scholarly journals MODELS OF NON – FERROUS METAL PRODUCTION IN THE WESTERN AND EASTERN AREAS OF THE YAMNAYA CULTURE

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.Д. Дегтярева ◽  
Н.В. Рындина
Keyword(s):  
Ferrous Metal ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Ore Deposits ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
The Urals ◽  
The Southern Urals ◽  
Metal Production ◽  
Eastern Area ◽  
The North ◽  
Material Sources

Обобщены данные аналитического изучения цветного металла ямной культурно исторической области двух ареалов западного (Северное Причерноморье) и восточного (Южный Урал и Среднее Притоболье) методами спектрального, атомно эмиссионного, микрорентгеноспектрального, металлографического анализов. Приведенные материалы показали существование двух различных моделей металлопроизводства ямных племен, объясняющихся направленностью векторов историко металлургических контактов, наличием доступной рудной базы, сохранением традиционных технологий или же выработкой инновационных методов обработки мышьяковой бронзы. Черты определенного технологического сходства между уральской и причерноморской металлообработкой прослежены лишь на ранней стадии развития северопричерноморского центра металлопроизводства. Металлопроизводство ямных племен Северного Причерноморья в последующем демонстрирует иные технологические традиции получения орудий и украшений из низколегированной мышьяковой бронзы, поступающей из западных сырьевых источников. Уральские мастера использовали приемы литья крупных орудий из местной каргалинской окисленной меди в открытые и составные закрытые формы с высокотемпературными режимами термообработки. The paper summarizes data from the analytical studies of non ferrous metal in two areas of the Yamnaya (Pitgrave) culture, i. e. the western area (the North Pontic region) and the eastern area (the Southern Urals and the Middle Tobol basin). Methods of spectral, atomic emission, electron microprobe and metallographic analyses were employed. The materials described demonstrate existence of two different metal production models used by the Yamnaya population. The difference in the models is stipulated by different directions of historical and metallurgical contacts, availability of accessible ore deposits, maintenance of traditional technologies or development of innovation methods of arsenical bronze production. Certain technological similarities between the Urals and the North Pontic metalworking were identified only for the early development stage of the North Pontic center of metal production. In the subsequent period metal production of the Yamnaya population groups which lived in the North Pontic region demonstrates other technological traditions of producing tools and jewelry from low alloyed arsenical bronze that came from western raw material sources. The Urals craftsmen employed techniques of casting heavy tools from local Kargaly oxidized copper in open and composite closed moulds with high temperature modes of heat treatment.

scholarly journals Pottery of Early Iron Age from the Glinjeni II-La Șanț (North-Western Pontic Sea Region): Composition, Technology and Raw Material Sources

Heritage ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 2853-2875
Author(s):  
Marianna A. Kulkova ◽  
Maya T. Kashuba ◽  
Aleksandr M. Kulkov ◽  
Maria N. Vetrova
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Ceramic Technology ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
The North ◽  
Material Sources ◽  
Cultural Layers ◽  
Thin Section Analysis ◽  
North Western

Transition to the Early Iron Age was marked by the appearance of innovations such as iron technology and changes in the lifestyle of local societies on the territory of the North-Western Pontic Sea region. One of the most interesting sites of this period is the Glinjeni II-La Șanț fortified settlement, located in the Middle Dniester basin (Republic of Moldova). Materials of different cultural traditions belonged to the Cozia-Saharna culture (10th–9th cc. BC) and the Basarabi-Șoldănești culture (8th–beginning of 7th cc. BC) were found on this site. The article presents the results of a multidisciplinary approach to the study of ceramic sherds from these archaeological complexes and cultural layers as well as raw clay sources from this area. The archaeometry analysis, such as the XRF-WD, the thin section analysis, SEM-EDX of ceramics, m-CT of pottery were carried out. The study of ancient pottery through a set of mineralogical and geochemical analytic methods allowed us to obtain new results about ceramic technology in different chronological periods, ceramic paste recipes and firing conditions. Correlation of archaeological and archaeometry data of ceramics from the Glinjeni II-La Șanț site gives us the possibility to differ earlier and later chronological markers in the paste recipes of pottery of 10th–beginning of 7th cc. BC in the region of the Middle Dniester basin.

scholarly journals USE OF SEQUENCING METHODS FOR SPECIES IDENTIFICATION EXEMPLIFIED BY PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN GENUS HEDYSARUM L.

