scholarly journals Current state of atmospheric air pollution in Ukraine based on Sentinel-5P satellite data

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Demarcation Line ◽  
Industrial Cities ◽  
Azov Sea ◽  
Joint Forces ◽  
Total Column

Introduction. Industrial development and increasing traffic emissions cause air quality problems. The most accurate for air pollution analysis are ground-based data; however, it is very limited in space. Modelling could solve this problem, but huge amount of input information and limits of computational power make it difficult to analyze big territories with high resolution. Sentinel-5P satellite with TROPOMI instrument nowadays gives opportunities to monitor the air pollution with good spatial resolution. The purpose of the study is to analyse nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and formaldehyde spatial and temporal distribution over Ukraine and Black Sea and Azov Sea. Methods and raw data. There were selected Sentinel-5P data of NO2, SO2, CO and HCHO for the period from first data release in 2018 to June, 2019. Data processing implemented in Google Earth Engine using JavaScript programming in The Earth Engine Code Editor. Results and discussion. Joint analysis of NO2 tropospheric, stratospheric and total columns showed the prevailing of tropospheric NO2 content and therefore crucial role of anthropogenic emission sources. While background NO2 total column varies from 4·10-5 mol/m2 to 7·10-5 mol/m2, in the most polluted cities content exceeds 1·10-4 mol/m2. The highest values are observed in Kyiv and industrial cities in Donbas region. Some of them are situated in the area of Joint Forces Operation outside the demarcation line. Sentinel-5P data catch the large emissions from the local industries; however, no official confirmations about production volume are available. NO2 dispersion increase during winter with the values range from 1·10-5 mol/m2 to 3·10-5 mol/m2 over clean territories and 8·10-5 mol/m2 to 1·10-3 mol/m2 in industrial cities. Seasonal maximal observed during warm period in unpolluted regions and during winter in the cities. Cold seasonal NO2 content outbreaks in the mountains are the result of its transportation from industrial cities. Spatial distribution of CO total column over Ukraine is rather homogeneous because of CO lifetime in the atmosphere up to several months. It could be transported on the long distances, which makes identification of polluted regions difficult. However, several cities with maximal average values of more than 0.037mol/m2 prove the existence of extreme anthropogenic emissions. Overall background CO contents vary within 0.033–0.035 mol/m2. Coastal regions of the Black Sea and Azov Sea are more polluted by CO compared to the mainland, which could be the consequences of ships emissions. Temporal analysis of CO total column found 4 powerful emissions: three of them are anthropogenic in industrial cities and one is natural, connected with forest fires in Belarus and northern part of Rivne region in April, 2019. There is one location with huge SO2 emission in Ukraine, observed in Novyi Svit (Donetsk region) outside the demarcation line of Joint Forces Operation, which corresponds to Starobeshivska thermal power station. In general, higher SO2 contents are observed over Donetsk, Zaporizhia and Dnipro regions; also over the Black Sea and Azov Sea. For HCHO spatial distribution minimal values are typical for the Carpathians. It is well seen that SO2 content are higher in the Southern part of Ukraine than in the Western part. The research finds regularities in spatial distribution of pollutants over the sea area. During cold season higher concentrations could be observed over the main merchant vessels tracks in the Black Sea. In summer months, which coincide with the main tourist season, most polluted are shoreline area because of emissions from cabotage and fishing vessels. The study updates information about most polluted cities in Ukraine, especially in the regions with absence of ground-based measurements. Some of them are mentioned for the first time among other research. Air quality analysis in many industrial cities significantly changed over the last two years. It shows difficulties of long-term pollution forecast and scenarios based on historical data and observed trends. It is recommended to use ensemble modelling for this purpose with scenarios of emission reduction, increasing and temporal stability. Sentinel-5P data confirm the conclusions of previous research about dependence of NO2 annual cycle and seasonality phases shift from the level of anthropogenic load. Prospects for further research. Sentinel-5P spatial resolution expands the horizons for air pollution research. The most relevant are monitoring of short-term anthropogenic and natural emissions, pollutants’ seasonality changes in different macroclimatic conditions, research of ships emissions in Black Sea and Azov Sea, combination of satellite air pollution data with methods of “artificial intelligence” for individual emissions detection.

