Maori fertility in a period of transition

1975 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. V Zodgekar
Keyword(s):  
Older Women ◽  
Fertility Decline ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Crude Birth Rate ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Child Bearing ◽  
Age Patterns ◽  
Substantial Decline

SummaryAn analysis of Maori fertility shows that a transition from a high to a low level has begun. The crude birth rate has declined by nearly 28% during the period 1961–72; only a small part of this decline can be attributed to changes in the age–sex and marital status composition.A substantial decline in the fertility of older women has been observed and there are indications of the beginning of a major decline in the fertility of younger women. Since women aged 30–49 still account for 30% of total fertility there is enough potential for a further fertility decline in the later child-bearing years.Age patterns of fertility decline suggest that inter-marriage between Pakehas and Maoris is not a prime cause of the recent fertility decline. The factors which are thought to be responsible for this change in Maori fertility are rapid urbanization, a low level of infant mortality and an increase in the overall level of education.A further decline in Maori fertility will depend on the continuation of the tendency in fertility among the younger women.

Trends and Differentials in Moslem fertility

1984 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mostafa H. Nagi
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Total Fertility Rate ◽  
Fertility Decline ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Crude Birth Rate ◽  
Reproductive Behaviour ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Percentage Change ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Fertility Differentials

SummaryThis paper examines data on fertility levels in 33 Moslem countries between 1960 and 1980. Fertility measures include crude birth rate, total fertility rate and age-specific birth rate, and the percentage change in them between 1960 and 1980.The analysis focuses on: (1) the current status of Moslem fertility in comparison to non-Moslem countries in the same region; (2) the emerging fertility differentials among Moslem countries; (3) how much of the recent fertility declines in some Moslem countries is associated with modernization variables and with family planning efforts.The results indicate that: (1) Moslem fertility remains universally high and is generally higher than in non-Moslem countries in the same region; (2) very few Moslem countries have succeeded in bringing down their level of fertility to justify a search for the predictors of Moslem fertility levels; (3) in spite of a sufficient range of variations in the economic and social correlates of fertility, the corresponding fertility variables in these countries do not suggest that the reproductive behaviour of Moslem women has reacted to such variations; (4) efforts directed towards stronger family planning programmes are clearly related to fertility decline.

scholarly journals Fertile characteristics of the population in the Republic of Srpska

2018 ◽  
pp. 433-443
Author(s):  
Аleksandar Majic ◽  
Drasko Marinkovic
Keyword(s):  
Total Fertility Rate ◽  
Fertility Decline ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Population Policy ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
First Child ◽  
Child Bearing ◽  
Age Model ◽  
The Republic

With a general birth rate of 8.1? and a total fertility rate of 1.29 children per woman, Republic of Srpska can be characterised as an outstandingly low birth area. The volume of reproductive contingent represents one of the key factors of a fertility decline in a population. According to the results of the 2013 Census, the overall number of women in the thirty-five year fertility period (from 14 to 49) comprises around 22% of overall population in Republic of Srpska. Fertility differentiation by age indicates the phenomenon of delayed child bearing in which age model of reproduction prevails. In the period from 1998 to 2016, the average childbearing age when giving birth to a first child increased by 3.1 years (from 23.8 to 26.9 years). Through the analysis of fertility by the order of birth, a deficit of first-born and third-born children was identified in Republic of Srpska. In that context, a greater application of systematic measures of pro-natalist population policy is imposed as priority.

scholarly journals An Improved Method of calculating Birth-Rates

1905 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Newsholme ◽  
T. H. C. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Birth Rate ◽  
Crude Birth Rate ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Improved Method ◽  
Birth Rates ◽  
Child Bearing ◽  
True Meaning ◽  
Intercensal Period ◽  
The Right

1. The ordinary method of calculating the birth-rate does not distinguish between the influence of fertility and of variations in conditions of the population as to age and marriage.2. In ascertaining the true meaning of the great reduction of the birth-rate which has occured in the last 25 years it is necessary to have means for distinguishing between the accidental and the intrinsic causes of change.3. A step in the right direction is made when the legitimate births are stated in terms of the married women at child-bearing ages, and the illegitimate births in terms of the unmarried women of the same ages.4. This method fails to correct for the differences of fertility of the various ages comprised in the age-period 15–45.5. By calculating standard fertility-rates for given populations McLean overcame the above difficulty, and was thus able to compare experiences of a given community at different times with the standard.6. In this paper it is shown that by continuing the above process and obtaining corrected fertility-rates, the fertility-rates of different communities can be made directly comparable.7. The inconveniences of this new and unfamiliar method, and the necessity involved in it of calculating the crude as well as the corrected fertility-rate in every instance, indicate the desirability of obtaining a factor for each community which throughout an entire intercensal period can be applied to the crude birth-rate of that community.8. The desirability of such a factor is increased by the fact that the method of corrected fertility-rates does not take into account the proportion of married women in each population.9. In this paper a method is described of obtaining factors, which, when applied to the readily available crude birth-rates, correct completely both for the varying proportion of married women in compared populations and for the varying fertility at different periods of married life.10. The practical bearings of these corrected birth-rates will be discussed in a later paper.

scholarly journals Utilization of preimplantation genetic testing in the USA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaitlyn Roche ◽  
Catherine Racowsky ◽  
Joyce Harper
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Testing ◽  
Older Women ◽  
State Level ◽  
Oocyte Retrieval ◽  
Preimplantation Genetic Testing ◽  
Annual Increase ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Live Birth Rates ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Usa