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 506-518
Author(s):  
D. R. Imachueva ◽  
F. K. Serebryanaya ◽  
E. M. Machs ◽  
V. V. Kotseruba
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
The North ◽  
Material Sources ◽  
5.8S Rrna

At the moment, a relevant objective in pharmacognosy, is the use of all kinds of the DNA analysis methods for identifying plant materials, detecting counterfeits, genetically modified crops and products.The aim of the research is to study the possibility of using molecular genetic research methods in the analysis of the genus Hedysarum L., for the identification of medicinal plant materials. This article presents the results of the application of molecular genetic research methods in the analysis of the genus Hedysarum L. in the flora of the North Caucasus.Materials and methods. The study material was the samples of the genus Hedysarum L. species collected in the North Caucasus: Hedysarum caucasicum M. Bieb. (in the fruiting phase in the territory of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic); Hedysarum grandiflorum Pall. (in the fruiting phase in the Volgograd region); Hedysarum daghestanicum Rupr. ex Boiss. (in the flowering phase in the Republic of Dagestan).  Sequencing of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 marker region of gene 5.8S by the RNA ribosome was carried out according to the Sanger method on the AbiPrism 3130 genetic analyzer at the laboratory of biosystematics and cytology of Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences.Results. Based on a comparative study of the marker region of the nuclear ribosomal gene 5.8S rRNA, marker nucleotide substitutions of Hedysarum caucasicum M. Bieb., Hedysarum daghestanicum Rupr. ex Boiss., Hedysarum grandiflorum Pall, have been identified. The most probable secondary structure of 5.8S rRNA has been constructed. It has been shown that based on the analysis performed, it is possible to predict additional raw material sources of mangiferin and other groups of xanthones using the molecular data exemplified by the Obscura section.Conclusion. Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that the morphological classification of the genus Hedysarum L. can be confirmed within the Obscura section.

scholarly journals BRONZE AGE TEXTILE FROM THE CHESMENKA 3 KURGAN GROUP IN THE VORONEZHREGION: TECHNOLOGY, ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION AND RADIOCARBON CHRONOLOGY

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Н.И. Шишлина ◽  
О.В. Орфинская ◽  
Д.В. Киселева ◽  
А.В. Сурков
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
86Sr Ratio ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Isotopic Signatures ◽  
The North ◽  
Material Sources ◽  
Wool Fibers ◽  
Radiocarbon Chronology

Статья посвящена анализу сложного аксессуара, найденного в могильнике Чесменка 3, курган 2, погребение 4. Для изготовления многокомпонентного изделия использовались материалы разного происхождения: войлок, на который льняными нитями были пришиты пронизи, нанизанные на шерстяные нити. Радиоуглеродное датирование фрагмента льняной нити позволило отнести захоронение ранней покровской культуры к 1800–1700 гг. до н. э. Определение вариаций отношений стронция 87Sr/86Sr во фрагменте льняного шнура и сравнительный анализ с фоновыми «изотопными метками» указывают на возможные западные ареалы происхождения растительного сырья. Использование шерстяных нитей и войлока соотносится с хронологией и траекторией распространения шерстяного волокна и шерстяных тканей в начале II тыс. до н. э. из южных регионов Кавказа и прилегающей степи на север. The paper analyzes a composite accessory discovered in the Chesmenka 3 cemetery, kurgan 2, grave 4. Various materials were used to make the item. It consists of several components such as felt, tubular beads strung on wool threads and sewn onto the felt with a linen thread. Radiocarbon dating of linen thread fragment helped relate this grave to the early Pokrovka culture (1800–1700 BC). The variation in the 87Sr/86Sr ratio in the linen thread fragment and comparative analysis with the use of background «isotopic signatures» point to likely western areas of plant raw material sources. The use of wool fibers and woolen cloths correlates with the chronology and the distribution pattern of wool fibers and wool cloths in the early second millennium BC, i.e. from the southern areas of the Caucasus and the adjacent steppes to the north.

On Links between the Ancient Nomads in the Southern Foothills of the Urals and Central Asia

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-50
Author(s):  
Sergeï Gutsalov
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Southern Urals ◽  
The Urals ◽  
The Southern Urals ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
Eastern Half ◽  
Grave Goods

Abstract This article publishes interesting burials of ancient nomads dating from the end of the 3rd, 2nd or 1st centuries BC from the Dongulyuk II and Volodarka I tumuli necropoleis in the West of Kazakhstan. Materials from these funerary sites include some quite rare finds: phalerae, belt plates bearing depictions of confronting winged dragons, two-handled infantry swords used by warriors on foot and other objects relating to the life of nomads. The funerary rite – including such elements as burials in pits with ledges or in catacombs, the laying out of horses’ skulls on ledges, the arrangement of the deceased with their heads pointing to the north or south – indicates that the cultural links of the nomads from the southern foothills of the Urals at the end of the 1st millennium BC were orientated towards Central Asia. If it is borne in mind that many objects among the accompanying grave goods can also be associated with the eastern half of the Eurasian steppes, then it would seem highly likely that the nomads had originally come from northern China, moving west and migrating into eastern Europe including the southern Urals.

