Chemical and Physical Properties of FSC Cigarette Papers and Physical Properties of the Cigarettes They Were Taken From: Results From a Small Product Survey of Cigarette Brand-Styles Sold in the USA

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Lauterbach
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Cigarette Brand ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Physical Tests ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Small Product

We undertook a small product survey in which we purchased a range of brand-styles at retail and sent them to commercial laboratories for dimensional and physical tests, including banded and nonbanded area porosities. Other analyses obtained used chemical, chromatographic, and spectrophotometric (FT-IR) techniques to identify main banding agents and additives used with them. One finding from this study was at least at the time the samples were collected, some companies used just one FSC paper for all products while others used multiple FSC papers.<br>

Chemical and Physical Properties of FSC Cigarette Papers and Physical Properties of the Cigarettes They Were Taken From: Results From a Small Product Survey of Cigarette Brand-Styles Sold in the USA

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Lauterbach
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Cigarette Brand ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Physical Tests ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Small Product

We undertook a small product survey in which we purchased a range of brand-styles at retail and sent them to commercial laboratories for dimensional and physical tests, including banded and nonbanded area porosities. Other analyses obtained used chemical, chromatographic, and spectrophotometric (FT-IR) techniques to identify main banding agents and additives used with them. One finding from this study was at least at the time the samples were collected, some companies used just one FSC paper for all products while others used multiple FSC papers.<br>

scholarly journals Preparation and Identification of Novel 1, 3-Oxazepine Derivatives by Cycloaddition Reactions [2+5] of Selected Carboxylic Acid Anhydrides with Imines Derived from 4-methyl aniline

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Obaid H. Abid ◽  
Ahmed Khames Ramadan
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Spectral Data ◽  
1H Nmr ◽  
Cycloaddition Reaction ◽  
Absolute Ethanol ◽  
Cycloaddition Reactions ◽  
Thermal Condensation ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Acid Anhydrides

Novel 1,3-oxazepine derivatives have been synthesis via (2+5) cycloaddition reaction of imines and selected cyclic carboxylic acid anhydrides by refluxing in dry benzene. Imines have been prepared by thermal condensation of 4-methyl aniline and para substituted benzaldehyde in absolute ethanol under reflux conditions. The structure of the target compounds were Identified by some physical properties and spectral data of FT-IR and 1H-NMR.

The Effect of Solvent Polarity on Phase Transformation of Citrogypsum via Hydrothermal Process

2019 ◽  
Vol 803 ◽  
pp. 351-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thanakit Sirimahasal ◽  
Yutthana Kalhong ◽  
Lida Simasatitkul ◽  
Siriporn Pranee ◽  
Samitthichai Seeyangnok
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Calcium Sulfate ◽  
Hydrothermal Process ◽  
Solvent Polarity ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Crystal Water ◽  
Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate ◽  
Hexagonal Shape ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Hexane Solution

Calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO4•2H2O, CSD), gypsum is a by-product in the production of citric acid (citryogypsum). This by-product could neither be exploited nor distributed as a reactant because of its physical properties including those that are not equivalent to natural gypsum. Moreover, the mentioned citrogypsum has been continually increasing environmental problems. Therefore, this research aims at how to recycle gypsum that is synthesized by hydrothermal method at 95oC for 7 hrs under the atmospheric pressure via different solutions (MeOH, EtOH, PrOH, BuOH and Hexane). In order to produce alpha-calcium sulfate hemihydrate (α-CaSO4•0.5H2O, α-CSH) with improved physical properties that will be used for different industries. FT-IR reveals the chemical composition of crystal and the adsorption of methyl group on the surface. Besides, TGA thermogram shows the theoretical crystal water content of CSD and α-CSH 20.9 wt% and 6.2 wt% respectively. The DSC thermogram, shows that endothermic peaks at 151.2 oC and 168.5 oC. There were two steps of loss at 1.5 and 0.5 water molecule respectively. With SEM images of crystal shows the plate-like shape of citrogypsum, while α-CSH shows the hexagonal shape excluding hexane solution. Of all the results, the polarity of solution has an impact on the transition of CSD to α-CSH under this condition.