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the use of preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) and live birth rates (LBR) in the USA from 2014 to 2017 and to understand how PGT is being used at a clinic and state level. Methods This study accessed SART data for 2014 to 2017 to determine LBR and the CDC for years 2016 and 2017 to identify PGT usage. Primary cycles included only the first embryo transfer within 1 year of an oocyte retrieval; subsequent cycles included transfers occurring after the first transfer or beyond 1 year of oocyte retrieval. Results In the SART data, the number of primary PGT cycles showed a significant monotonic annual increase from 18,805 in 2014 to 54,442 in 2017 (P = 0.042) and subsequent PGT cycles in these years increased from 2946 to 14,361 (P = 0.01). There was a significant difference in primary PGT cycle use by age, where younger women had a greater percentage of PGT treatment cycles than older women. In both PGT and non-PGT cycles, the LBR per oocyte retrieval decreased significantly from 2014 to 2017 (P<0001) and younger women had a significantly higher LBR per oocyte retrieval compared to older women (P < 0.001). The CDC data revealed that in 2016, just 53 (11.4%) clinics used PGT for more than 50% of their cycles, which increased to 99 (21.4%) clinics in 2017 (P< 0.001). Conclusions A growing number of US clinics are offering PGT to their patients. These findings support re-evaluation of the application for PGT.

scholarly journals What's the Risk? Older Women Report Fewer Symptoms for Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome than Younger Women

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holli A. DeVon ◽  
Karen Vuckovic ◽  
Larisa A. Burke ◽  
Sahereh Mirzaei ◽  
Katherine Breen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Coronary Syndrome ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Coronary Syndrome

Reported Intimacy and Dominance Gestures by Women in a Corporate Setting

1983 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 1007-1010
Author(s):  
Aghop Der-Karabetian ◽  
Eric Rico
Keyword(s):  
Marital Status ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Sexual Intimacy ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Effect Of Age

The study tested the relationship of reported intimacy and dominance gestures by women in a corporate setting. The effect of age and marital status was also examined. The reported frequencies of the two types of gestures were uncorrelated ( r = .28). However, dominance was reported more frequently ( M = 9.85, SD = 1.8) than sexual intimacy ( M = 5.76, SD = 3.1). The 34 younger women reported more dominance and less sexual intimacy than the 48 older women. Single persons reported being targets of more dominance gestures than the married, but the younger women reported less sexual intimacy. Possible explanations for the findings are discussed.

scholarly journals Fertility decline and social change: new trends and challenges

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 297
Author(s):  
Bali Ram
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Family Structure ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Fertility Decline ◽  
Intergenerational Support ◽  
Population Stability ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Age Patterns

This article presents an overview of recent fertility declines and their effects on social change in both industrialized and industrializing countries. The focus is primarily on the levels and age patterns of fertility, which influence social change through three major mechanisms, reductions in population growth, modifications in age structure, and changes in family structure. Some future prospects are also discussed, especially in the view of the viability of immigration as a solution to population stability, graying of the industrialized world, intergenerational support, and loneliness.

scholarly journals Family and childcare support public expenditures and short-term fertility dynamics

2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cosmin Enache
Keyword(s):  
Birth Rate ◽  
Crude Birth Rate ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Public Expenditures ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Support Policy ◽  
Cash Benefits

In a period of very low fertility, effective family and childcare support policy measures are needed. From a wide range of instruments available to government intervention, we focus on public expenditures effects on short-term fertility. Using a sample of 28 European countries in a panel framework, we found that there is a small positive elasticity of crude birth rate to cash benefits related to childbirth and childrearing provided through social security system. Different public services provided to ease the burden of parents and all other benefits in kind, means or non-means tested, are found to be insignificant. These results are robust to alternative methods of estimation. Controlling for country heterogeneity by religion and by culture, some particularly interesting differences in birth rate determinants were highlighted as well.

CERVICAL CANCER AMONG 39 YEARS OR YOUNGER FEMALES IN SOUTH INDIA; A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY

2021 ◽  
pp. 15-17
Author(s):  
B Ramkumar ◽  
Srigopal Mohanty ◽  
Kiranmayee Narapaneni ◽  
Amit Saklani ◽  
J Kannan
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Clinicopathological Characteristics ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Ciency Virus ◽  
Chi Square Test

Background: Cervical cancer in young women is rare and disparity exists in its characteristics in the available reports. The study aimed to determine the disease burden and to compare its clinicopathological characteristics with older women. Materials and methods: Retrospective study was performed by retrieving data from the cancer registry for consecutive 843 cervical cancer patients treated in the center between 2017 and 2020. Patients were divided into younger (<40 years) and older (≥ 40 years) age. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 23 for windows. Chi square test was used for analyzing the categorical variables and P < 0.05 was considered signicant. Results: Cervical cancer in young women constituted 9.4%, with majority (96.2%) belonged to 30-39 years age. Higher prevalence of human immunodeciency virus (HIV) was found among younger compared to older women (P = 0.000). Younger women commonly presented late compared to older women (patients presented after 4 months are 49.4% vs. 18.8% respectively, P=0.000). Squamous cell carcinoma was commonest histology in both the groups and no difference in histology pattern between the two groups. Younger women had higher rate of bulky tumor (>4cm) compared to older (62.2% vs. 44.4%, P = 0.023). Conclusion: Delayed and advanced stage of presentation of cervical cancer in younger women in this region of India warrants promotion of health education, knowledge translation, regular cervical cancer screening for its prevention and early detection

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