scholarly journals Des enfants-médiateurs et leur perception des objets et des personnages historiques d’un musée d’histoire au Québec

Author(s):  
Thérèse Martin

Abstract: In our previous research (Martin, 2011), we studied the experiences of children (age 7 to 11) visiting science museums. We now shift our focus to history museums. This exploratory research dealing with a small group of “child-guides” aims to showcase the relationships between these children and exhibited museum objects and historical people. The collected words spoken by the children when presenting the exhibition (or in their “guide” role) will enable us to report the various exhibit approaches used by the Musée des Ursulines de Québec.KEYWORDS: Museum of History and Civilisation; child visitors; visit experience; presentation, understanding of heritage.KEYWORDS:Museum of History and Civilisation; child visitors; visit experience; presentation, understanding of heritageRésumé: Dans nos recherches précédentes (Martin, 2011), nous nous étions intéressés à l'expérience de visite des enfants (de 7 à 11 ans) dans les musées de sciences. À présent, nous portons notre intérêt à l’expérience de visite dans les musées d'histoire. Cette recherche exploratoire portant sur un petit groupe d'enfants-« guides » vise à mettre en évidence les relations établies par des enfants avec les objets du musée et les personnages historiques exposés. Les paroles des enfants ainsi recueillies lors de leur présentation de l'exposition (ou dans leur rôle de « guide ») nous permettront de rendre compte des différents modes  d’approches de l'exposition du Musée des Ursulines à Québec.MOTS CLES: Musée d'histoire et de civilization; visiteurs-enfants; expérience de visite; interpretation; médiation du patrimoineMOTS CLES: Musée d'histoire et de civilization; visiteurs-enfants; expérience de visite; interpretation; médiation du patrimoine

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Hunton

Gathering problem-relevant information through small-group discussion is one method for initial decision making. A collective information sampling (CIS) model offered by Stasser and Titus (1987) suggests that two inherent biases, the common information sampling bias and a related recency effect, act in concert to suboptimize the efficacy of group discussion. The objectives of this exploratory study are to refine the predictive validity the CIS model and test a group intervention technique designed to mitigate the common information sampling and recency biases. Analysis of the evidence from a laboratory and field experiment suggests that the refined CIS model accurately predicted the distribution of information items entered into group discussion. While the control groups exhibited both the common information sampling bias and primacy effect, these biases were mitigated in the treatment groups after receiving an intervention technique called Shared Cognition Awareness Training (SCAT). Results obtained from this exploratory research indicate that the refined CIS model can offer researchers a useful prediction tool and the SCAT intervention technique presents a relatively straightforward means of invoking a more complete exchange of potentially valuable information during small-group discussion.


2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils Petter Hauan ◽  
Stein Dankert Kolstø

One aim for many natural history museums, science museums and science centres is to contribute to school-related learning in science. In this article we review published empirical studies of this challenging area. The review indicates that the effectiveness of educational activities at different types of science-communication venues (SCV) in supporting students’ science learning varies. There is also evidence of interesting differences between activities, depending on how these activities are designed. Firstly, these activities can stimulate interest and conceptual focus through a well-designed combination of structure and openness. Secondly, they can stimulate talks and explorations related to the presented topics. We have identified two possible areas which might prove fruitful in guiding further research: an exploration of the effects of different designs for guided exploratory learning, and an evaluation of the effectiveness of educational activities by studying the presence and quality of the learning processes visitors are engaged in. 