Monitoring of Fluctuations in the Physical Properties of a Class C Fly Ash

1986 ◽  
Vol 86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Schlorholtz ◽  
Ken Bergeson ◽  
Turgut Demirel
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Setting Time ◽  
Portland Cement Concrete ◽  
Cement Concrete ◽  
Soil Base ◽  
Volume Stability ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Physical Tests

ABSTRACTThe “quality” of fly ash produced during 1985 at Ottumwa Generation Station, was evaluated by two different experimental programs. The first consisted of the physical tests specified in ASTM C 311; these results are applicable to the use of fly ash as an admixture to portland cement concrete. The second consisted of monitoring the changes in the physical properties of fly ash pastes; these results would be applicable to the use of fly ash as a grout or a soil base stabilization agent. The physical properties monitored during the testing program were compressive strength, volume stability and setting time. In general, the results obtained from the two testing programs were quite different. When using testing procedures defined by ASTM C 311 the fly ash appeared quite uniform, but results obtained from the fly ash pastes were quite erratic. It was found that compressive strengths of the pastes can vary by a factor of five in rather short periods of time.

scholarly journals Differences in flavourant levels and synthetic coolant use between USA, EU and Canadian Juul products

2020 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2019-055500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanno C Erythropel ◽  
Paul T Anastas ◽  
Suchitra Krishnan-Sarin ◽  
Stephanie S O'Malley ◽  
Sven Eric Jordt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Power Output ◽  
User Preferences ◽  
Aerosol Delivery ◽  
Nicotine Content ◽  
Triethyl Citrate ◽  
Cigarette Brand ◽  
Label Information ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Eu

Background‘Juul’ is the dominant US e-cigarette brand and was recently introduced to Canada, UK, France, Germany and Italy, with several flavours available across countries. US/Canadian products are sold with 5%, 3% and 1.5% (Canada only) nicotine content, whereas European Union (EU) regulation limits nicotine content to 1.7%. The differential nicotine content raises the question if flavour profiles and Juul device power output differ between countries.Methods‘Mint’, ‘Vanilla’ and ‘Mango’ e-liquids from all six countries were purchased in 2019 and analysed by GC/MS for their principal flavourant and nicotine content. In addition, device power specifications were compared for devices purchased from the respective countries.ResultsCompositions of Juul e-liquids from the USA and Canada were identical and differed from the EU-marketed liquids, in which principal flavourant concentrations were significantly lower. EU Juul ‘Mint’ e-liquids contained a synthetic coolant, N-ethyl-p-menthane-3-carboxamide (WS-3), absent in US/Canadian products. US/Canadian ‘Mango’ e-liquid contained triethyl-citrate, an emulsifier. Nicotine contents matched label information, and devices had identical power specifications.ConclusionsTested US/Canadian Juul e-liquids contained higher flavour concentrations than EU products, likely reflecting adaptation to user preferences. In EU, ‘Mint’ e-liquid, menthol is partially substituted with the synthetic coolant WS-3 that elicits a cooling effect like menthol but lacks its distinct ‘minty’ odour. The inhalational safety of WS-3 is unknown. The use of an emulsifier in US/Canadian ‘Mango’ Juul e-liquid may be necessary to keep the product homogeneous. Similar power specifications of devices between countries suggest that nicotine aerosol delivery is likely proportional to the e-liquid nicotine content.

scholarly journals Vaping versus JUULing: how the extraordinary growth and marketing of JUUL transformed the US retail e-cigarette market

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jidong Huang ◽  
Zongshuan Duan ◽  
Julian Kwok ◽  
Steven Binns ◽  
Lisa E Vera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sales Growth ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Retail Sales ◽  
Media Environment ◽  
Tobacco Marketing ◽  
Cigarette Brand ◽  
The Us ◽  
Youth And Young Adults ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Marketing Expenditures

