scholarly journals Water-soluble vitamins: their physiological significance, role in life of humans and their content in the nutrition of the population suffered as a result of Chernobyl accident

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-79
Author(s):  
I.T. Matasar ◽  
L.M. Petryschenko ◽  
A.V. Chernyshov
Keyword(s):  
Chernobyl Accident ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Vitamin Deficiency ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Family Doctors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Long Term Studies

Aim of the Research. Generalization of information about the properties and history of discovery of water-soluble vitamins, their up-to-date classification, sources of their intake and daily consumption by people of different ages and for people affected by the Chernobyl accident and living in environmentally hazardous areas. The article describes the results and data of long-term studies of the actual consumption of water-soluble vitamins by the population living in radioactively contaminated areas as a result of the Chernobyl accident. Materials and Methods. The presented data of the academic literature on the history of discovery of vitamins reveal their main characteristics and significance for the functioning of the human body. The information about physiological needs and the main sources of vitamins intake are presented. Conclusions. The article is relevant for family doctors, hygienists, nutritiologists, nutritionists and others as a scientific information material on the prevention and correction of vitamin deficiency. Key Words: water-soluble vitamins, vitamin deficiency, daily intake of vitamins, population of environmentally fragile regions, Chernobyl accident.

Coda: Some Reflections on the Long-Term Ecological Research Program

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. Schlesinger
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Research ◽  
Environmental Biology ◽  
College Age ◽  
Lake Washington ◽  
Long Term Ecological Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Personal Reflections ◽  
K 12 ◽  
Long Term Studies

Ecology has a history of long-term studies that offer great insight to ecosystem processes. The advent of the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program institutionalized long-term studies with some core measurements at a selection of sites across North America. The most successful LTER sites are those that have an energetic leader with a clear vision, who has guided the work over many years. Several LTER sites have established successful education programs for K–12 and college-age students, as well as for science policy-makers. Implementation of more and better cross-site work would be welcome. The various essays in this volume reflect a broad range of experiences among participants in the LTER program. Nearly all are positive: only mad dogs bite the hand that feeds them. All authors appreciate the advantages of long-term funding for their research and lament that funding of the LTER program by the National Science Foundation (NSF) is so limited. There are numerous testimonials for how the LTER program has changed and broadened participation in collaborative science. The real question is whether the LTER program has allowed science to proceed faster, deeper, broader, and with more critical insight than if the program had not been created. To answer that question, I offer a few personal reflections on the LTER program. First, we must note that long-term research existed well before the LTER program. Edmondson began his long-term measurements of exogenous phosphorus in Lake Washington in the early 1950s (Edmondson 1991). Across the country, Herb Bormann and Gene Likens began long-term studies, now in their 50th year, of forest biogeochemistry at Hubbard Brook in 1963 (Likens 2013). Each of these long-term studies enjoys ample coverage in every text of introductory ecology. The advantages of long-term research are undisputed among those who are funded for it. Indeed, NSF embraces a wide variety of decade-long studies with its Long-Term Research in Environmental Biology (LTREB) program. The authors of several chapters recall how Howard Odum’s early work focused their attention on the connections between large units of the landscape.

scholarly journals The Current Dietary Risk Assessment of Chemicals in Food Underestimates the Actual Risk

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (10) ◽  
pp. 832-834
Author(s):  
Jürg A. Zarn ◽  
H. Christoph Geiser
Keyword(s):  
Daily Intake ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Dietary Risk ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
Design Factors ◽  
Dietary Risk Assessment ◽  
Long Term Studies

Dietary risk assessments (DRA) help determine safe exposure levels of toxic substances in food. Of these, Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI), derived from No Observed Adverse Effect Levels (NOAEL) of long-term toxicity studies, is compared to exposure estimates using lifetime-averaged food intakes. These estimates ignore intermittent high exposures exceeding the ADI; toxic effects of such exposures are considered irrelevant, on the assumption that toxic potency increases with exposure duration, which would be reflected by decreasing NOAELs. However, our statistical analysis of thousands of animal toxicology studies shows that NOAELs after short- and long-term exposure are similar if study design factors are considered. Thus, the short- and long-term potency effects of chemicals are similar. Hence, a short-term toxic effect is generally ignored in current DRA. It accounts for lifetime-averaged but not intermittent high food intakes and, therefore, must be revised. Additionally, there is no added value of long-term studies for ADI derivation.

scholarly journals Advancing the long view of ecological change in tundra systems

2013 ◽  
Vol 368 (1624) ◽  
pp. 20120477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Post ◽  
Toke T. Høye
Keyword(s):  
Species Interactions ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Ecological Change ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Research Personnel ◽  
Ecological Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Population And Community Dynamics ◽  
Long Term Studies

Despite uncertainties related to sustained funding, ideological rivalries and the turnover of research personnel, long-term studies and studies espousing a long-term perspective in ecology have a history of contributing landmark insights into fundamental topics, such as population- and community dynamics, species interactions and ecosystem function. They also have the potential to reveal surprises related to unforeseen events and non-stationary dynamics that unfold over the course of ongoing observation and experimentation. The unprecedented rate and magnitude of current and expected abiotic changes in tundra environments calls for a synthetic overview of the scope of ecological responses these changes have elicited. In this special issue, we present a series of contributions that advance the long view of ecological change in tundra systems, either through sustained long-term research, or through retrospective or prospective modelling. Beyond highlighting the value of long-term research in tundra systems, the insights derived herein should also find application to the study of ecological responses to environmental change in other biomes as well.

