scholarly journals Consumer Perception: Animosity, Ethnocentrism and Willingness to Buy Chinese Products

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter N. Kiriri
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Global Trade ◽  
Electronic Products ◽  
Consumer Ethnocentrism ◽  
Consumer Animosity ◽  
Willingness To Buy ◽  
Product Judgments

Global developments have seen the rapid growth of international marketing due to trade liberalization and a reduction in barriers to global trade. This has resulted in opening up of new markets and availability of foreign products in domestic markets. China has taken a leading role in global trade due to its low levels of production costs and technological advancements. Chinese electronic products can now be found most parts of the world. This study attempted at determining the attitudes of consumers towards made in China products. It was guided by the concepts of consumer ethnocentrism and consumer animosity and how these influenced the willingness to buy Chinese electronic products. A sample size of 385 was chosen with 319 participating. Data was collected through a questionnaire adopted and modified from a study by Quang, DinhChien and Long (2017) in Vietnam. Factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modelling (SEM) techniques were used in the analysis. From the findings, it was evident that amongst the Kenyans, consumer ethnocentrism influences the level of consumer animosity. In instances where consumer animosity existed, it did not have an impact on product judgments. Though the respondents had expressed some level of animosity towards China, the same did not have a negative impact on product judgments. In terms of consumer ethnocentrism, the respondents indicated that it had a negative impact on product judgments, an indication that a high level of ethnocentrism will lead to unfavourable attitudes towards a product from a foreign country.

scholarly journals Consumer Perception: Animosity, Ethnocentrism and Willingness to Buy Chinese Products

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Peter N. Kiriri
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Global Trade ◽  
Electronic Products ◽  
Consumer Ethnocentrism ◽  
Consumer Animosity ◽  
Willingness To Buy ◽  
Product Judgments

Global developments have seen the rapid growth of international marketing due to trade liberalization and a reduction in barriers to global trade. This has resulted in opening up of new markets and availability of foreign products in domestic markets. China has taken a leading role in global trade due to its low levels of production costs and technological advancements. Chinese electronic products can now be found most parts of the world. This study attempted at determining the attitudes of consumers towards made in China products. It was guided by the concepts of consumer ethnocentrism and consumer animosity and how these influenced the willingness to buy Chinese electronic products. A sample size of 385 was chosen with 319 participating. Data was collected through a questionnaire adopted and modified from a study by Quang, DinhChien and Long (2017) in Vietnam. Factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modelling (SEM) techniques were used in the analysis. From the findings, it was evident that amongst the Kenyans, consumer ethnocentrism influences the level of consumer animosity. In instances where consumer animosity existed, it did not have an impact on product judgments. Though the respondents had expressed some level of animosity towards China, the same did not have a negative impact on product judgments. In terms of consumer ethnocentrism, the respondents indicated that it had a negative impact on product judgments, an indication that a high level of ethnocentrism will lead to unfavourable attitudes towards a product from a foreign country.

Consumer racism: a scale modification

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 616-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samshul-Amry Abdul-Latif ◽  
Asmat-Nizam Abdul-Talib
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Measurement Scale ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Consumer Ethnocentrism ◽  
Consumer Animosity ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Racial Context

Purpose Consumer racism describes the act of purchase discrimination based on ethnic and/or cultural differences. As the original consumer racism scale was developed based on a western context and environment, most of its items may be unsuitable for use in certain non-western countries. The purpose of this paper is to modify the existing consumer racism scale to include the elements of inter-ethnic relationships, historical occurrences and political situations, which are crucial in shaping and influencing racism in a multi-religion and multi-racial context. Design/methodology/approach After generating new items and retaining or removing others for a modified consumer racism scale, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) is performed based on 145 respondents followed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) based on 176 respondents. The modified scale, including two other related constructs (consumer ethnocentrism and consumer animosity), is then tested through structural equation modeling (SEM) using WarpPLS 5.0 and data from 495 respondents. Findings EFA and CFA results suggest that the modified eight-item consumer racism scale is applicable in a multi-ethnic scenario. However, SEM findings contradict previous studies; thus, discussion of the possible effects of consumer racism is based on two different approaches. Research limitations/implications Future research could be expanded into other ethnic groups and countries, and/or to different products, categories and brands. Originality/value The main contributions of this study are the validation of the modified measurement scale and demonstration of its applicability in a multi-ethnic scenario. The study is based on data from a multi-ethnic, multi-religion and multi-cultural country: Malaysia.

