies, situación que no exhibieron las gramíneas. En <em>D. barbatum </em>la degradación de la EA se asoció con la DIVMS y la DEF, explicando en 77,4% y 72,95% estos porcentajes; de igual manera se reportaron relaciones negati­vas entre la degradabilidad de la epidermis y los porcentajes de FDN, FDA, lignina y taninos (R2= –0,76; R2= –0,79; R2= –0,53 y R2= –0,76, respectivamente).</p><p> </p><p><strong>Microbial <em>in situ </em>degradation of grasses and legumes leaf tissues and its realtionship with nutritional quality and precipitation</strong></p><p>A study was conducted to measure the <em>in situ </em>de- gradation of plant tissues and its relationship with forage chemical composition in leaves of the grasses <em>Bouteloua repens </em>and <em>Bothriochloa pertusa </em>and of the legumes <em>Stylosanthes scabra</em>, <em>Desmodium barbatum </em>and <em>Tephrosia cinerea</em>. Forage samples of 10 mm in length were incubated in the rumen for 0, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h and tissue residual area was determined by reading the residual area in eight digitalized leaf samples per forage. In <em>B. pertusa</em>, after 24 and 48 h of incubation there were positive relations between the degradation of adaxial epidermis (AE) and the neutral detergent fiber (NDF, R2 = 90.2), between mesophyll and in vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD, R2 = 80,1), and between slowly degradable tissues (SDT) and the acid detergent fiber (ADF, R2 = 83.9); and negative relationships between AE and IVDMD (R2 = -73,1), between SDT and effective dry matter degradation (EDMD, R2 = -74,3), between AE and crude protein (CP, R2 = -87,6), and between sclerenchyma and IVDMD with CP (R2 = -84,3 and R2 = -90,8, respectively). After 72 h of incubation, the greater residual areas in grasses were the Kranz structure (34.2% to 36.5%), mesophyll (20.9% to 21.4%), xylem (11.5% to 17.1%) and AE (11.8% to 13.9%). The area of sclerenchyma was related close­ly to indicators of nutritional quality. Overall, the grasses had greater content of non-degradable tis­sues than the legumes; therefore, their IVDMD and EDMD were lower. Among the legumes, <em>S. scabra </em>showed the greater digestibility of rapidly degrada­ble tissues, both during the rainy and dry seasons. At the dry season, the degradation of these tissues increased by 134.6%. Additionally, in this legume, the content of tannins did not have a direct relation­ship with the degradation of mesophyll. The rate and extension of the degradation of epidermis in legumes, were noticeably increased with increasing length of incubation, existing differences between species, a situation which was not observed in the grasses. In <em>D. barbatum</em>, the degradation of the AE was positively associated with both the IVDMD and EDMD (R2 = 77,4% and 72,95%, respectively). On the other hand, the degradability of epidermis and the percentage of NDF had negative relations with ADF, lignin and tannins (R2 = -0,76; R2 = -0,79; R2 = -0,53 and R2 = -0,76, respectively).</p>

scholarly journals Evaluation of different inclusion levels of dry live yeast impacts on various rumen parameters and in situ digestibilities of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber in growing and finishing beef cattle

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (12) ◽  
pp. 4987-4998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlyn M Cagle ◽  
Luiz Fernando D Batista ◽  
Robin C Anderson ◽  
Mozart A Fonseca ◽  
Matt D Cravey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Beneficial Result ◽  
Ch4 Concentration ◽  
Live Yeast

