CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF RAIN WATER OVER BHUBANESWAR, ORISSA

Mon soon ram water over Bhubaneswar were collected and analysed during 198&. 1989 and 1991for CO}. HeO, . a . 50,.<NO}. Na. K Ca. Me. SiD: . EC and pH. The data shows that the chemical composition ofrain water is sready affected by meteorological cond itions. «r. intens ity, quantity and interva l between successiveshowers and al.so on wind velocity. II was round that with some exceprlon the ini tial showers are eenerally moresa lin e th an the subsequent o nes. the rati os between variou s co nstituents varyquite irregularly,Thesourcesofvariousconstituents have bee n discussed and th e amount of various ptant nutrients though sm all in relation 10 overallrequirem ent s of pla nu brought down by r-ain have been ca lcu lated in kg/hec.

Variation of rain water quality with storage time for different coloured storage containers

It is very important to evaluate the quality of rain water collected and stored in cisterns and storage tanks. In this study, rainwater quality analysis was carried out on samples collected from an experimental set -up at the School of Engineering and Engineering Technology of the Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria. The physio-chemical and bacteriological characteristics of rainwater collected and stored using four different coloured containers under outdoor and indoor conditions were analyzed and the results compared with World Health Organization (WHO) standard for potable water. The results of the physio-chemical analysis revealed that the colour, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), phosphate, sulphate, iron and copper of all the rainwater samples fell within WHO acceptable standards for potable water. The pH of the harvested rainwater of the samples ranged from 5.34 – 6.73 mg/l for the indoor stored rainwater samples and 5.28 – 6.59 mg/l for the outdoor stored samples. The pH of the water samples did not fall with WHO permissible limit of 6.5 to 8.5. The Nitrate content of the water samples also did not fall within WHO permissible limit. Similarly, the total coliform count did not conform to WHO standard for potable water. Based on the results obtained from this study, it is recommended that harvested rainwater be treated to kill contaminating microorganisms and to reduce the health risks associated with its consumption.

Rain water composition at two BAPMoN stations in India

Six years of rain water composition data from two BAPMoN regional stations in India are analysed using Factor Model Analysis. It gives four factors representing different source type contributing to water soluble pollutants in precipitation. The major influence on rain water composition at both sites are Sea-salt and continental source such as soil dust, ammonia and low levels of sulfate and nitrate which presumably have both natural and anthropogenic components. The long term mean values of pH of rain water at both sites were found to be greater than the pH value of selected polluted northern atmosphere sites.

The impact of raindrops on Salvinia molesta leaves: effects of trichomes and elasticity

The floating leaves of the aquatic fern Salvinia molesta are covered by superhydrophobic hairs (=trichomes) which are shaped like egg-beaters. These trichomes cause high water repellency and stable unwettability if the leaf is immersed. Whereas S. molesta hairs are technically interesting, there remains also the question concerning their biological relevance. S. molesta has its origin in Brazil within a region exposed to intense rainfall which easily penetrates the trichome cover. In this study, drop impact on leaves of S. molesta were analysed using a high-speed camera. The largest portion of the kinetic energy of a rain drop is absorbed by elastic responses of the trichomes and the leaf. Although rain water is mostly repelled, it turned out that the trichomes hamper swift shedding of rain water and some residual water can remain below the ‘egg-beaters’. Drops rolling over the trichomes can, however, ‘suck up’ water trapped beneath the egg-beaters because the energetic state of a drop on top of the trichomes is—on account of the superhydrophobicity of the hairs—much more favourable. The trichomes may therefore be beneficial during intense rainfall, because they absorb some kinetic energy and keep the leaf base mostly free from water.

