scholarly journals Could New Zealand's Domestic Purposes Benefit in  Conjunction with the Tax Systems Impact Low-Income Women's Decision Regarding Family Formation and Childbearing?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Sorraya Yosyingyong
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Dependent Child ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Tax Systems ◽  
Low Educated

<p>This thesis provides a descriptive analysis of whether New Zealand's Domestic Purposes Benefits (DPB) and some Family Assistance programmes, mainly Family Support, creates incentives for low-income women to become single mothers. This concern arises from two sources: firstly, eligibility criteria for many of these programmes require recipients to be single parents and secondly, assessment units for the welfare and income tax systems are different, resulting in relatively high Effective Marginal Tax Rate (EMTR) for low-income earners when they form a union with their partners. The Household Labour Force Participation Survey (HLFS) was used in the study over the period 1986 to 2004, during which significant welfare policy changes were introduced. If welfare policies do affect incentives for child-bearing and partnering among actual or potential welfare recipients, we would expect these policy changes to have had an impact on these outcomes. Our results indicate that low educated women demonstrated a continuous decline in partnering up rates, whereas high educated women revealed an increase in the partnering up rates over this period. Nevertheless, there were no fluctuations in partnering up rates among low-educated women, in response to these policy changes. Also, the pattern in the childbearing behaviour is similar among low and high educated women. Hence, without a comprehensive regression analysis, this study suggests that the New Zealand DPB and FS, in conjunction with the income tax system, might not have had an impact on actual or potential beneficiaries' decisions to form a union with their partner and to have a dependent child.</p>

scholarly journals Could New Zealand's Domestic Purposes Benefit in  Conjunction with the Tax Systems Impact Low-Income Women's Decision Regarding Family Formation and Childbearing?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Sorraya Yosyingyong
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Dependent Child ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Tax Systems ◽  
Low Educated

<p>This thesis provides a descriptive analysis of whether New Zealand's Domestic Purposes Benefits (DPB) and some Family Assistance programmes, mainly Family Support, creates incentives for low-income women to become single mothers. This concern arises from two sources: firstly, eligibility criteria for many of these programmes require recipients to be single parents and secondly, assessment units for the welfare and income tax systems are different, resulting in relatively high Effective Marginal Tax Rate (EMTR) for low-income earners when they form a union with their partners. The Household Labour Force Participation Survey (HLFS) was used in the study over the period 1986 to 2004, during which significant welfare policy changes were introduced. If welfare policies do affect incentives for child-bearing and partnering among actual or potential welfare recipients, we would expect these policy changes to have had an impact on these outcomes. Our results indicate that low educated women demonstrated a continuous decline in partnering up rates, whereas high educated women revealed an increase in the partnering up rates over this period. Nevertheless, there were no fluctuations in partnering up rates among low-educated women, in response to these policy changes. Also, the pattern in the childbearing behaviour is similar among low and high educated women. Hence, without a comprehensive regression analysis, this study suggests that the New Zealand DPB and FS, in conjunction with the income tax system, might not have had an impact on actual or potential beneficiaries' decisions to form a union with their partner and to have a dependent child.</p>

scholarly journals Education and Unemployment in Israel, 1976-1994: Reducing the Anomaly

2005 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 673-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob (Yaacov) Weisberg ◽  
Noah M. Meltz
Keyword(s):  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Labour Force Participation Rate ◽  
Education Group ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Low Educated

In industrialized economics, unemployment rates are inversely related to education levels. Data from 1963 to 1994 show that Israël is an anomaly exhibiting an inverted U-shaped relationship. Workers with 9-12 years of schooling consistently experienced a higher level of unemployment than the schooling groups with less and more education. Multivariate regression analysis of data for Israël during the 1976-1994 period indicates that this inverted U-shaped relationship is moderating. The national unemployment rate and a time trend variable had positive and significant effects tending to strengthen the inverted U-shaped relationship. However, an increase in the unemployment rate within the 0-8 education group relative to the 9-12 group and a decline in the labour force participation rate of the 0-8 group overrode these factors, resulting in a flattening of the inverse relationship. The major factor responsible for the anomaly in the education-unemployment relationship in Israël appears to be government policies intended to protect low-educated immigrants with large familles. A reduction in government support over recent years seems to have increased the exposure of the least educated to labour market forces.