Influx of streaming methane into anoxic waters of the Black Sea basin

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 952-963
Author(s):  
Yu. G. Artemov ◽  
V. N. Egorov ◽  
S. B. Gulin
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Gas Bubble ◽  
Dissolved Methane ◽  
Anoxic Waters ◽  
Deep Waters ◽  
Methane Budget

Based on data on the spatial distribution and fluxes of streaming (bubbling) methane within the Black Sea, the rate of dissolved methane inflow to Black Sea deep waters was assessed. Calculations showed that gas bubble streams annually replenish the methane budget in the Black Sea by 1.2 109 m3, or 0.9 Tg, which is considerably less than determined by known biogeochemical estimates of components of methane balance in the Black Sea.

scholarly journals Drivers, mechanisms and long-term variability of seasonal hypoxia on the Black Sea northwestern shelf – is there any recovery after eutrophication?

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 3943-3962 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Capet ◽  
J.-M. Beckers ◽  
M. Grégoire
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Interannual Variability ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Northwestern Shelf ◽  
Bottom Waters ◽  
Seasonal Hypoxia ◽  
Bottom Hypoxia

Abstract. The Black Sea northwestern shelf (NWS) is a shallow eutrophic area in which the seasonal stratification of the water column isolates the bottom waters from the atmosphere. This prevents ventilation from counterbalancing the large consumption of oxygen due to respiration in the bottom waters and in the sediments, and sets the stage for the development of seasonal hypoxia. A three-dimensional (3-D) coupled physical–biogeochemical model is used to investigate the dynamics of bottom hypoxia in the Black Sea NWS, first at seasonal and then at interannual scales (1981–2009), and to differentiate its driving factors (climatic versus eutrophication). Model skills are evaluated by a quantitative comparison of the model results to 14 123 in situ oxygen measurements available in the NOAA World Ocean and the Black Sea Commission databases, using different error metrics. This validation exercise shows that the model is able to represent the seasonal and interannual variability of the oxygen concentration and of the occurrence of hypoxia, as well as the spatial distribution of oxygen-depleted waters. During the period 1981–2009, each year exhibits seasonal bottom hypoxia at the end of summer. This phenomenon essentially covers the northern part of the NWS – which receives large inputs of nutrients from the Danube, Dniester and Dnieper rivers – and extends, during the years of severe hypoxia, towards the Romanian bay of Constanta. An index H which merges the aspects of the spatial and temporal extension of the hypoxic event is proposed to quantify, for each year, the intensity of hypoxia as an environmental stressor. In order to explain the interannual variability of H and to disentangle its drivers, we analyze the long time series of model results by means of a stepwise multiple linear regression. This statistical model gives a general relationship that links the intensity of hypoxia to eutrophication and climate-related variables. A total of 82% of the interannual variability of H is explained by the combination of four predictors: the annual riverine nitrate load (N), the sea surface temperature in the month preceding stratification (Ts), the amount of semi-labile organic matter accumulated in the sediments (C) and the sea surface temperature during late summer (Tf). Partial regression indicates that the climatic impact on hypoxia is almost as important as that of eutrophication. Accumulation of organic matter in the sediments introduces an important inertia in the recovery process after eutrophication, with a typical timescale of 9.3 yr. Seasonal fluctuations and the heterogeneous spatial distribution complicate the monitoring of bottom hypoxia, leading to contradictory conclusions when the interpretation is done from different sets of data. In particular, it appears that the recovery reported in the literature after 1995 was overestimated due to the use of observations concentrated in areas and months not typically affected by hypoxia. This stresses the urgent need for a dedicated monitoring effort in the Black Sea NWS focused on the areas and months concerned by recurrent hypoxic events.

