scholarly journals The Defence of New Zealand: the Formulation of Defence Policy in New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
James Grant Rolfe
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
Process And Outcome ◽  
Defence Policy ◽  
Changing Roles ◽  
Support Policy ◽  
Policy Setting

<p>The research examines the processes by which defence policy has been formed in New Zealand and draws links between structure, process and outcome. The structure of the unified Ministry of Defence as it operated between 1970 and 1989 is examined in detail as are the processes by which declaratory policy is formulated and finance allocated to support policy. The effect of restructuring of the central Ministry (to separate the predominantly civilian 'policy setting' area from the uniformed 'operational' area) in 1990 is considered and the conclusion is drawn that types of outcomes will not change significantly as a result of the restructuring. As part of the research, case studies from a range of issue areas are examined. The broad issue areas used are: policy formulation in times of change, the operational use of the armed forces and equipment procurement. Case studies include the events leading up to the effective demise of ANZUS, the maintenance of troops in South East Asia, decisions to deploy troops in support of foreign policy goals and a variety of equipment decisions. Declared policy and financial allocations to support declared policy are considered side by side with the outcomes revealed by the case studies. The thesis concludes that the defence policy formulation process is flawed because of the structure of the organisation and the closed nature of the process. The organisation is overly hierarchical with too many decision levels and has not completely adapted to the changing roles which have been required by differing definitions of defence policy. A number of methods of improving processes are suggested.</p>

scholarly journals The Defence of New Zealand: the Formulation of Defence Policy in New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
James Grant Rolfe
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
Process And Outcome ◽  
Defence Policy ◽  
Changing Roles ◽  
Support Policy ◽  
Policy Setting

<p>The research examines the processes by which defence policy has been formed in New Zealand and draws links between structure, process and outcome. The structure of the unified Ministry of Defence as it operated between 1970 and 1989 is examined in detail as are the processes by which declaratory policy is formulated and finance allocated to support policy. The effect of restructuring of the central Ministry (to separate the predominantly civilian 'policy setting' area from the uniformed 'operational' area) in 1990 is considered and the conclusion is drawn that types of outcomes will not change significantly as a result of the restructuring. As part of the research, case studies from a range of issue areas are examined. The broad issue areas used are: policy formulation in times of change, the operational use of the armed forces and equipment procurement. Case studies include the events leading up to the effective demise of ANZUS, the maintenance of troops in South East Asia, decisions to deploy troops in support of foreign policy goals and a variety of equipment decisions. Declared policy and financial allocations to support declared policy are considered side by side with the outcomes revealed by the case studies. The thesis concludes that the defence policy formulation process is flawed because of the structure of the organisation and the closed nature of the process. The organisation is overly hierarchical with too many decision levels and has not completely adapted to the changing roles which have been required by differing definitions of defence policy. A number of methods of improving processes are suggested.</p>

scholarly journals European Youth Work Policy and Young People’s Experience of Open Access Youth Work

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
JON ORD ◽  
MARC CARLETTI ◽  
DANIELE MORCIANO ◽  
LASSE SIURALA ◽  
CHRISTOPHE DANSAC ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Young People ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Youth Work ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
European Youth

Abstract This article examines young people’s experiences of open access youth work in settings in the UK, Finland, Estonia, Italy and France. It analyses 844 individual narratives from young people, which communicate the impact of youthwork on their lives. These accounts are then analysed in the light of the European youth work policy goals. It concludes that it is encouraging that what young people identify as the positive impact of youth work are broadly consistent with many of these goals. There are however some disparities which require attention. These include the importance young people place on the social context of youth work, such as friendship, which is largely absent in EU youth work policy; as well as the importance placed on experiential learning. The paper also highlights a tension between ‘top down’ policy formulation and the ‘youth centric’ practices of youth work. It concludes with a reminder to policy makers that for youth work to remain successful the spaces and places for young people must remain meaningful to them ‘on their terms’.

No umbrella for the rain: Canadian implications following the global revolution in reconnaissance–strike technologies

2021 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-237
Author(s):  
Marc Kieley
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Gulf War ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Canadian Armed Forces ◽  
Ballistic Missiles ◽  
Defence Policy ◽  
Revolution In Military Affairs ◽  
The Government ◽  
Government Of Canada

Global conflicts in 2020 have highlighted the unexpected employment of advanced ballistic missiles and unmanned aerial vehicles by developing military powers. The development of ballistic missiles by Iran, or the export of advanced drones by Turkey, are ultimately the result of the American-led revolution in military affairs that, during the Gulf War, established the potential of precision guided weapons and reconnaissance systems. In response, America’s competitors have adapted their military doctrines and developed weapons designed to both counter and copy the West’s technological advantages. As the Government of Canada implements its defence policy—Strong, Secure, and Engaged—it has promised to procure a ground-based air defence system for the Canadian Armed Forces. Careful consideration and analysis are required, however, to ensure that Canada procures the best possible solution given limited funding and a wide array of potential threats.