Consumer ethnocentrism and consumer animosity: antecedents and consequences

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pilar Fernández-Ferrín ◽  
Belén Bande-Vilela ◽  
Jill Gabrielle Klein ◽  
M. Luisa del Río-Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Product Category ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Single Model ◽  
Specific Product ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Consumer Ethnocentrism ◽  
Consumer Animosity ◽  
The Us ◽  
Antecedents And Consequences

Purpose – Consumer ethnocentrism and consumer animosity provide marketing management with two useful concepts to understand the reasons behind consumers’ purchase decisions concerning domestic vs imported products. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the antecedents and consequences of animosity and ethnocentrism within a single model, and respondents’ evaluations of a specific product category are solicited. Design/methodology/approach – The study is conducted within an ideal context for the study of consumer animosity: data were collected in Belgrade shortly after the US-led NATO bombings of 1999. The surveys were carried out in person at the interviewees’ home. The sample was part of a regular omnibus panel composed of 270 adult respondents, of which 92.2 percent agreed to participate. Findings – The findings indicate that animosity and consumer ethnocentrism are distinct constructs. Also consistent with previous research, results obtained confirm that each construct has unique antecedents and consequences. Practical implications – Once consumer animosity and ethnocentrism levels have been measured, managers can then make decisions about whether to promote their country of origin or, alternatively, create more powerful local connections for their products. Thus, the consideration of animosity and ethnocentrism can be part of a firm’s international strategies. Originality/value – Previous studies on consumer animosity have demonstrated through structural equation modeling that the two constructs are distinct and have distinct antecedents, but research has not examined both the antecedents and the consequences of animosity and ethnocentrism in the same study. Thus, this study investigates the antecedents and consequences of animosity and ethnocentrism within a single model.

Consumer Racism in the Context of Foreign Product Purchase: A Conceptual Framework

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 957-960
Author(s):  
Khairul Anuar Mohammad Shah ◽  
Harmimi Harun Bahari
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Purchase Behavior ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Foreign Product ◽  
Foreign Products ◽  
Consumer Animosity ◽  
Willingness To Buy ◽  
Product Judgments ◽  
Independent Variable

With the growth of international trade and business, various ranges of products from different national origins are now available in many countries throughout the world. This has resulted in greater interest in examining consumer attitudes towards products of different national origins. There are so many factors that can influence the attitude of local consumer towards the purchase of foreign made products. For example, the source of negative attitude can be witness in the model developed by Klein, Ettenson and Morris. In their model, two sources of negative attitudes towards foreign made products were included, i.e., consumer animosity and consumer ethnocentrism. The current study attempts to conceptualize the construct of consumer racism into the consumer purchase behavior towards the foreign made products. This study proposes a framework related to the negative attitude on foreign products purchase by integrating the construct of consumer racism based on previous literatures and the underlying theory. Independent variable will be consumer racism, product judgments will be employed as mediating variable, and willingness to buy as the dependent variable. In this study, 5 hypotheses will be proposed based on the conceptual framework outlined.

Antecedents of consumer animosity and the role of product involvement on purchase intentions

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji Eun Park ◽  
Sung-Joon Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Purchase Intention ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Purchase Intentions ◽  
Product Involvement ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Consumer Animosity

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to further our understanding of the sources of consumer animosity and the moderating role of product involvement on purchase intentions. Design/methodology/approach Animosity is examined in the context of South Korean consumers’ purchase intentions toward Japanese products. A structural equation model was estimated in Lisrel 8.80 to assess the proposed model. Findings The results offer evidence that consumer ethnocentrism and susceptibility to normative influence have a positive relationship with animosity while cosmopolitanism has a negative relationship with animosity. Furthermore, animosity negatively influences intentions to purchase for high-involvement products, but not for low-involvement products. Practical implications International marketing managers can better identify the risk that consumer animosity poses to their products and services based on level of product involvement and characteristics of the market segment. Originality/value This study offers clarity to the understanding of animosity by examining additional antecedents of animosity that reflect different world views. It also provides an exception to the previous findings that in general animosity has a negative impact on consumers’ willingness to buy products of countries for which consumers have animosity. In other words, the effect of animosity on purchase intention of products from a disliked country depends on the degree of involvement.

