Mast cell quantification in the skin of dogs with hormonal dermatosis

The mast cells are important in physiological and pathological skin events. They play an important role in the homeostatic regulatory mechanisms in the skin and thyroid gland. Mast cells present a barrier to difference external environmental stimuli and play a mediating role in the presence of infectious agents under the epidermis. This study aimed to quantify the number of mast cells in histological sections of the skin of healthy dogs and dogs with hypothyroidism and hyperadrenocorticism and to determine the distribution of mast cell numbers in the superficial dermis and deep dermis. When we compared the total mast cell count per high power field in dogs with hypothyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism and healthy dogs, only dogs with hypothyroidism had a significant difference in the quantification of mast cells per high power field, (p < 0.05). After analyzing our results, it was possible to conclude that animals with hypothyroidism produce greater amount of mast cells in the superficial dermis than patients with hyperadrenocorticism and healthy animals.

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Mastocytic Enterocolitis: Increased Mucosal Mast Cells in Chronic Intractable Diarrhea

Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine ◽

10.5858/2006-130-362-meimmc ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 130 (3) ◽

pp. 362-367 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Shriram Jakate ◽

Mark Demeo ◽

Rohan John ◽

Mary Tobin ◽

Ali Keshavarzian

Keyword(s):

Mast Cell ◽

Mast Cells ◽

High Power ◽

Chronic Diarrhea ◽

Duodenal Biopsy ◽

Mast Cell Tryptase ◽

High Power Field ◽

Intractable Diarrhea ◽

Biopsy Specimens ◽

Hematoxylin Eosin

Abstract Context.—In some adult patients with chronic intractable diarrhea, the diagnosis remains elusive even after detailed evaluations, and colonic or duodenal biopsy specimens may appear unremarkable on routine hematoxylin-eosin staining. Objectives.—To assess the concentration of mast cells in colonic or duodenal biopsy specimens by immunohistochemical analysis for mast cell tryptase from patients with chronic intractable diarrhea and to evaluate their response to drugs affecting mast cell function. Design.—Mast cells per high-power field were assessed in biopsy specimens from 47 patients with chronic intractable diarrhea, from 50 control subjects, and from 63 patients with other specific diseases that cause chronic diarrhea (inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, collagenous colitis, and lymphocytic colitis). Patients with chronic intractable diarrhea who had more than 20 mast cells per high-power field were administered drugs affecting mast cell mediator function and release. Results.—The mean ± SD concentration of mast cells in the 50 control subjects was 13.3 ± 3.5 cells per high-power field; hence, patients with more than 20 mast cells per high-power field were considered to have increased mast cells. Thirty-three (70%) of 47 patients with chronic intractable diarrhea had increased mast cells, and symptoms were controlled by drug therapy in 22 (67%) of the 33 patients. No patient had systemic or cutaneous mastocytosis. No increase in mast cells was seen in patients with other common causes of chronic diarrhea. Conclusions.—In chronic intractable diarrhea, colonic or duodenal biopsy specimens may appear unremarkable on routine hematoxylin-eosin staining, but increased mast cells may be demonstrated by immunohistochemistry for mast cell tryptase, with the novel term mastocytic enterocolitis describing this condition. Similar increases in mast cells are not apparent in control populations or in patients with other specific diseases that cause chronic diarrhea. The cause of the increased mast cells remains to be elucidated.

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Study of mast Cells in Appendectomy Specimen

Annals of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine ◽

10.21276/apalm.2755 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (6) ◽

pp. A288-293

Author(s):

Janaki V Upadhyay ◽

Shaila N Shah

Keyword(s):

Mast Cell ◽

Mast Cells ◽

Pathology Laboratory ◽

Chronic Appendicitis ◽

Therapeutic Measure ◽

Suspected Appendicitis ◽

Medical College ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Mast Cell Count

Background: Mast cells play an important role in various inflammatory and immune reaction. Mast cells are constantly present in the appendices, and appendix remains one of the common surgical specimens received at pathology laboratory. Mast cells could be one of the important cell population responsible for nerve proliferation and hypertrophy in cases with clinically and histopathologically diagnosed appendicitis. Material and methods: The study was done on 100 surgically resected specimens of appendix received for routine histopathological evaluation at the Department of Pathology, Government Medical College, Bhavnagar, between June 2018 and May 2019. All appendices surgically resected as a therapeutic measure for clinically suspected appendicitis included. Cases of normal appendix and acute gangrenous appendicitis were excluded from the study. The appendices were assessed for their histological changes and density of mast cell infiltration. The mast cells were counted in 1% toluidine blue stained sections. Results: Out of 100 cases of surgically resected appendices, chronic appendicitis was found in 65% of cases and occurred frequently during the second and third decades of life. Highest mast cell count was seen in acute eosinophilic appendicitis and chronic appendicitis. No significant difference was observed in the mean mast cell counts among the different layers of the appendices studied. Conclusion: Mast cell counts were found to be highest in acute eosinophilic appendicitis and chronic appendicitis. Intermediate mast cell counts were seen in acute appendicitis and acute suppurative appendicitis. Mast cells appear to play roles in accentuation of inflammatory process and fibrosis.