II. Policy Formulation for National Security

1949 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 534-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidney W. Souers
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
National Security ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
World War ◽  
War Aims ◽  
Military Campaign

The National Security Council, created by the National Security Act of 1947, is the instrument through which the President obtains the collective advice of the appropriate officials of the executive branch concerning the integration of domestic, foreign, and military policies relating to the national security. An outline of the genesis of this new governmental agency will indicate in part its present rôle.Even before World War II, a few far-sighted men were seeking for a means of correlating our foreign policy with our military and economic capabilities. During the war, as military operations began to have an increasing political and economic effect, the pressure for such a correlation increased. It became apparent that the conduct of the war involved more than a purely military campaign to defeat the enemy's armed forces. Questions arose of war aims, of occupational policies, of relations with governments-in-exile and former enemy states, of the postwar international situation with its implications for our security, and of complicated international machinery.

scholarly journals The role of science in setting water resource use limits: case studies from New Zealand

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 844-859 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.H. Snelder ◽  
H.L. Rouse ◽  
P.A. Franklin ◽  
D.J. Booker ◽  
N. Norton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Resource Use

WSUD “Best in Class”—Case Studies From Australia, New Zealand, United States, Europe, and Asia

2019 ◽  
pp. 561-585
Author(s):  
Stephen Cook ◽  
Marjorie van Roon ◽  
Lisa Ehrenfried ◽  
James LaGro ◽  
Qian Yu
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Case Studies

scholarly journals Seeing Things Differently: The use of mobile app interpretation and its effect on visitor experience at two heritage sites in Aotearoa New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jessica Aitken
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Mobile Applications ◽  
Mobile Apps ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Mobile App ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Visitor Experience ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
High Street

<p>The practice of contemporary heritage interpretation has seen increased investment in digital technologies and more recently in mobile applications. However, few empirical studies assess how effective mobile apps are to the visitor experience of heritage sites. What kind of visitor experience do mobile apps provide? How do mobile apps deliver on the aims of interpretation for heritage sites? What types of apps work best? What are the challenges for developers and heritage professionals?  A qualitative research approach is used to examine two case studies; High Street Stories: the life and times of Christchurch’s High Street Precinct and IPENZ Engineering Tours: Wellington Heritage Walking Tour. These case studies ask what kind of experience mobile apps offer as an interpretation tool at these heritage sites. To investigate the topic, email interviews were carried out with heritage professionals and digital developers; together with qualitative interviews with visitors recruited to visit the case study sites using the mobile applications.   This study explores two current examples of mobile app technology in the heritage sector in a New Zealand context. The results of this study aim to augment current literature on the topic of digital interpretation. This study seeks to offer heritage managers and interpreters some key factors to consider when making decisions regarding the methods used to present and interpret heritage sites to visitors and in developing new interpretation and digital strategies that include mobile applications. Although each scenario presents its particular set of considerations and all heritage sites are different, it is hoped these recommendations can be applied and offer working models and strategies.</p>

scholarly journals The Moderation Effect of Resource Implementation Factors on Performance Contracting and Public Service Delivery in Huduma Centres in Kenya

2020 ◽  
pp. 68-77
Author(s):  
Wesonga Justus Nyongesa ◽  
Samson Ntongai ◽  
Charles Ondoro
Keyword(s):  
Service Delivery ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Moderating Effect ◽  
Performance Contracting ◽  
Moderation Effect ◽  
Delivery Performance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Implementation Factors

The Kenyan Government has pressures from its citizens to improve on service delivery and be responsive to citizen’s needs. Attempts such as privatization, voluntary early retirement and restructuring failed to improve the service delivery. Performance contracting was introduced to address the decline and is now being used together with Huduma Centres. The centres serve 30,000 customers daily against a target of 60,000 customers. On revenue, the centres collect Kshs 12 billion annually against a target of Kshs 30 billion according to a Government report of 2020. Focus from previous studies in resolving this around performance contracting have majorly been case studies and not surveys. Further from reviewed literature, performance contracting influence service delivery, performance and accountability. However other studies reveal that it does not result in increased customer care activities, effectiveness and efficiency and reduction in the number of customer complaints. These are mixed findings from case studies, an indicator of a moderation effect yet to be tested. Additionally, reviewed studies show that resource factors influence service delivery. The purpose of this research was to establish the moderating effect of resource implementation factors on the relationship between performance contracting and service delivery in the Huduma Centres of Kenya. The study was anchored on Vroom’s Expectancy Theory and Goal Setting Theory and utilized correlational survey research design. The target population was 276 workers at the 5 Huduma Centres in Western Region in a census survey. Pilot results (N=10) revealed 20-item instrument overall mean reliability α=0.898. Validity was checked and confirmed by expert review. Results revealed proportion of variance in the Service delivery explained by the resource implementation factors (∆R2=0.088; p=0.000) positively and significantly moderated the relationship significantly implying the interactive effect of resource implementation factors improved service delivery levels by 8.8%. The study concluded that performance contracting practices are significant predictors of service delivery levels; resource factors has a positive moderating effect (B= 0.197, p=0.000) on the relationship between performance contracting and service delivery. Recommendations were that firms should continue enhancing performance contracting practices by providing resource implementation factors as these efforts enhance service delivery in Huduma Centres in Kenya. The study’s significance is in contributing new literature and in government policy formulation by isolating resource implementation factors as key variables for improving public sector service delivery.

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