BackgroundWhile national surveys showed declines in e-cigarette use in the USA between 2015 and 2016, recent reports indicate that JUUL, a sleekly designed e-cigarette that looks like a USB drive, is increasingly being used by youth and young adults. However, the extent of JUUL’s growth and its marketing strategy have not been systematically examined.MethodsA variety of data sources were used to examine JUUL retail sales in the USA and its marketing and promotion. Retail store scanner data were used to capture the retail sales of JUUL and other major e-cigarette brands for the period 2011–2017. A list of JUUL-related keywords was used to identify JUUL-related tweets on Twitter; to identify JUUL-related posts, hashtags and accounts on Instagram and to identify JUUL-related videos on YouTube.ResultsIn the short 3-year period 2015–2017, JUUL has transformed from a little-known brand with minimum sales into the largest retail e-cigarette brand in the USA, lifting sales of the entire e-cigarette category. Its US$150 million retail sales in the last quarter of 2017 accounted for about 40% of e-cigarette retail market share. While marketing expenditures for JUUL were moderate, the sales growth of JUUL was accompanied by a variety of innovative, engaging and wide-reaching campaigns on Twitter, Instagram and YouTube, conducted by JUUL and its affiliated marketers.ConclusionsThe discrepancies between e-cigarette sales data and the prevalence of e-cigarette use from surveys highlight the challenges in tracking and understanding the use of new and emerging tobacco products. In a rapidly changing media environment, where successful and influential marketing campaigns can be conducted on social media at little cost, marketing expenditures alone may not fully capture the influence, reach and engagement of tobacco marketing.

Effect of Heat-Treatment Temperature on the Osteoconductivity of the Apatite Derived from Bovine Bone

2006 ◽  
Vol 309-311 ◽  
pp. 41-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang Hoon Rhee ◽  
Ho Nam Park ◽  
Yang Jo Seol ◽  
Chong Pyong Chung ◽  
Sang Hyuk Han
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment Temperature ◽  
Zealand White Rabbit ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Bovine Bone ◽  
Carbonate Ions ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Field Emission Electron Microscopy

Effect of heat-treatment temperature on the osteoconductivity of the apatite derived from bovine trabecular bone was investigated. Three different heat-treatment temperatures (600, 800 and 1000 oC) were adopted in the experiment and their effects on the physical properties of apatite granules, which could affect on the osteoconductivity, were evaluated. The content of carbonate ions in the apatite structure was assessed by FT-IR and its crystallinity was evaluated by X-ray diffractometry. The microstructure was assessed by field emission electron microscopy. Apatite granules heat-treated at 600 oC and 1000 oC were implanted into the calvaria of New Zealand White rabbit for 4 weeks, respectively, and the undecalcified ground histologic specimens stained with multiple staining method was observed. As increasing the heat-treatment temperature, the crystal size and crystallinity of the apatite increased while the content of carbonate ions decreased. The apatite granules heat-treated at 600 oC showed much better osteoconductivity comparing to that heat-treated at 1000 oC. The results were explained in terms of the physical properties of apatite which could affect to the osteoconductivity.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Salmon Adhesion on PET-Metal Interface by ATR, FT-IR, and Raman Spectroscopy

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Zumelzu ◽  
M. J. Wehrhahn ◽  
F. Rull ◽  
H. Pesenti ◽  
O. Muñoz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Polymer Coatings ◽  
New Production ◽  
Ir And Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Chromium Vi ◽  
Physical Tests ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ir And Raman

The material employed in this study is an ecoefficient, environmentally friendly, chromium (VI)-free (noncarcinogenic) metal polymer. The originality of the research lies in the study of the effect of new production procedures of salmon on metal packaging with multilayer polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polymer coatings. Our hypothesis states that the adhesion of postmortem salmon muscles to the PET polymer coating produces surface and structural changes that affect the functionality and limit the useful life of metal containers, compromising therefore their recycling capacity as ecomaterials. This work is focused on studying the effects of the biochemical changes of postmortem salmon on the PET coating and how muscle degradation favors adhesion to the container. The experimental design considered a series of laboratory tests of containers simulating the conditions of canned salmon, chemical and physical tests of food-contact canning to evaluate the adhesion, and characterization of changes in the multilayer PET polymer by electron microscopy, ATR, FT-IR, and Raman spectroscopy analyses. The analyses determined the effect of heat treatment of containers on the loss of freshness of canned fish and the increased adhesion to the container wall, and the limited capability of the urea treatment to remove salmon muscle from the container for recycling purposes.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document