The planning rain water harvestingintegrated wells in public facilities in the village of Kayu Besi

Continuous and excessive use of groundwater causes a decrease in the water table, as well as drought during the dry season. Land use change causes reduced water infiltration, leading to flooding and inundation during the rainy season. This happened in KayuBesi Village, which is located in PudingBesar District, Bangka Regency. The purpose of this planning is to determine the dimensions of the rain water harvesting pool integrated with infiltration wells in the village office as the center of the village government and the mosque as the center of worship. The method used to calculate the volume of rainwater collected in a rain water harvesting pond is the result of substitution and modification made by Maryono from the relationship between discharge, volume of rainwater, and duration of rain with the relationship between discharge, speed of rainwater, and the cross-sectional area of the gutter pipe. The method used to calculate the depth of the infiltration well is the Sunjoto method. The results of the planning for the KayuBesi Village Office obtained the dimensions of the rain water harvesting pool with a pool length of 5 m, a pool width of 4 m and a pool height of 1.5 m, as well as an infiltration well with a diameter of 1 m and a depth of 2.5 m, while for the KayuBesi Village Mosque obtained the dimensions of the rain water harvesting pond with a pool length of 6 m, a pool width of 5.5 m, and a pool height of 1.6 m, as well as an infiltration well with a diameter of 1 m and a depth of 4.5 m.

Improvement in bituminous surface course using waste plastic in acid-rain susceptible area’s

Acid rain as an important environmental issue has negative impact on bitumen performance, thereby shortening the service life of bituminous pavements. Rapid industrial and economic developments causes negative changes in the environment, including acid rain. Acid rain consisting of sulphuric acid and nitric acid has adverse effects on bituminous pavements. Both these acids react with the bitumen and adversely effect’s the properties of the bitumen leading to degradation of pavements at early stage of life. Early degradation of such pavements can be reduced to some extent by using waste plastic in bituminous surface course. Besides acid rain puts an adverse effect on the properties of bitumen, it also percolates deep down in the various down layers of pavements and reduces the serviceability of our pavements & its foundation. Waste plastic such as PET water bottles cannot only prevents the early degradation of pavements but also can prevents entry of acid rain into deep down layers of pavement as it absorbs acid rain water which makes it hydroscopic as because of it acid rain water does not percolate deep down into below pavement layers. In this paper, interaction between constituents of acid rain and bitumen is being investigated by analyzing the effect of sulphuric acid and nitric acid on control mix (mix without plastic content) & 6% WPET mix (mix with 6% waste plastic PET content) by using Marshal stability test. Also, it’s evaluated how improvement in bituminous surface course can be done by using waste plastic on acid rain area’s so that our pavements show good safety & serviceability.

Toward improving household livelihoods using rain water harvesting technologies in Matungulu sub-county, Machakos, Kenya

Better utilization of rainfall through rainwater harvesting can greatly increase agricultural productivity, improve food security and alleviate poverty. Water is the main limiting resource for crop production in arid sub-Saharan Africa. The biggest challenge currently is growing water shortage and dwindling rivers. This has impacted the livelihoods of rural population in arid and semi-arid counties. The introduction of novel rain-water harvesting (RWH) is, however, seeking to mitigate the effects of perennial droughts in arid areas. Successful adoption of such technologies has the potential to alleviate water problems faced by rural households. In Kenya, very little research has been conducted about adoption of water harvesting technologies and their role in curbing water shortages. Therefore, there was a need to interrogate the extent to which adoption of water harvesting technologies has impacted households in Matungulu Sub-County. Focus group discussions, interview with key informants, and structured questionnaires were used to collect data for the study which were then analyzed using SPSS version 22 software. The findings indicated that overall, a composite mean of 4.04 and a standard deviation of 0.699 of the respondents agreed that incentives from the county government significantly promoted water harvesting technologies. This was confirmed by a positively strong and significant correlation between the integration of RHT in the county development agenda and the impact on household livelihoods. A further regression analysis indicated that Integration of RHT had a positive and significant influence on household livelihoods (β= 0.755, t=22.351, p=0.000<0.05). Results of this survey indicate that rainwater technologies are financed mostly by household heads and county government initiatives have not been adequately felt. There is a strong indication from the study that water harvesting technologies had a statistically significant influence on the impact on household livelihoods. To ensure sustainability of rainwater harvesting technologies, the study recommends that Machakos