scholarly journals Themes of the Cossack Prey on "Memoirs of the Odessa Society of History and Antiquities"

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Oksana Amelina
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Azov Sea ◽  
Domestic Culture ◽  
Comprehensive Study

In the article we are talking about the information capabilities of the "Memoirs of the Odessa Society of History and Antiquities" (Zapysky Odes’koho tovarystva istoriyi ta starozhytnostey) on the issue of the study of Cossack prey. This periodical contains a lot of information about one of the most interesting and debatable types of Cossack mining – captivity. Also on the pages of the Notes are posted intelligence on the interaction of Cossacks with the impoverished peoples within the Black Sea and Azov Sea, which helps in the comprehensive study of mining as a phenomenon of military and domestic culture of the Ukrainian Cossacks. Interesting and useful in the consideration of this issue is a description of the trade routes of the Cossacks, landed by the Black Sea and the Azov Sea. Based on these descriptions, we can talk about the Cossack ways of the Cossacks and the location of city-markets for sale, exchange of captured prey, including captivity.

Meteorology and air pollution experiment at the Black Sea coastal site Ahtopol - 2017

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Batchvarova ◽  
Claudia Calidonna ◽  
Maria Kolarova ◽  
Ivano Ammoscato ◽  
Damyan Barantiev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Coastal Site ◽  
Meteorology And Air Pollution

scholarly journals Interferometric Observations for O-Containing Organic Molecules Towards Orion-KL

1994 ◽  
Vol 140 ◽  
pp. 238-240
Author(s):  
Y. C. Minh ◽  
M. Ohishi ◽  
D. G. Roh ◽  
M. Ishiguro
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Organic Molecules ◽  
High Spatial Resolution ◽  
Angular Size ◽  
The Core ◽  
Resolution Observation ◽  
Total Column

AbstractHigh spatial resolution observation (~ 5 arcsec) were made for CH3OH, HCOOCH3, and (CH3)2O toward Orion-KL using the Nobeyama Millimeter Array. The spatial distribution of CH3OH appears to be well elongated along the line connecting IRc2 and “the southern condensation (SC)”. The HCOOCH3 and (CH3)2O emissions appear to be well concentrated to SC with an angular size of ~ 6.5 arcsec. We derive the total column densities 6.8 × 1017cm−2, 1.4 × 1016cm−2 and 2.7 × 1016cm−2 for CH3OH, HCOOCH3, and (CH3)2O, respectively, at the core of SC.

scholarly journals Winter jellyfish macroplankton off the coastal of Crimea

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
S. M. Ignatyev ◽  
V. V. Gubanov ◽  
N. A. Datsyk
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Size Structure ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Small Range ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Southern Coast ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Azov Sea

