scholarly journals Moral Uncertainty About Population Axiology

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilary Greaves ◽  
Toby Ord
Keyword(s):  
Critical Level ◽  
Moral Value ◽  
Moral Uncertainty ◽  
Total View ◽  
Deep Disagreement ◽  
Population Axiology

Given the deep disagreement surrounding population axiology, one should remain uncertain about which theory is best. However, this uncertainty need not leave one neutral about which acts are better or worse. We show that, as the number of lives at stake grows, the Expected Moral Value approach to axiological uncertainty systematically pushes one toward choosing the option preferred by the Total View and critical-level views, even if one’s credence in those theories is low.

scholarly journals Moral Uncertainty and Value Comparison

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amelia Hicks
Keyword(s):  
Rational Choice ◽  
Moral Deliberation ◽  
Moral Value ◽  
Moral Beliefs ◽  
Moral Uncertainty ◽  
Positive Motivation

Several philosophers have recently argued that decision-theoretic frameworks for rational choice under risk fail to provide prescriptions for choice in cases of moral uncertainty. They conclude that there are no rational norms that are “sensitive” to a decision maker’s moral uncertainty. But this chapter argues that one sometimes has a rational obligation to take one’s moral uncertainty into account in the course of moral deliberation. It first provides positive motivation for the view that one’s moral beliefs can affect what it is rational for one to choose. It then addresses the problem of value comparison, according to which one cannot determine the expected moral value of one’s actions. The chapter argues that we should not infer from the problem of value comparison that there are no rational norms governing choice under moral uncertainty.

AGAINST MORAL HEDGING

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ittay Nissan-Rozen
Keyword(s):  
Decision Rules ◽  
Rational Agent ◽  
Moral Value ◽  
Moral Uncertainty ◽  
Counter Example ◽  
False Assumption

Abstract:It has been argued by several philosophers that a morally motivated rational agent who has to make decisions under conditions of moral uncertainty ought to maximize expected moral value in his choices, where the expectation is calculated relative to the agent's moral uncertainty. I present a counter-example to this thesis and to a larger family of decision rules for choice under conditions of moral uncertainty. Based on this counter-example, I argue against the thesis and suggest a reason for its failure – that it is based on the false assumption that inter-theoretical comparisons of moral value are meaningful.

scholarly journals A Literary Aesthetics of War Crime

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (61) ◽  
pp. 135-153
Author(s):  
Rafe McGregor
Keyword(s):  
Moral Economy ◽  
War Crimes ◽  
Moral Value ◽  
Aesthetic Value ◽  
Systematic Relationship ◽  
Literary Aesthetics ◽  
Moral Uncertainty ◽  
Ethics Of Reading ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Literary Devices

In order to develop a literary aesthetics of war crime, I examine the phenomenon of moral immunity in military memoir. Using three paradigmatic examples of memoirs of unjust wars characterised by the routine perpetration of war crimes, I argue that moral immunity is achieved by means of three literary devices: literary irresponsibility, ethical peerage, and moral economy. I then employ the proposed literary aesthetics of war crime to provide an answer to the perennial question of the relationship between literature and morality as well as to two specific instantiations of this question, the value interaction debate in literary aesthetics and the ethics of reading in literary theory. My conclusion is that the literary aesthetics of war crime demonstrates both that there is a systematic relationship between aesthetic value and moral value and that there is no systematic relationship between literary ambiguity and moral uncertainty.

scholarly journals Doing the best one can: a new justification for the use of lotteries

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ittay Nissan-Rozen
Keyword(s):  
Moral Value ◽  
Moral Uncertainty ◽  
Moral Agents

In some cases in which rational and moral agents experience moral uncertainty, they are unable to assign exact degrees of moral value—in a non-arbitrary way—to some of the different acts available to them, and so are unable to choose with certainty the best act. This article presents a new justification for the use of lotteries in this kind of situation. It is argued that sometimes the only rational thing for a morally motivated agent to do here is to use a lottery.

The Kinds of Personality Disorders of The Main Character in Inside Out Movie Script

CALL ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Firman Nur Zaman ◽  
Udayani Permanaludin
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Psychoanalytic Theory ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Main Character ◽  
Moral Value ◽  
Dsm V ◽  
Movie Script ◽  
Inside Out

Movie script is a narrative literary wok that has intrinsic elements in it, that the intrinsic elements are theme, setting, point of view, plot, moral value, and last but not least are character and characterization. Movie script that are visualized into movies are categorized as modern dramas. Nowdays, the movie is used as a medium of entertainment and as a medium for delivering messages. This research aims to find two things, that is the personality disorders experienced by the main character in “Inside Out” movie script by Pete Docter. In this research, the researcher uses Sigmun Freud’s psychoanalytic theory (1923), and assisted by other supporting theories. The result of the research found that there were eight types of personality disorders of ten types of personality disorders. This research uses DSM-V (2013) as a reference for discussion of personality disorders.Keywords: Personality Disorder, Main Character, Inside Out Movie, Riley, Author, Dialogue, Narration.