scholarly journals Reflection of animosities among countries on consumers: A conceptual study on consumer animosity conceptÜlkeler arasındaki düşmanlıkların tüketicilere yansıması: Tüketici düşmanlığı kavramı üzerine kavramsal bir çalışma

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 1711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hakan Kiracı
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Country Image ◽  
Buying Behavior ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Consumer Ethnocentrism ◽  
Distinct Structure ◽  
Consumer Animosity ◽  
Willingness To Buy ◽  
Conceptual Study ◽  
Target Country

Consumer animosity which was firstly defined by Klein et al. (1998) is often used to explain consumers’ buying behavior from a foreign country. Considering the findings and results of past empirical studies, it could be seen that consumer animosity especially was a stronger predictor of willingness to buy foreign (target country-ies) products and consumer animosity was significantly distinct structure from consumer ethnocentrism which was previously conceptualized by Shimp and Sharma (1987). In this study, in the era of increasing anti-country currents, it was explained the consumer animosity concept that could be defined as strong negative emotions toward purchasing products from a disliked country and mentioned the differences and similarities between consumer animosity and other concepts such as consumer ethnocentrism, origin-of-country effect, country image, country boycott, consumer cosmopolitanism. In this aim, it was collected the findings and results of past studies, revealed the drivers and outcomes related to consumer animosity, pointed out the importance of consumer animosity on businesses actions, and presented the results of classifications related to consumer animosity concept and proposals to the businesses and future studies. Extended English abstract is in the end of PDF (TURKISH) file. Özetİlk kez Klein vd. (1998) tarafından tanımlanan tüketici düşmanlığı, tüketicilerin yabancı ülkelerin ürünlerini satın alma davranışlarını açıklamada sıkça kullanılan bir kavramdır. Tüketici düşmanlığı konusunda günümüze dek yapılan ampirik çalışmalar sonucunda ortaya çıkan bulgular; tüketici düşmanlığının yabancı ürün satın alma niyetinin belirlenmesinde güçlü bir tahmin değişkeni olduğunu yansıtmaktadır. Bunun yanında, tüketici düşmanlığının daha önce Shimp ve Sharma (1987) tarafından tanımlanan tüketici etnosentrizminden ayrı bir yapıyı temsil ettiği ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Bu çalışmada; anti-ülke akımlarının günden güne çoğaldığı çağımızda, belirli bir ülkeye karşı hissedilen olumsuz duyguların karşılığı olarak ortaya çıkan tüketici düşmanlığı kavramı açıklanmakta ve bu kavramın, tüketici etnosentrizmi, orijin ülke etkisi, ülke imajı, ülke boykotu, tüketici kosmopolitanlığı vb. kavramlarla benzer ve farklı yönleri dile getirilmektedir. Bu amaçla, daha önce tüketici düşmanlığı konusunda yapılmış kuramsal ve ampirik çalışmaların bulguları derlenmekte, tüketicilerin hissettiği düşmanlığın neden ve sonuçları belirtilmekte, tüketici düşmanlığı kavramının işletmeler açısından taşıdığı öneme değinilmekte, tüketici düşmanlığı konusunda yapılan sınıflandırmalar sonucu ortaya atılan düşmanlık türleri açıklanmakta ve son olarak işletmeler ve gelecek araştırmalar için öneriler sunulmaktadır.

scholarly journals An examination of ethnic-based consumer ethnocentrism and consumer animosity