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Is There Pathological Uniformity between the Periphery and Center of a Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor?

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10040687 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 687

Author(s):

Seong Ji Choi ◽

Kwan Hong Lee ◽

Chan Kyoo Yoo ◽

Jai Hoon Yoon ◽

Ki Seok Jang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Stratification ◽

Mitotic Index ◽

High Power ◽

Malignant Potential ◽

Mitotic Count ◽

Pathological Diagnosis ◽

High Power Field ◽

Gastric Gists ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean

Background: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are mesenchymal tumors and have some malignant potential. Mitotic count is important for predicting the malignant potential of GISTs. Proper treatment of GISTs requires accurate pathological diagnosis. In general, endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration and deep biopsy are used for pathological diagnosis of GIST before making decisions about surgery. This study sought to evaluate the pathological uniformity of gastric GISTs for mitotic index of the center and periphery of the GIST. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the data of 37 gastric GIST patients who underwent wedge resection at Hanyang University Hospital. We used Armed Forces Institute of Pathology criteria to classify gastric GISTs. To determine the pathological uniformity of gastric GISTs, we compared GIST risk stratification between the center and periphery of GISTs. Results: The mean size of GISTs was 3.56 ± 2.10 cm. Three lesions were located in the antrum, 11 in the fundus, 9 in the cardia, and 14 in the body. The mean age of patients was 58.65 ± 9.44 years; 18 patients were male and 19 were female. Thirty-five patients (94.6%) showed the same level of risk stratification between the center and periphery of gastric GISTs, while two patients (5.4%) presented different levels of risk between the two sites. No significant difference in mitotic count was observed between the two sites (kappa value = 0.863; p = 0.001). Conclusions: Mitotic index category (either more than five mitoses per high-power field or five or fewer mitoses per high-power field) of GISTs showed good concurrence between the center and periphery.

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Mast Cells in Hemangiomas and Vascular Malformations

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.70.1.48 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 70 (1) ◽

pp. 48-51

Author(s):

Julie Glowacki ◽

John B. Mulliken

Keyword(s):

Mast Cells ◽

High Power ◽

Vascular Malformations ◽

Normal Skin ◽

High Power Field ◽

Proliferative Phase ◽

Large Numbers ◽

Endothelial Proliferation ◽

Vascular Birthmarks

Common pediatric vascular birthmarks, classified as hemangiomas or malformations, were analyzed for the presence of mast cells. Hemangiomas in the proliferative phase contained large numbers of mast cells (27 ± 15 cells/high-power field [HPF]) in comparison with hemangiomas in the involuting phase (2.6 ± 2.9), vascular malformations (1.7 ± 3.2), and normal skin (5.0 ± 1.0). Inasmuch as hemangiomas are characterized by endothelial proliferation and increased numbers of mast cells, these data raise the possibility that mast cells may have an important role in the formation and/or maintenance of these lesions.

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Increased Mast Cell Counts and Degranulation in Microscopic Colitis

Gastroenterology Research and Practice ◽

10.1155/2020/9089027 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Zhikai Chi ◽

Jing Xu ◽

Romil Saxena

Keyword(s):

Mast Cell ◽

Cell Count ◽

Cell Activation ◽

Collagenous Colitis ◽

Microscopic Colitis ◽

Mast Cell Activation ◽

Mucosal Inflammation ◽

High Power Field ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Mast Cell Count

Objectives. Microscopic colitis (MC) is characterized by chronic diarrhea, normal colonoscopy findings, and mucosal inflammation in colonic biopsies and can be classified as collagenous colitis (CC) or lymphocytic colitis (LC). However, the pathogenesis of MC is largely unknown. In this study, we aimed to study mast cell counts and activation in MC. Methods. We investigated 64 biopsy samples from the surgical pathology database of Indiana University Health, which met the diagnostic criteria for CC or LC along with 20 control samples collected from 2014 to 2015. The specimens were used for the quantification of mast cells by examining the presence of intracellular and extracellular tryptase by immunohistochemistry. Results. In the lamina propria, the mast cell count was higher in both CC and LC groups than the control (mean highest count, 39/high-power field (HPF) vs. 30/HPF vs. 23/HPF; P<0.01). Extracellular tryptase was present in 10% of control subjects as compared to 41% of CC (P<0.05) and 60% of LC (P<0.001) patients. When LC patients were stratified into two groups with either <80% or >80% of fragments affected by inflammation, increased mast cell counts are only observed in the >80% involvement group compared with the control, but not the <80% involvement group. Conclusions. The increased mast cell count and degranulation are identified in MC, suggesting that mast cell activation might be involved in the pathogenesis of MC.