Magnesium Metal Production with Least CO2 Emission

2014 ◽  
Vol 1019 ◽  
pp. 36-44
Author(s):  
Neale Ramaswami Neelameggham ◽  
R.E. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Chemical Process ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Thermal Reduction ◽  
Light Metal ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Metal Production ◽  
Magnesium Metal ◽  
Material Sources ◽  
Process Energy

Magnesium metal is one of the few metals with multiple raw material sources. These are either from the hydrosphere of the ocean and saline lakes or from the lithosphere from ores and natural evaporites. This paper will describe CO2emission from both the chemical process stand-point as well as the physical process energy requirements. Present processes of electrolytic as well as the thermal reduction will be described along with their carbon dioxide emissions. Novel methods will be introduced as to how the carbon emission in the production of this light metal can be minimized in a cost effective fashion.

Spatial distribution of Palaeolithic sites in relation to raw material sources in the central Narmada valley, India

2021 ◽  
pp. SP515-2020-199
Author(s):  
Vivek Singh
Keyword(s):  
Deccan Trap ◽  
Central India ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Vindhyan Supergroup ◽  
The South ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
The North ◽  
Material Sources ◽  
Narmada River ◽  
Gondwana Supergroup

AbstractLandscape adaptation in central India is quite exceptional as more than 300 Lower Palaeolithic occurrences have been reported in different contexts. The present work deals with these assemblages and associated raw material sources in central Narmada valley. The central Narmada valley is rich in various rock types which were used as raw material by various hominin populations. Narmada River divides the region into northern and southern parts. In the north, there are mainly the Vindhyan Supergroup and Deccan Trap, whereas, in the south, there are primarily the Gondwana Supergroup, Deccan Trap and the Mahakoshal Group. Along the river, there are exposures of Vindhyan Supergroup and thick deposits of Quaternary alluvium. The main raw material types in the north of Narmada are quartzite and sandstone (Vindhyan Supergroup), whereas, in the south of Narmada, the main raw materials are quartzite (Gondwana Supergroup) and chert (Deccan Trap). Acheulean sites are mostly found along the foothills of Vindhyan as well as along the banks of the Narmada River and its tributaries. In this chapter, the author has tried to link these raw material sources with the occurrences of Palaeolithic sites to have a better understanding of past hominin land use patterns and ecological adaptations.

scholarly journals New data on David's myotis, Myotis davidii (Peters, 1869) (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae), in Siberia and the Urals

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Zhigalin
Keyword(s):  
Southern Urals ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The Urals ◽  
The Southern Urals ◽  
Border Area ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern Border ◽  
Palearctic Region ◽  
Myotis Myotis

David's myotis, Myotisdavidii, is a vespertilionid bat inhabiting the wide spaces of the Palearctic region. Although previously registered in the north of Mongolia (50° N.L.) and the southern Urals (52° N.L.), data on the ecology of the species on the northern periphery of the range was missing. The northern border area of M.davidii in Siberia shifts by 350 km and the area increases by about 150,000 km2, in the Ural area by 150 km. Pups in the north of the range appear from the second half of June to July inclusive. Our data reveal that individuals from the Urals and the North Caucasus are genetically similar.

Calculation of the Glaze Recipe for Porcelain Feldspar Products Based on their Molecular Formula Rationalization

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-134
Author(s):  
Ion Teoreanu ◽  
Roxana Lucia Dumitrache ◽  
Stefania Stoleriu
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Computer Programs ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Molecular Formula ◽  
Design Equation ◽  
Material Sources

Any change of the raw material sources for glazes, economically, ecologically motivated, and also from the glaze quality point of view, is conditioned by the molecular formula rationalization and by the variation limits of the molecular formula, respectively. The proper glaze compositions are placed within their limit variation intervals with optimized processing and utilization properties. For this purpose, the rationalization criteria and procedures of molecular formulas are summarized in the present paper, as well as the results referring to their rationalization obtained in the authors� previous work. Thus, one starts from a base of raw materials that are selected, usable and also accessible for the design and producing of the glazes. On these bases the groundwork and the design equation for the glaze recipes are developed, exemplified for a single glaze. For an easy access to results, computer programs are used for an easy access to results.

Colour and Directional Symbolism in Ancestral Pueblo Radial Offerings from Chaco Canyon

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Hannah V. Mattson
Keyword(s):  
American Southwest ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Chaco Canyon ◽  
Assemblage Theory ◽  
Ancestral Pueblo ◽  
Landscape Features ◽  
Material Sources ◽  
Regional System ◽  
Roof Support

Dedicatory offerings of small colourful objects are often found in pre-Hispanic architectural contexts in the Ancestral Pueblo region of the American Southwest. These deposits are particularly numerous in the roof support pillars of circular ritual structures (kivas) at the site of Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon, which served as the ceremonial hub of the Chacoan regional system between the tenth and twelfth centuries ce. Based on the importance of directionality and colour in traditional Pueblo worldviews, archaeologists speculate that the contents of these radial offerings may likewise reference significant Chacoan cosmographic elements. In this paper, I explore this idea by examining the distribution of colours and materials in kiva pilaster repositories in relation to directional quadrants, prominent landscape features, and raw material sources. I discuss the results in the context of Pueblo cosmology and assemblage theory, arguing that particular colours were polyvalent and relational, deriving their meanings from their positions within interacting and heterogenous assemblages.

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