Abstract This study evaluated the effects of supplementing dry live yeast (LY; Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on in vitro gas production (IVGP) fermentation dynamics, pH, and CH4 concentration at 48 h, and in situ rumen parameters and digestibility of DM (DMD) and NDF (NDFD) of growing cattle during 3 feeding phases: grower (GRW) for 17 d (38% steamed-flaked corn; SFC), transition (TRANS) for 15 d (55.5% SFC: 1.2 Mcal/kg NEg), and finisher (FIN) for 13 d (73% SFC: 1.23 Mcal/kg NEg). Twenty British-crossbred, ruminally cannulated steers (183 kg ± 44 kg) 6 mo of age were blocked by weight into 5 pens containing Calan gate feeders and received a control (CON) diet (17.2% CP, 35.8% NDF, 86.7% DM) without LY on days −12 to 0. After that, animals were randomly assigned to treatments (TRT), 5 animals per TRT: CON or LY at inclusion rates of 5 g/d (LY1), 10 g/d (LY2), or 15 g/d (LY3) top dressed every morning at 0800 for 45 d. The DMD and NDFD were assessed during 7 separate collection days using in situ nylon bags containing 5 g of GRW, TRANS, or FIN diets, incubated at 1200 for 48 h. Protozoa counts (PC) were determined during 5 collection periods. Data were analyzed as a repeated measure within a randomized complete block design, assuming a random effect of the pen. For GRW, TRT altered the total gas production of the nonfiber carbohydrate (NFC; P = 0.045) and the fractional rate of degradation (kd) of the fiber carbohydrate (FC) pool (P = 0.001) in a cubic pattern (P ≤ 0.05): LY2 had the most gas production and fastest kd. TRT also influenced DMD (P = 0.035) and NDFD (P = 0.012) with LY2 providing the greatest digestibility. For TRANS, TRT tended to affect the NFC kd (P = 0.078) and influenced pH (P = 0.04) and DMD (P &lt; 0.001) in which LY2 yielded the fastest kd, highest pH, and greatest DMD. For FIN, there was an effect of TRT on total gas production (P &lt; 0.001) and kd (P = 0.004) of the NFC pool, FC kd (P = 0.012), in vitro CH4 concentration (P &lt; 0.001), PC (P &lt; 0.001), DMD (P = 0.039), and NDFD (P = 0.008). LY1 had the highest PC and provided the greatest DMD and NDFD. LY2 had the fastest kd of both the NFC and FC pools and had the least CH4 concentration. LY3 had the greatest NFC gas production. No specific dose–response pattern was observed, but 10 g/d provided the most beneficial result for all diets. We concluded that supplementation with LY affected IVGP as well as ruminal parameters and digestibilities.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Brassica Vegetables as Potential Feed for Ruminants

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trinidad de Evan ◽  
Andrea Vintimilla ◽  
Carlos N. Marcos ◽  
María José Ranilla ◽  
María Dolores Carro
Keyword(s):  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Dairy Sheep ◽  
Brussels Sprouts ◽  
Brassica Vegetables ◽  
Intestinal Digestibility

The objective of this study was to analyze the chemical composition, in vitro ruminal fermentation, and intestinal digestibility of discarded samples of four Brassica vegetables: Brussels sprouts (BS), white cabbage, Savoy cabbage, and red cabbage, and to assess the effects of including increasing amounts of BS in the concentrate of a dairy sheep diet on in vitro fermentation, CH4 production, and in situ degradation of the diets. All cabbages had low dry matter content (DM; <16.5%), but their DM had high crude protein (19.5–24.8%) and sugars (27.2–41.4%) content and low neutral detergent fiber (17.5–28%) and was rapidly and extensively fermented in the rumen. Rumen degradability of protein at 12 h of in situ incubation was greater than 91.5% for all cabbages, and in vitro intestinal digestibility of protein ranged from 61.4 to 90.2%. Replacing barley, corn, and soybean meal by 24% of dried BS in the concentrate of a diet for dairy sheep (40:60 alfalfa hay:concentrate) increased in vitro diet fermentation and in situ degradability of DM and protein, and reduced in vitro CH4/total volatile fatty acid ratio. In vivo trials are necessary to confirm these results.

scholarly journals In vitro estimation of rumen fermentable organic matter using rumen fluid and a cell free preparation of rumen fluid

1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.W. Cone ◽  
A.H. Van Gelder ◽  
E.T. Veerman ◽  
A.M. Van Vuuren
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Good Prediction ◽  
Feed Composition ◽  
In Vitro Methods ◽  
In Situ Method ◽  
A Cell

The amount of microbial protein leaving the rumen is considered as a function of the amount of rumen-fermentable organic matter (FOM) in the rumen. FOM can be calculated using tables, or estimated by in situ incubation, but both methods have some drawbacks. In vitro methods were therefore developed to estimate FOM, using fresh rumen fluid or a cell-free preparation of rumen fluid. Results were compared with the in situ method and a method using chemical feed composition. The in vitro methods gave a good prediction of the in situ estimation of FOM for the majority of feeds. For some feeds rich in starch or fat, the correlation was poor. Because no in vivo data of FOM were available, it could not be determined whether the in vitro or in situ methods gave false results. However, arguments suggest that the in situ method is not suitable for some feeds.

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