On Sacrifice

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moshe Halbertal
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Life ◽  
Moral Value ◽  
Hierarchical Relationship ◽  
Ritual Violence ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Political Ideal ◽  
Self Transcendence ◽  
Political Associations ◽  
The Relationship

The idea and practice of sacrifice play a profound role in religion, ethics, and politics. This book explores the meaning and implications of sacrifice, developing a theory of sacrifice as an offering and examining the relationship between sacrifice, ritual, violence, and love. The book also looks at the place of self-sacrifice within ethical life and at the complex role of sacrifice as both a noble and destructive political ideal. In the religious domain, Halbertal argues, sacrifice is an offering, a gift given in the context of a hierarchical relationship. As such it is vulnerable to rejection, a trauma at the root of both ritual and violence. An offering is also an ambiguous gesture torn between a genuine expression of gratitude and love and an instrument of exchange, a tension that haunts the practice of sacrifice. In the moral and political domains, sacrifice is tied to the idea of self-transcendence, in which an individual sacrifices his or her self-interest for the sake of higher values and commitments. While self-sacrifice has great potential moral value, it can also be used to justify the most brutal acts. The book attempts to unravel the relationship between self-sacrifice and violence, arguing that misguided self-sacrifice is far more problematic than exaggerated self-love. Through the book's exploration of the positive and negative dimensions of self-sacrifice, it also addresses the role of past sacrifice in obligating future generations and in creating a bond for political associations, and considers the function of the modern state as a sacrificial community.

Narrative Empathie und der ethische Wert der Perspektiveneinnahme

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Schmetkamp
Keyword(s):  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
Moral Emotions ◽  
Direct Perception ◽  
Epistemic Situation ◽  
Fictional Character ◽  
Moral Value

Narrative Empathie liegt dann vor, wenn der empathische Nachvollzugsprozess der (emotionalen, epistemischen) Situationen anderer Personen oder fiktiver Figuren durch ein Narrativ, das heißt eine sinnzusammenhängende Erzählung, ausgelöst und strukturiert wird. Der Aufsatz knüpft an den phänomenologischen Ansatz von Empathie als direkte Wahrnehmung an, vertritt aber die These, dass gerade bei Narrativen die Imagination und die Perspektiveneinnahme hinzukommen müssen, damit retrospektiv, prospektiv oder gegenwärtig die Situation des Anderen und seiner individuellen Perspektive vergegenwärtigt und verstanden werden kann. Der narrativen Empathie wird ein indirekter ethischer Wert zugeschrieben: Durch das empathisch anschauliche Anteilnehmen am Narrativ des Anderen und einen damit verbundenen Perspektivwechsel können auch unsere eigenen Perspektiven erweitert werden; dies kann zu besserem Verständnis ungewohnter Sichtweisen führen und moralische Gefühle und Handlungen motivieren. Narrative empathy is the complex re-presentation of an (emotional, epistemic) situation of another person or a fictional character by means of a narrative, which is a structured and perspectively colored context of meaning. The paper sympathizes with the phenomenological approach of empathy as direct perception though at the same time arguing that in cases of (literary, filmic, dramatic) narratives imagination and perspective-taking is also needed in order to be able to comprehend and to understand the other’s situation retrospectively, prospectively or at present. According to the author, narrative empathy has an indirect moral value: the vivid empathetic participation in the other’s narrative and the process of perspective-taking can help to broaden one’s horizons; this can lead to a better understanding of unfamiliar and other worldviews and motivate moral emotions and actions.

KONSEP DAN IMPLEMENTASI ETIKA ISLAM DALAM DUNIA BISNIS

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurul Fatima Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Business Ethics ◽  
Business Ethic ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Ethical Dimension ◽  
Moral Value ◽  
Business People ◽  
Islamic Business Ethics ◽  
The Right

Indeed, in terms of the whole implementation of life has been arranged in the view of Islamic teachings to regulate all human life including in relation to the implementation of the economy and business. Islam does not allow any person to work haphazardly to achieve his/her goals and desires by justifying any means such as committing fraud, cheating, false vows, usury, and any other vanity deeds. But, Islam has given a boundary or line between the allowable and the unlawful, the right and wrong and the lawful and the unlawful. These limits or dividing lines are known as ethics. Behavior in business or trade is also not escaped from the moral value or business ethics values. Islamic business ethics is of which adheres to the principle of unity, equilibrium principle, freewill principle, responsibility principle, It is important for business people to integrate that ethical dimension into the framework or scope of the business. Keyword: Ethics, Business Ethics, Islamic Business Ethic.

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