Inhibition of Carbon Dioxide Hydrates by Ethanol and Sodium Chloride

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Guembaroski ◽  
Moisés Marcelino Neto ◽  
Rigoberto Morales ◽  
Amadeu Sum
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Sodium Chloride

scholarly journals Quantitative Interaction Effects of Carbon Dioxide, Sodium Chloride, and Sodium Nitrite on Neurotoxin Gene Expression in Nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum Type B

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 2928-2934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Lövenklev ◽  
Ingrid Artin ◽  
Oskar Hagberg ◽  
Elisabeth Borch ◽  
Elisabet Holst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Optical Density ◽  
Sodium Nitrite ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Type B ◽  
Phase Duration

ABSTRACT The effects of carbon dioxide, sodium chloride, and sodium nitrite on type B botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT/B) gene (cntB) expression in nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum were investigated in a tryptone-peptone-yeast extract (TPY) medium. Various concentrations of these selected food preservatives were studied by using a complete factorial design in order to quantitatively study interaction effects, as well as main effects, on the following responses: lag phase duration (LPD), growth rate, relative cntB expression, and extracellular BoNT/B production. Multiple linear regression was used to set up six statistical models to quantify and predict these responses. All combinations of NaCl and NaNO2 in the growth medium resulted in a prolonged lag phase duration and in a reduction in the specific growth rate. In contrast, the relative BoNT/B gene expression was unchanged, as determined by the cntB-specific quantitative reverse transcription-PCR method. This was confirmed when we measured the extracellular BoNT/B concentration by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. CO2 was found to have a major effect on gene expression when the cntB mRNA levels were monitored in the mid-exponential, late exponential, and late stationary growth phases. The expression of cntB relative to the expression of the 16S rRNA gene was stimulated by an elevated CO2 concentration; the cntB mRNA level was fivefold greater in a 70% CO2 atmosphere than in a 10% CO2 atmosphere. These findings were also confirmed when we analyzed the extracellular BoNT/B concentration; we found that the concentrations were 27 ng · ml−1 · unit of optical density−1 in the 10% CO2 atmosphere and 126 ng · ml−1 · unit of optical density−1 in the 70% CO2 atmosphere.

scholarly journals Methanol and sodium chloride inhibitors impact on carbon dioxide hydrate formation

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Porgar ◽  
S. Saleh Fekr ◽  
M. Ghiassi ◽  
B. Hashemi Hosseini
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Hydrate Formation ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Hydrate

Phase Equilibrium of Cyclopentane + Carbon Dioxide Binary Hydrates in Aqueous Sodium Chloride Solutions

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (8) ◽  
pp. 2461-2465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ye Zhang ◽  
Shu-Mei Sheng ◽  
Xiao-Dong Shen ◽  
Xue-Bing Zhou ◽  
Wen-Zhi Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Phase Equilibrium ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Solutions ◽  
Aqueous Sodium ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solutions

scholarly journals THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE IMMUNE BODIES OCCURRING IN ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERUM

1915 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oswald T. Avery
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Promising Method ◽  
Complete Saturation

The immune bodies of antipneumococcus serum are completely precipitated by 38 to 42 per cent. saturation with ammonium sulphate. They are incompletely precipitated by (a) ammonium sulphate in less than 38 per cent. saturation, (b) saturation with sodium chloride, (c) dilution and saturation with carbon dioxide, (d) removal of crystalloids by dialysis. The immune bodies of antipneumococcus serum are, therefore, associated or combined with that fraction of the globulins precipitated by 38 to 42 per cent. saturation with ammonium sulphate. The immune body fraction does not correspond exactly with the ordinary euglobulin (one-third saturation with ammonium sulphate or complete saturation with sodium chloride) or with the insoluble globulins precipitated by carbon dioxide or dialysis. These fractions carry with them only a part of the immune bodies. Neither the albumin nor that fraction of the globulin not precipitated by 38 to 42 per cent. saturation of ammonium sulphate contain any of the demonstrable antibodies. The most promising method for the practical purification of the immune bodies occurring in antipneumococcus serum appears to be precipitation by 38 to 42 per cent. saturation with ammonium sulphate.

Studies on salt tolerance of sheep. V. The tolerance of sheep for mixtures of sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, and sodium bicarbonate in the drinking water

1963 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 815 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Peirce
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Health Food ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Entire Experiment ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Saline Solutions

Six groups, each of six sheep, were fed in pens for 15 months on a ration of chaffed lucerne and wheaten hays. One group was offered rain-water to drink, another group was offered 1.30% sodium chloride, whereas the others were offered one of the following mixtures of sodium chloride, carbonate, and bicarbonate: 1.26 + 0.015 + 0.025, 1.21 + 0.04 + 0.06, 1.12 + 0.08 + 0.13, and 0.95 + 0.161+ 0.25%. The intake of all saline solutions was higher than that of rain-water, ranging from 150% above for 1.30% sodium chloride to 60% above for the highest level of carbonates; the mean daily intakes for the entire experiment by the six groups were 2.6, 6.6, 4.8, 5.7, 5.8, and 4.2 l. respectively. The intake also increased in all groups with temperature, being 40–70% higher in the hottest months than in the coldest months.Weight increase was less from 6 months onward in the group receiving 1.30% sodium chloride, and was less at certain times only in the experiment in the groups receiving 0.04 or 0.10% carbonates, than in that receiving rain-water (control group). There were no differences in weight increase between the control group and the groups receiving the highest concentrations (0.21 and 0.41%) of carbonates The saline drinking waters had no effect on the concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, or chloride in the blood plasma. The concentration of carbon dioxide was higher, for the last year of the experiment, in the blood of the control group, and, for approximately one-third of the experiment, in that of the group receiving the highest level of carbonates in its drinking water, than in that of any of the groups receiving lower levels of carbonates. There were differences in blood carbon dioxide on one occasion only between the control group and that receiving the highest level of carbonates. None of the solutions used in the experiment had any adverse effect on the general health, food consumption or wool production of the sheep.

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