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samshul-Amry Abdul-Latif ◽  
Asmat-Nizam Abdul-Talib
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Purchasing Behavior ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Consumer Ethnocentrism ◽  
Consumer Animosity ◽  
Product Judgment ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of consumer ethnocentrism and consumer animosity at the ethnic level. This study examines both effects on an ethnic majority’s consumption of an ethnic minority’s products and services, focusing on the relationship between two ethnic groups in Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach The relationship between the constructs were analyzed using the co-variance-based structural equation modeling techniques with analysis of a moment structures version 21. Self-administered questionnaires were obtained from 325 Malay respondents in 2 Malaysian cities. Findings The results suggest that ethnic-based consumer ethnocentrism can negatively affect product judgment and product judgment can affect consumers’ willingness to buy. Two significant findings were rejected as the directions of the results were not as hypothesized. Research limitations/implications Future research could study other ethnic groups of different countries using specific ethnic related products and/or brands. Originality/value This research suggests that ethnic-based ethnocentrism and ethnic-based animosity are important factors for businesses to consider as both can affect ethnic consumers’ purchasing behavior. Depending on ethnic consumers’ perception toward a brand, a manager may face either an opportunity or a challenge.

scholarly journals Travelers’ Adoption Behavior towards Electric Vehicles in Lahore, Pakistan: An Extension of Norm Activation Model (NAM) Theory

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ashraf Javid ◽  
Nazam Ali ◽  
Muhammad Abdullah ◽  
Tiziana Campisi ◽  
Syed Arif Hussain Shah
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Activation Model ◽  
Willingness To Buy ◽  
Personal Norm ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Willingness To Use

This study aims to identify the travelers’ adoption behavior towards electric vehicles (EVs) using the theoretical background of the Norm Activation Model (NAM) theory. A questionnaire was designed and conducted in Lahore, Pakistan. A total of 402 usable samples were obtained. The collected data were analyzed using factor analysis and Structural Equation Modeling methods. The factor analysis confirmed the hypothesis of the statements designed according to the NAM theory, that is, awareness of consequences (AC), ascription of responsibility (AR), and personal norm (PN). Other factor analyses resulted in the following reliable factors: social and economic values (SEV), personal preferences (PP), willingness to buy (Buy), and willingness to use (Use) of an EV. The results of SEM revealed that the AC, AR, and SEV are significant predictors of PN, whereas the PN and PP are also positive predictors of travelers’ willingness to buy and use. The young travelers (≤30 years), motorcycle users, employees, and trip distance (>10 km) have significant and positive correlations with the PN. The car ownership status of travelers has a positive correlation with the ownership and usage of EVs. Suitable behavioral intervention techniques were derived to promote the ownership and usage of EVs in the context of developing regions.

scholarly journals The Impact of Consumer Animosity and Consumer Ethnocentrism on Intention to Purchase Foreign Products: The Case of Chinese Branded Household Appliances in Vietnam Market

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (4(J)) ◽  
pp. 22-36
Author(s):  
Nguyen ThiHuong Giang
Keyword(s):  
Purchase Intention ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Economic Hardship ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Household Appliances ◽  
Consumer Ethnocentrism ◽  
Foreign Products ◽  
Consumer Animosity ◽  
The Impact

Vietnam-China bilateral relationship has sharply declined due to the recent conflicts on both economic and political affairs. On top of that, the current controversial incident regarding the East Sea issue has constantly deteriorated the connection. At this critical time when the effects of consumers’ attitude toward Chinese products could not be overlooked, the empirical study aims to investigate the impacts of Consumer Animosity and Consumer Ethnocentrism on Purchase Intention of Chinese branded merchandise with the mediating role of Consumer Judgment. Household appliance category is chosen because of the dominance of Chinese brands in Vietnam market. In addition to the assessment of Animosity effect on Purchase Intention, the research is designated to examine its antecedences, including Perceived Economic Hardship and Normative Influences as well as their influences on Animosity. Structural Equation Modeling was utilized to test the theoretical framework, analyzing the data from a sample of 349 consumers with diverse backgrounds. The results have demonstrated that only Perceived economic hardship manifest a significant impacts on Animosity. Meanwhile, Animosity and Ethnocentrism have negative relationships with both Chinese branded household appliances Judgment and Purchase Intention. Overall, the study provides specific discussion and recommendations for the Vietnam household appliances industry and at the same time points into various directions for further researches.

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