Predatory macroplankton of jellyfish species is an important component of the pelagic ecosystem. It is capable of mass development, and may influence pelagic communities. Surveillance monitoring of jellyfish populations can detect the seasonal and long-term trends of their variability and assess the role of jellyfish in the trophic structure of the pelagic zone. Monitoring of plankton community (jellyfish macroplankton) off the coastal of Crimea from the Cape Tarkhankut to the Kerch coast (including the Azov Sea) in winter period is presented. 22 comprehensive oceanographic stations from Cape Tarkhankut to the Kerch Strait and in Azov Sea at the depths of up to 100 m were made. We used a Bogorov — Russ plankton net (entrance area is 0.5 square meters) for collecting plankton in the upper 100-m water layer. Jellyfish were measured immediately, we used a standard method of measuring and calculated the mass of the individual instances by the formulas. The biomass is calculated as the product of the abundance and the average wet weight of organisms in the population. Abundance and biomass macroplankton were counted per square meter of water surface or per the volume of filtered water. The species composition of jellyfish macroplankton was represented by 1 species of jellyfish and 3 species of ctenophores. Aurelia aurita dominated in biomass (98 % of the total biomass of gelatinous macroplankton)  everywhere; Pleurobrachia and Aurelia dominated in abundance (67 and 25 % respectively). The share of both species of ctenophores-invaders did not exceed 8 %. The average relative abundance of jellyfish along the coast of Crimea was fluctuated between 9 and 43 %, comb jellies — from 32 to 77 %. Quantitative distribution of gelatinous macroplankton was non-uniform — from complete absence to 83.3 g·m-3 (average of 12.6 g·m-3). The highest biomass was registered in the area of Sevastopol and Eupatoria, the minimum — off the southern coast of Crimea. Jellyfish were noted at almost all stations. Their biomass reached a value of 18 g·m-3. Distribution of jellyfish is characterized by marked heterogeneity with higher values of abundance and biomass in the area of the southern coast of Crimea and lower — in the stations in the western part of the Black Sea. Aurelia was presented with large dome diameter of 21–220 mm (average diameter — 93 mm). The bulk of the population was accounted for last year’s individuals generation. Biomass of the ctenophore M. leidyi varied from 86 to 4788 mg·m-3 (average of 1595 mg·m-3). The structure of its population was represented by wide size range of animals — 10–65 mm, while the share of larger animals of 60–100 % was observed in the western and south-eastern parts of the Black Sea. On the southern coast of Crimea 45 % of population of ctenophore were animals of 15–25 mm. Biomass of the ctenophore B. ovata was within 34.8–1316.6 mg·m-3 (average of 371.4 mg·m-3). Its abundance varied within a small range, except the area of Feodosia stations, where the maximum value was observed (it was more than 1 g·m-3). B. ovata population consisted of individuals of 20–40 mm long, while it formed the basis of immature specimens of 20–30 mm (50–70 % of the total). In Kerch area their share has reached 100 %. There were hibernating animals of last year’s generation. The coldwater ctenophore Pleurobrachia pileus was present almost everywhere, with biomass from 0.1 to 6.0 mg·m-3. Maximum values of abundance were observed in Alushta region. The stations of Crimean southern coast were characterized by intermediate, relatively flat values. South-eastern and western parts of the Black Sea were marked by similar values of abundance and biomass. In all studied regions, the prevailing size group in the structure of P. pileus populations were individuals with a  diameter of 10 mm. In the deep-sea area of the southern part of Crimea population was represented in the larger size range, and the proportion of animals ranging in size from 11 to 20 mm was low (5 %). In general, “winter” composition, size structure and abundance of jellyfish off the coast of the Crimea are the same of indicators in the coastal waters of Sevastopol. But the results show the existence of certain differences in the structure and quantitative development of jellyfish macroplankton in southern and  western coasts of Crimea.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF MESO- AND SUBMESOSCALE FEATURES OF THE NORTH-WESTERN BLACK SEA SHELF CIRCULATION USING HIGH SPATIAL RESOLUTION

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Evstigneeva ◽  
Natalia Evstigneeva ◽  
Sergey Demyshev ◽  
Sergey Demyshev
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Open Boundary ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Marine Hydrophysical Institute ◽  
Shelf Circulation ◽  
The North ◽  
Mesoscale Structure ◽  
Deep Layers ◽  
North Western

A numerical experiment on reconstruction of currents was conducted with real atmospheric forcing data in autumn period of 2007 on the basis of Marine hydrophysical institute (MHI) hydrodynamic model, which was adapted to the coastal area of the Black Sea with an open boundary (north-western shelf). A high resolution (horizontal grid 500500 m and 44 verti-cal layers from 1 m to 49 m) and detailed bathymetry with resolution ~1.6 km were used in the calculation. A higher spatial resolution allowed to get a detailed mesoscale and sub-mesoscale structure of currents in the upper and deep layers of the north-western shelf and to obtain quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the eddies and jets more accurately in comparison with previous calculations.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document