A true experimental, post test only control group design was used to nd out the effectiveness of Xylocaine 2% gel on pain intensity reduction
during intravenous cannulation among the adult patients tertiary care hospital of Belagavi, Karnataka. Quantitative approach was used for the
study. The study was done on 80 adult patients using standardized pain numerical scale. (Based on pilot study the prevalence rates in both group
calculated p1=82% p2=100%, q1=18 q2=0, d=18% , Z= 1.96 (at 5% α error), Z= 0.842 (at 80% power) n=38 40). Simple random (lottery
method) technique was used .in this study the patients, who have a patent intravenous cannula in place and who are unable perceive and responds
for pain (unconscious patient). Demographical variables analyzed for the study Age, Gender, Education, Occupation, Previous experience,
duration of pain during intravenous cannulation, site of cannulation and size of intravenous Cannula (Variables Independent variable: Xylocaine
2% gel. Dependent variable: Pain intensity experience during intravenous cannulation). Total 21 reviews were taken under the title of the above
study (Indian- 03, International- 18). The conceptual framework used for this study is based on General Systems Theory introduced by Ludwig Von
Bertalanffy in 1968. The obtained data was analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. The mean of post test pain intensity during IV
cannulation in experimental group was 1.93 and 4.30 in control group and SD of 0.60 in experimental group, 0.61 in control group. In this study
62.50% of participants have mild pain and 15% have moderate pain in experimental group as compared to 55% have severe pain followed by
37.50% have worst pain in control group. The difference is found to be statistically signicant
Bacterial etiology and risk factors of Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) among adult patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital in South India