Long-term cancer survivors: Satisfaction with medical care and information received during the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e21573-e21573
Author(s):  
Alejandro Gallego ◽  
Beatriz Martinez ◽  
Enrique Espinosa ◽  
Ismael Ghanem ◽  
Leticia Ruiz-Gimenez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Survivors ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Family Doctor ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Family Doctors ◽  
Adult Cancer Survivors

e21573 Background: Long-term survival rates for many types of cancer have substantially improved in past decades. A specific medical office was started up two years ago at our institution for the follow-up and comprehensive care of this population. Long-term cancer survivors were surveyed to know how they perceive medical care and information received during the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Methods: A 54-item questionnaire was developed based on QLACS (Quality of Life in Adult Cancer Survivors). 286 patients completed the questionnaire from January 2015 to December 2016. All of them were disease-free and without any antitumour therapy for at least two years. The information was collected in a database and processed with SPSS 18. Results: Median age at the time of diagnosis was 56 years. Colorectal and breast carcinomas accounted for 54% of all cases and 61% of patients had been diagnosed in early stages of disease. Median time from cancer diagnosis to questionnaire completion was 104 months (range 29-444 months). Sixty-seven per cent of patients were satisfied with the information received by their oncologist about their cancer, although information provided about other health issues was less satisfactory. Twenty-eight per cent reported that the oncologist never made recommendations about healthy lifestyle. In fact, only 8 patients (2.8%) made dietary modifications, all regular alcohol drinkers (31.1%) maintained their daily intake and 73 patients (25.5%) gained 5 kg over their recommended weight. Anxiety/depression symptoms were reported by 30% of the best informed patients about cancer treatment and 52% of the worst informed. Only 12.4% of long-term cancer survivors of our study consulted their family doctor during the last year, while 75.4% visited their oncologist. Finally, the medical care of the oncologist was satisfactory for 235 patients (83.2%), receiving an overall score of 8.7 on a 0 to 10 scale. Conclusions: Most long-term cancer survivors feel satisfied with the medical care received, but the information provided about other health aspects should be improved. Furthermore, although they rely on their family doctors, most prefer being followed-up by their oncologist.

scholarly journals Metallogeny of the Lyapinsky megablock (Subpolar Urals)

2021 ◽  
pp. 88-105
Author(s):  
DUSHIN Vladimir Aleksandrovich
Keyword(s):  
Geological Structure ◽  
Porphyry Deposits ◽  
History Of Development ◽  
Ferrous Metals ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
Long Term Studies

Purpose of the work: elucidation of the geological structure, manifestations of magmatism, geodynamics and metallogeny of one of the largest segments of the paleocontinental sector of the Lyapin megablock in the Urals. The peculiarity of the metallogenic specialization of the latter for uranium, thorium, rare metals, gold, optical quartz caused both increased interest and contradictory ideas about its geology, composition of rock complexes, their age and genesis. Methodology of the work: generalization, analysis and synthesis of materials from long-term studies of the geology and metallogeny of the region, including experimental, methodological, thematic and geological survey work (GDP-200/2 sheets P-40-VI, P-40-XII) with the involvement of extensive literary sources. Results. For the first time, on the basis of the created formation map and the developed author’s legend of the territory, the geological structure is shown, the geological structure, geodynamic conditions of formation, metallogenic features of uneven-aged rock associations are shown. The Lyapinsky megablock, which corresponds to the Lyapinsky mineragenic zone, is a component of the West Ural megazone of the Ural Mineragenic Province, including the Mankhambovsky, Malopatoksky, Nyartinsky and Sаledsky ore nodes. In their history of development, four metallogenic epochs are distinguished: the Pre-Riphean, Riphean-Cambrian, Paleozoic and MesozoicCenozoic, specialized in noble, rare, radioactive, and non-ferrous metals, the largest objects of which include the Yasnoye, Narodnoye, Turman, Chudnoye, Sosnovoye, Telaizskoye, Torgovskoye, Turupinskoye, Kholodnoye, Kozhimskoye, and others. Conclusions. The results obtained indicate that along with a certain ore specialization of metallogenic epochs, an important factor affecting the ore content of the territory is the activated suture zones established in the course of research, in the areas where the largest ore objects, including stratiform and porphyry deposits, are localized, as well as unconventional objects of the “structural-stratigraphic disagreement” type.