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Morphometric study of the fibrosis and mast cell count in the circular colon musculature of chronic Chagas patients with and without megacolon

Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical ◽

10.1590/s0037-86822003000400005 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 36 (4) ◽

pp. 461-466 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Simone Wanderley Pinheiro ◽

Adilha Misson de Oliveira Rua ◽

Renata Margarida Etchebehere ◽

Cristiane Gobbo Cançado ◽

Javier Emílio Lazo Chica ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mast Cell ◽

Cell Count ◽

Fibrous Tissue ◽

Morphometric Study ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Mast Cell Count ◽

Distal Sigmoid

A morphometric study of the circular colon musculature was performed, in which the mast cell count was determined and the connective fibrous tissue in this layer was measured. The objective was to gain better understanding of Chagas megacolon morphology and contribute towards the knowledge of fibrosis pathogenesis in Chagas megas. An evaluation was made of 15 distal sigmoid rings from Chagas patients with megacolon (MCC), 15 without megacolon (CSMC) and 15 non-Chagas patients (NC). The rings were fixed in formol, embedded in paraffin, and 7mm thick sections were cut and stained using Azan-Heidenhain and Giemsa. The mast cell count and fibrosis were greater in the MCC group than in the CSMC and NC groups (p < 0.05; Kruskal-Wallis test) and there was no significant difference between the latter two. The fibrosis and increased mast cell count in the colon musculature of the MCC group possibly indicates that there is a relationship between mastocytosis and fibrosis, as has already been demonstrated in other pathologies.

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Does cystoscopy method affect the investigation of bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis?

International Urogynecology Journal ◽

10.1007/s00192-020-04512-0 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Visha K. Tailor ◽

Ellen Morris ◽

Alka A. Bhide ◽

Ruwan Fernando ◽

Guiseppe A. Digesu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mast Cell ◽

Cell Count ◽

Interstitial Cystitis ◽

Muscularis Propria ◽

Pain Syndrome ◽

Bladder Pain Syndrome ◽

Detrusor Muscle ◽

Bladder Pain ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Mast Cell Count

Abstract Introduction and hypothesis Cystoscopic investigation to identify associated histological findings of increased mast cells in the detrusor muscle has been recommended by the European Society for the Study of Bladder Pain Syndrome (ESSIC) in the investigation of bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC). The aim of this study was to identify if the cystoscopy approach impacts the biopsy results when investigating women presenting with symptoms of BPS/IC. Methods We performed a single-centre retrospective analysis of 300 bladder biopsy reports from 2015 to 2018 from women undergoing cystoscopy for BPS/IC. Biopsies obtained using closed cup forceps through a flexible (FC) or rigid cystoscope (RC) were compared. Results Fifty-eight FC biopsies were compared with 242 RC biopsies. FC biopsies had a smaller mean diameter (1.6 mm vs 2.9 mm p < 0.01) and volume (4.1 mm3 vs 9.6 mm3p < 0.001) compared with RC biopsies. There was no significant difference in the histological depth of sampling to the muscularis propria. A total of 292 samples had CD117 immunohistochemical staining for mast cell count (MCC) analysis. The MCC/mm2 was significantly lower in FC biopsies (p < 0.01). Sixteen percent of FC samples compared with 60% of RC samples had a high MCC >28/mm2 (p < 0.01). There was no significant difference in positive microbiology culture between FC (21%) and RC (28%) sampling. Conclusion Rigid and flexible cystoscopy can be used to investigate BPS/IC as recommended by international societies. However, the biopsy method impacts the mast cell count analysis, which can influence diagnosis and management. Therefore, RC would be the optimal investigation.

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Performing Colonic Mast Cell Counts in Patients With Chronic Diarrhea of Unknown Etiology Has Limited Diagnostic Use

Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine ◽

10.5858/arpa.2013-0594-oa ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 139 (2) ◽

pp. 225-232 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Aisha Sethi ◽

Dhanpat Jain ◽

Bani Chander Roland ◽

Jason Kinzel ◽

Joanna Gibson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mast Cell ◽

Receiver Operating Characteristic ◽

High Power ◽

Operating Characteristic ◽

Chronic Diarrhea ◽

Unknown Etiology ◽

High Power Field ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Cutoff Values ◽

