scholarly journals Fertility decline and social change: new trends and challenges

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 297
Author(s):  
Bali Ram
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Family Structure ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Fertility Decline ◽  
Intergenerational Support ◽  
Population Stability ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Age Patterns

This article presents an overview of recent fertility declines and their effects on social change in both industrialized and industrializing countries. The focus is primarily on the levels and age patterns of fertility, which influence social change through three major mechanisms, reductions in population growth, modifications in age structure, and changes in family structure. Some future prospects are also discussed, especially in the view of the viability of immigration as a solution to population stability, graying of the industrialized world, intergenerational support, and loneliness.

Urbanization and Family Structure in the Ivory Coast

1966 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remi Clignet
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Family Structure ◽  
Ivory Coast ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Relative Decline

Urbanization may be viewed as a particular manifestation of social change. As such, it is often defined as a process leading originally distinct social systems to a common destination. As an example, it is supposed to facilitate the universal emergence of a European type of nuclear family. In this perspective, many scholars have been eager to determine the extent to which African patterns of familial behavior lose their traditional specific properties. These researchers have in fact equated the problem of measuring urbanization with the problem of measuring the relative decline and persistence of traditional affiliations. Taking as examples the familial systems of two Ivory Coast peoples, the present paper intends to show some of the limitations of this type of analysis.

Maori fertility in a period of transition

1975 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. V Zodgekar
Keyword(s):  
Older Women ◽  
Fertility Decline ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Crude Birth Rate ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Child Bearing ◽  
Age Patterns ◽  
Substantial Decline

SummaryAn analysis of Maori fertility shows that a transition from a high to a low level has begun. The crude birth rate has declined by nearly 28% during the period 1961–72; only a small part of this decline can be attributed to changes in the age–sex and marital status composition.A substantial decline in the fertility of older women has been observed and there are indications of the beginning of a major decline in the fertility of younger women. Since women aged 30–49 still account for 30% of total fertility there is enough potential for a further fertility decline in the later child-bearing years.Age patterns of fertility decline suggest that inter-marriage between Pakehas and Maoris is not a prime cause of the recent fertility decline. The factors which are thought to be responsible for this change in Maori fertility are rapid urbanization, a low level of infant mortality and an increase in the overall level of education.A further decline in Maori fertility will depend on the continuation of the tendency in fertility among the younger women.

scholarly journals Changes in age‐structure over four decades were a key determinant of population growth rate in a long‐lived mammal

2020 ◽  
Vol 89 (10) ◽  
pp. 2268-2278
Author(s):  
John Jackson ◽  
Khyne U. Mar ◽  
Win Htut ◽  
Dylan Z. Childs ◽  
Virpi Lummaa
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Population Growth Rate

Indian Fertility Transition

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-423
Author(s):  
Anjali Radkar
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Maternal Mortality ◽  
Fertility Decline ◽  
Maternal Mortality Ratio ◽  
Fertility Transition ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Fertility Reduction ◽  
The Right

Fighting to curb the population growth, India’s reduction in fertility rate (58%) in 35 years is evident; total fertility rate (TFR) declined from 5.2 to 2.2 meaning three children less. According to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), 2015–2016, TFR has dropped to 2.18 from 3.39 in 1992 (NFHS-1). Proximate determinants indicate that over a period, index of marriage and contraception contribute lesser towards fertility, and postpartum amenorrhoea shows marginal variation. When total fecundity remains constant, share of abortion does not remain one but contribute towards fertility reduction. Benefits of fertility decline include lowering population growth and its positive effects on overall development. As fertility declines, maternal mortality declines; maternal mortality ratio (MRR) declined by 67 per cent in past 13 years. Sharp decline in fertility gives rise to demographic dividend. India is passing through it. Fertility drop is not without consequences. Fertility decline makes pregnancies precious; giving rise to upswing to C-section deliveries and hysterectomy even for a minor cause or is it a response to cancer threat? Preference for sons is universal here. With fertility reduction, it surfaces with unruly consequences of missing girls. Drop in fertility has changed the shape of the population pyramid. Share of elderly is reaching 10 per cent, of which share of women and more so share of oldest women is more. In the absence of social security and low rates of workforce participation, women are getting more dependent on the required care, increasing their vulnerability. Fertility reduction has achieved with moderate level of development. Now the right response to effects of fertility decline is the biggest social challenge.

scholarly journals Projected Population Size and Age Structure for Canada and Provinces: With and Without International Migration

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirley Loh ◽  
M. V. George
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Current Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Population Projections ◽  
Limited Effect ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Size And Age Structure ◽  
The Impact

This paper examines the effect of net international migration on prospective population growth and age structure in Canada for the next 50 years. It also examines the impact of international migration on provincial growth and distribution. The procedure used in this study is by comparing two projected population scenarios, one with international migration and the other without international migration, based on the latest 2005-based population projections. The analysis of the scenarios shows that the assumed level of international migration which is higher than the current level contributes to a continuous increase in population over the next 50 years, but has limited effect to prevent or offset the overall aging trend.

POPULATION GROWTH, EMPLOYMENT, AND LIVELIHOODS: THE TRIPLE CHALLENGE

2017 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-61
Author(s):  
John Cleland
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Foreign Investors ◽  
The Third ◽  
Family Enterprises ◽  
Favorable Change ◽  
Sub Saharan

AbstractOver the next 35 years, the total population of sub-Saharan Africa is projected to increase by 118%, with a greater rise of of 156% of people in the prime working ages. To cope with population growth and exploit the slowly unfolding, favorable change in age structure, countries face a triple challenge. Agricultural productivity has to improve. Prospects are good, though climate change remains a threat. Manufacturing jobs need to be created on a far larger scale than hitherto. Success is uncertain because much depends on foreign investors and the actions of competing low-wage countries in Asia. The third challenge concerns the non-agricultural informal sector, which, even under optimistic assumptions about manufacturing, will continue to provide livelihoods for a large segment of the population. Entrepreneurship needs to be encouraged so that an increasing proportion of family enterprises evolve into larger businesses. There is no blueprint to achieve this evolution and much will depend on the hard work and ingenuity of individuals.

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