Policy Changes and the Labour Force Participation of Older Workers: Evidence from Six Countries

2006 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Cooke
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Life Course Perspective ◽  
Mandatory Retirement ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Workforce Aging

ABSTRACTIn response to the anticipated pressures of population aging, national governments and supranational bodies such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the European Union (EU) have promoted policies to encourage the labour force participation of older workers. The recent elimination of mandatory retirement in Ontario is an example of such a policy, and others include changes to national pension systems and changes to disability and employment insurance programs, active labour-market policies, and the promotion of phased or gradual retirement. This paper reviews the different policy approaches taken in the six countries included in the Workforce Aging in the New Economy (WANE) project, placing Canadian policy approaches in relation to those taken in Australia, Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States. From the life course perspective, the policy approaches discussed here do not consider the heterogeneity of older workers' life courses or the related domains of health and family. As well, the changes made thus far do not appear likely to lead to increased labour force participation by older workers, and some may leave older workers at greater risk of low income and low-wage work.

scholarly journals Belgium, a Poster Child for Inclusive Growth?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ive Marx ◽  
Gerlinde Verbist
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Inclusive Growth ◽  
Wage Setting ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
Rich Countries ◽  
Dramatic Growth

This chapter sets out the key trends in inequality and in household incomes for Belgium. It teases out why Belgium has been relatively successful, compared with other rich countries, in maintaining reasonable if not dramatic growth in real incomes for the middle, while limiting increases in inequality. The key features which underpin these outcomes are examined in depth. These relate in particular to the wage-setting institutions for individual earnings, the evolution of labour-force participation and employment and what underpins this, and the redistributive structures of the tax and transfer systems and policies implemented in that respect. This analysis brings out the extent to which institutions and policies have been framed to serve the interests of the broadly defined middle class, while a substantial low-income group face particular challenges.

European Tax Systems and their Impact on Family Employment Patterns

2001 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 653-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
IRENE DINGELDEY
Keyword(s):  
Family Policy ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Married Couples ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Market Regulation ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Employment Patterns ◽  
Family Patterns ◽  
Tax Systems

Drawing on neo-classical assumptions many studies generally assume negative effects of female labour supply with systems of married couples' joint taxation. By comparing the structure of rewards or concessions contained in the various tax systems for particular family employment patterns with the frequency distributions of the various family patterns of labour force participation that can be observed in ten different European countries, however, a clear ‘shaping effect’ of tax systems can not be found. This leads to the conclusion that the systems of family taxation alone can not explain emerging family patterns of labour force participation. Only if various social policies, such as the design of the tax system and labour market regulation, family policy, and – most important – childcare supply are coordinated to support a certain model of families' labour force participation that is in line with the preferences of families can a shaping effect be found.

Neoliberalism, gender inequality and the Australian labour market

2008 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yolanda van Gellecum ◽  
Janeen Baxter ◽  
Mark Western
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Gender Equity ◽  
Wage Inequality ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Wage Setting ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State

Over the past 25 years neoliberal philosophies have increasingly informed labour market policies in Australia that have led to increasing levels of wage decentralization. The most recent industrial relations changes aim to decentralize wage setting significantly further than has previously been the case. We argue that this is problematic for gender equity as wage decentralization will entrench rather than challenge the undervaluation of feminized work. In this article we provide an overview of key neoliberal industrial relations policy changes pertinent to gender equity and examine the current state of gender equity in the labour market. Results show that women's labour force participation has steadily increased over time but that a number of negative trends exclude women with substantial caring responsibilities from pursuing a career track. The implications of increasing levels of wage deregulation are that gender wage inequality and the potential for discrimination will grow.

The Effect of the Regional “Income Tax Withholding Allowance” and “Social Security Premium Support” Programmes on Labour Outcomes in Turkey

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleftherios Giovanis ◽  
Oznur Ozdamar ◽  
Eda Akilotu
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Support Programmes

Abstract This paper examines the employment effects of the “Income tax withholding allowance” and “Social security premium support” programmes implemented in Turkey in 2012. The programmes aim to provide incentives to firms and generate employment opportunities for groups in targeted regions in the Eastern part of Turkey. The analysis relies on detailed micro-level data derived by the Household Labour Force Survey in 2008–2016. We apply the difference-in-differences (DID) method, and we use as treated subjects the respondents located in the regions affected by the policy. Moreover, we propose the propensity score matching approach within the DID framework to reduce the possible selection bias. The findings show a positive impact of the programme on employment, wages, the number of working hours and labour force participation, but we find a negative effect on the probability of being employed in a permanent job for the treated group.

scholarly journals Latent Factors of Non-filer: An Analysis of Data from Inland Revenue Office, Surkhet

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Ram Prasad Mainali
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Grant Application ◽  
Latent Factors ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Minimal Impact ◽  
Inland Revenue ◽  
Inducing Factors ◽  
The Impact

This study examines the inducing factors of non-filters in income tax that analyses the data from one of the remote administrative unit of the Inland Revenue Department of Nepal, Surkhet. Descriptive analysis as well as a Chi-squared test is carried out to examine the impact of government grant policy on elevating non filers. “Grant in agriculture” is assessed as one of its latent factors. Result confirms its significant positive impact on upraising non-filers with a minimal impact on revenue. Therefore, it suggests to free-off grant seekers from compulsory registration in income tax as one of the eligibility criteria for grant application.

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