‘Never so at home’: Charles Elton and the Woods of Wytham

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgina M. Montgomery
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Site ◽  
The People ◽  
As Species ◽  
History Of ◽  
A Site ◽  
Scientific Value ◽  
Scientific Environment ◽  
Long Term Studies

Focusing on the history of an ecological site northwest of Oxford, UK, this essay explores the people, research and values behind the development of Wytham Woods as a scientific environment. A small patch of woodland, Wytham has long been identified by ecologists as a site of great scientific value. In addition to traditional sources of scientific value, such as species diversity, this article examines the role of emotional connection and aesthetics in how scientific sites are formed and maintained over long periods of time. As such, this history of Wytham Woods sheds light on the multiple factors that nurture the relationships formed when researchers dedicate decades to long-term studies conducted in specific scientific environments.

Ten years after – the post-treatment course of alcoholism

1993 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Längle ◽  
K Mann ◽  
G Mundle ◽  
HW Schied
Keyword(s):  
Post Treatment ◽  
Patient Treatment ◽  
Treatment Programme ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Long Term Follow Up ◽  
History Of ◽  
Long Term Studies ◽  
Alcohol Dependent

SummaryThe natural history of alcoholism is still a matter of debate. Very few studies have addressed the issue of the post-treatment course longitudinally. We present the results of a long-term follow-up study in ninety-six alcohol dependent patients who were treated in a combined in-patient and out-patient treatment programme. Two, five and ten years after the initial treatment in 1976, they were re-investigated. Ninety-four percent of the patients could be located ten years after treatment. Fifty-one percent were abstinent, 22% were deceased, 14% of the patients’ drinking was unchanged and 7% had improved. This outcome is discussed and compared with the results of other long-term studies.

scholarly journals Role, Importance and Peculiarities of Record Cows in the Formation of High-Production Herds

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir M. Gukezhev ◽  
Musa S. Gabaev ◽  
Zhamal K. Zhashuev
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Dairy Cattle Breeding ◽  
History Of ◽  
Breeding Selection ◽  
High Production ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Long Term Studies

Throughout the history of the development of dairy cattle breeding, particular importance has always been attached to the identification and rational use of record cows. The significance of this category of breeding is determined not only by individual indicators, but also by the effect they have on the improvement of the breed and individual herds, primarily through their sons and, to a certain extent, as the ancestors of breeding families. It should be noted that the appearance of a record cow is hardly ever spontaneous or random; as a rule, valuable ancestors are found in their pedigrees, the potential of which can be manifested in descendants when creating appropriate feeding and milking conditions. In this regard, the human factor is very important. This analysis shows that in recent years, the age of the highest productivity has grown significantly in almost all breeds. It seems that this phenomenon is the result of the widespread use of Holstein cattle. If one looks at the origin of Holstein stud bulls, the sperm of which are offered for reproduction, then almost all of them are obtained from first-calf heifers, and only a few from adult cows. It is hard to escape a conclusion that we replicate animals in advance, and then wonder why cows do not have time to recoup themselves and do not reach the classical age of milk productivity – 3-5th lactation. Long-term studies show that the highest yield in the purebred Holstein herds is marked for the 2nd lactation, and then, if the animals survive, the yield decreases. The widespread opinion among Russian livestock breeders, including scientists, is that feeding is to blame for everything. Of course, the level and type of feeding is the foundation of animal health, but many farms provide 7-10 thousand kg per cow per year, and the duration of productive use is reduced, so there must be other factors. Keywords: dairy cattle breeding, selection, stud bulls, record cows

scholarly journals Quantifying Long-Term Urban Grassland Dynamics: Biotic Homogenization and Extinction Debts

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1989
Author(s):  
Marié J. du Toit ◽  
D. Johan Kotze ◽  
Sarel S. Cilliers
Keyword(s):  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Urban Vegetation ◽  
Vegetation Patterns ◽  
Time Lags ◽  
Vegetation Sampling ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sustainable Conservation ◽  
Long Term Studies

Sustainable urban nature conservation calls for a rethinking of conventional approaches. Traditionally, conservationists have not incorporated the history of the landscape in management strategies. This study shows that extant vegetation patterns are correlated to past landscapes indicating potential extinction debts. We calculated urban landscape measures for seven time periods (1938–2019) and correlated it to three vegetation sampling events (1995, 2012, 2019) using GLM models. We also tested whether urban vegetation was homogenizing. Our results indicated that urban vegetation in our study area is not currently homogenizing but that indigenous forb species richness is declining significantly. Furthermore, long-term studies are essential as the time lags identified for different vegetation sampling periods changed as well as the drivers best predicting these changes. Understanding these dynamics are critical to ensuring sustainable conservation of urban vegetation for future citizens.

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