Author(s):  
Александр Александрович Писарев

Статья посвящена изменениям образности таксидермических объектов в музеях естественной истории. На ряде случаев прослеживаются связи этих изменений с трансформациями сети разнородных элементов – научных теорий и парадигм, музея, национальной политики, моральных представлений. Таксидермический объект понимается как объект науки, обладающий собственной материальностью и историей, музей – как пространство репрезентации природы, научных категорий и морально- политических идей. Таксидермия входит в музей естественной истории в XVIII веке ценой стирания своей художественности и искусственности в пользу объективной репрезентации «самой» природы. В контексте географических открытий и колониальных завоеваний чучела позволяли решить проблему удаленного во времени и пространстве наблюдения. Благодаря натурализации удается превратить чучело, теперь анонимное и стандартизированное, в воплощение таксона линнеевской систематики, неотделимой от соображений государственного управления ресурсами. Эта сцепка проявлялась в организации пространства экспозиции. В XIX веке с изменением принципа систематики, разработкой идеи организма в таксидермическую экспозицию через диорамы и биологические группы вводится измерение жизни. На конкретном примере демонстрируется использование таксидермических диорам в качестве инструмента морально-политической субъективации индивидов. В середине XX века наступает упадок таксидермии. Актуальная наука меняется и уходит из музеев естественной истории, разрушается колониальная система, критически переосмысливается отношение к колониальному наследию и животным, развиваются кинотехника и телевидение. Чучела становятся нежеланными артефактами жестокой политики и эстетики прежней эпохи и в большей степени объектами критических исследований и истории науки, чем науки. Музеи же, теряя финансирование и посетителей, оказываются в дважды противоречивом положении. Во-первых, между антиисторической натурализирующей научностью и историчностью денатурализованных экспонатов. Во-вторых, между неоднозначными эстетикой и историей таксидермии и изменившимся моральным порядком. Помимо других способов они пытаются разрешить эти противоречия путем переинтерпретации таксидермической экспозиции в рамках экологической повестки и при помощи точечных материально-дискурсивных вмешательств, превращающих чучела в аллегории вымирания и поврежденной природы. Этот ход позволяет удержаться в границах естественно-научного дискурса, одновременно обращаясь к моральному чувству посетителя. Однако при этом он воспроизводит мифологему «золотого века», основанную на противопоставлении природы и культуры, естественного и искусственного. На этом фоне выделяются другие траектории чучел в музее. Во-первых, художественные интервенции на территории музея, обращающиеся к таксидермии и шире архиву естественной истории. В таких случаях музей делегирует художникам право критической рефлексии по поводу научной идеологии и власти. Приводится ряд примеров таких интервенций. Во-вторых, таксидермические коллекции новых типов, изначально создаваемые не как плод объективирующего и систематизирующего подхода науки, а как проявление систематичности насилия и новой природы, безразличной к упомянутым выше оппозициям. Такая таксидермия может стать инструментом осмысления новой природы в эпоху, столь неудачно названную антропоценом, и рабочим объектом постгуманистической образности. The article is devoted to the transformations of the imagery of taxidermic objects in natural history museums. By examining several cases these transformations are linked to changes in a network of heterogeneous contexts - scientific theories and paradigms, the role of the museum, national politics, and public morals. While discussing the topic a taxidermic object is understood as an object of science with its own materiality and history and science museum is considered as a space for the representation of nature, scientific categories, and moral and political ideas, and as an instrument of collective empiricism. The history of taxidermy in a museum is the history of erasing its artistry and artificiality in favor of an objective representation of nature “itself". This naturalization makes it possible to turn the stuffed animal, now anonymous and standardized, into a taxon of Linnaean taxonomy, inseparable from considerations of public resource management. The consequences of such entry into the museum for the visual nature of taxidermy are written out. Next, we consider the change in taxonomy in the XIX century and the introduction of the idea of life in taxidermic exposition through dioramas and biological groups. A concrete example demonstrates the use of taxidermic dioramas as a tool for moral and political transformation of individuals through the aura-like experience of nature. In the middle of the XX century, the decline of taxidermy begins. Due to the withdrawal of up-to-date science from natural history museums, changes in politics, collective imagination, and the ethics of dealing with colonial heritage and nature, museums are losing funding and visitors and are gradually shifting to the periphery of culture. It is shown that they find themselves in a twice contradictory position between their own anti-historical and naturalizing scientific nature and the historicity of denaturalized exhibits, between the ambiguous aesthetics, history of taxidermy and the changed moral order. Museums tried to resolve these contradictions and return to the current culture by including in the communication about the environmental agenda and the environmental reinterpretation of taxidermy exposition with the help of occasional material and discursive interventions that turn stuffed animals into allegories of extinction. This move allows them to stay within the boundaries of the natural science discourse of preservation species diversity, while simultaneously appealing to the moral sense of the visitor and influencing the collective sensibility. At the same time, it reproduces the mythologem of the "golden age", based on the opposition between nature and culture, natural and artificial. Thus, these contradictions are not completely resolved. The first possible way further are artistic interventions on the territory of the museum, in which the Museum delegates to artists the right of critical reflection on scientific ideology and power. A number of examples of such interventions are provided and analyzed. The second way are new taxidermy collections, initially created not as a result of the objectifying approach of science, but as a manifestation of systematic violence and a new nature, indifferent to the above-mentioned oppositions. Such taxidermy can become a tool for understanding the new nature in an era so aptly called the anthropocene, and a working object of posthumanistic imagery.


Author(s):  
Souad Abdelwahed

This article is an attempt to draw up an inventory of the process of the integration of TIC in teaching practices in the Tunisian school context following an exploratory research brought to the effective use of TIC by the teachers. This relates to the question of what teachers actually do with ICTs, rather than the question of what ICTs do to teachers. Thus, the researcher's view will not focus on ICT, but on their uses and contexts of use, this being through the use of version 3.0 of the research methodology (Karsenti, 2006). It is the application of a mixed methodology. What marks this study is the evolution and the structuring of the question treated, in a constructivist process, throughout the research. This work was carried out in three phases. First, it is a question of studying the feeling of self-efficacy towards ICT of teachers belonging to establishments equipped with ICT. Next, the empirical investigation touched on a well-targeted group of teachers recommended as “exemplary” teachers in terms of integrating ICT for educational purposes. It emerges from this phase that only one small group of teachers has really succeeded in developing effective uses of ICT in the classroom. This observation leads the research towards a more detailed investigation of the question of the use of ICT by the adoption of qualitative research. The interest here is to understand why and how a small group of teachers succeeded in effectively integrating ICT in their teaching practices in real classroom situations. It is an attempt to show and appreciate positive examples of innovative and creative teachers, succeeding in integrating ICT and eventually overcoming a number of “obstacles” in this area.


2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 216-226
Author(s):  
Katharina Schmitte ◽  
Bert Schreurs ◽  
Mien Segers ◽  
I. M. “Jim” Jawahar

Abstract. Adopting a within-person perspective, we theorize why ingratiation use directed toward an authority figure increases over time and for whom. We posit that as the appraisal event draws closer, the salience of achieving good evaluations increases, leading to an increasing use of ingratiation. We further propose that the increase will be stronger for individuals with low relative to high self-esteem. Participants were 349 students enrolled in a small-group, tutor-led management course. Data were collected in three bi-weekly waves and analyzed using random coefficient modeling. Results show that ingratiation use increased as time to the evaluation decreased, and low self-esteem students ingratiated more as time progressed. We conclude that ingratiation use varies as a function of contextual and inter-individual differences.


1999 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 361-363
Author(s):  
Andrea B. Hollingshead

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