Receiver Operating

Context Mastocytic enterocolitis is a recently described entity defined by chronic diarrhea of unknown etiology and normal colon biopsy results with increased mast cells (MCs) seen on special stains. These patients may benefit from mast cell stabilizers; however, the clinical utility of MC counts remains unknown. Objective To determine the clinical utility of colonic MC counts on normal biopsies in patients with chronic diarrhea of unknown etiology. Design Blinded MC counts using a c-Kit stain were performed in 76 consecutive patients with chronic diarrhea of unknown etiology who had normal colon biopsy results and in 89 consecutive control patients presenting for screening colonoscopy. Mast cells were counted per single high-power field in the highest-density area. A t test was used to compare the counts, and receiver operating characteristic curves were generated to examine sensitive and specific cutoff values. Results Overall, MC counts averaged 31 MCs per high-power field in the study group versus 24 MCs per high-power field in the control group (P < .001). When stratified by location, a significant increase was seen in biopsies from the left colon only. Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that overall MC counts, left-sided MC counts, and the difference between right- and left-sided MC counts did not yield discriminatory cutoff values (area under the curve, 0.68, 0.74, and 0.81, respectively). Conclusions Mast cell counts were increased in patients with chronic diarrhea of unknown etiology, primarily in the left colon. However, receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrates no discriminatory cutoff values. Quantitative MC stains yield little useful diagnostic information, and further studies are necessary to determine whether mastocytic enterocolitis truly represents a distinct entity.

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The Possible Role of Mast Cells in the Odontogenic Cyst’s Pathogenesis: A Comparative Study between Dentigerous Cyst and Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumor

Pathology Research International ◽

10.1155/2016/8754567 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-4 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sareh Farhadi ◽

Fatemeh Shahsavari ◽

MirMahdi Davardan

Keyword(s):

Mast Cell ◽

Mast Cells ◽

Dentigerous Cyst ◽

Test Method ◽

Odontogenic Tumor ◽

Blue Staining ◽

Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumor ◽

Wide Range ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Cell Densities

Background. Recently, mast cells were recognized in the pathogenesis of more aggressive pathologic lesions. This study was aimed to evaluate and compare the density of mast cells in Dentigerous cyst (DC) and Keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT) regarding their different clinical behavior. Method. This study was conducted on 23 and 26 cases of DC and KCOT, respectively. Four-micron sections were prepared for Toluidine blue staining and mast cell densities in two desired cysts were studied. Final data was analyzed via t-test and Mann-Whitney U test method regarding the significant level lower than 0.05. Results. Mast cell densities were significantly higher in KCOTs for deep and superficial layers and both layers (P<0.05). The density of degranulated mast cells in the deeper layers and both layers was significantly higher in KCOTs (P<0.05). However, the density of degranulated mast cells in the superficial layer had no significant difference (P>0.05). Conclusion. It seems that mast cells may be involved in the pathogenesis of KCOT, but, regarding wide range of mast cell’s biologic activities, further investigations are recommended to confirm the issue and prepare the details.

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The Equine Endometrial Mast Cell during the Puerperal Period: Evaluation of Mast Cell Numbers and Types in Comparison to Other Inflammatory Changes

Veterinary Pathology ◽

10.1177/030098589703400104 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 23-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

M. M. Welle ◽

L. Audigé ◽

J.-P. Belz

Keyword(s):

Mast Cell ◽

Mast Cells ◽

Immunohistochemical Staining ◽

Staining Technique ◽

Cell Types ◽

Postnatal Period ◽

Double Labeling ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

Cell Numbers ◽

Significant Difference

Endometrial biopsies of 44 broodmares were histologically examined on days 3, 6, and 9 postpartum. The mares were subdivided into three groups according to the course of the puerperal period. In 29 mares, parturition and expulsion of the placenta was normal, six mares showed dystocia, and in nine mares, the placenta was retained for >2 hours. Tissue samples were evaluated histologically, and the average numbers of granulocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages, siderophages, and mast cells was determined. Protease content of mast cells was examined with a double-enzyme immunohistochemical staining technique, using a histochemical reaction for chloroacetate esterase and fast blue to detect chymase activity and an immunohistochemical staining method with a polyclonal antibody and fast red for the detection of tryptase. Analyzing the cell numbers using the statistical software Statistica, a marked inflammatory reaction was observed in the endometrium postpartum. Although the number of granulocytes decreased during the first 9 days postpartum, the number of lymphocytes, macrophages, and siderophages increased. No significant difference in the number of any of these cell types could be demonstrated in the three different courses of the puerperal period, although the numbers of these cells seemed to be lower in mares with dystocia. In contrast with other cells, no change in the number of endometrial mast cells was observed during the puerperal period, but a significantly lower number were found in the endometrium of mares with retained placenta. The enzyme immunohistochemical double-labeling technique could demonstrate only tryptase-positive mast cells; no chymase activity was detectable in any endometrial mast cells. The number of mast cells detected with the metachromatic staining technique was significantly higher than that detected with double labeling. These results support the hypothesis that a sufficient number of mast cells may be necessary for a normal postnatal period and suggest a mast cell subtype in the equine endometrium that is tryptase and chymase negative.

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