scholarly journals The Effect of Technological Change and Regulation on the Evolution of the New Zealand Telecommunications Market

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Antony Srzich
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Network Effects ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Sunk Costs ◽  
Natural Monopoly ◽  
Perfect Competition ◽  
Conjectural Variations ◽  
Specific Regulation ◽  
Telecommunications Market ◽  
Antitrust Regulation

<p><b>The absence of industry specific regulation of access to the incumbent'stelecommunications network in New Zealand for an extended period, between1989 and 2001, is unique compared with other countries with developedtelecommunications markets that were opened to competitive entry. This featureof the New Zealand market provides an opportunity to compare the conduct andperformance of antitrust regulation with industry specific regulation introducedin 2001.</b></p> <p>Of particular interest is the place of the concepts of natural monopoly andperfect competition in the regulation of a dynamic market. This thesisestablishes the characteristics that contribute to dynamic supply and demandconditions in the telecommunications market including network effects,discontinuity in demand due to participation, ongoing technological progress ofhardware, sunk costs of software development, and the irreversible investmentof augmenting capacity to meet expected growth in demand. The economicliterature on conjectural variations indicates that under such conditions theconcepts of natural monopoly and perfect competition do not explaincompetitive conduct due to an unstable market equilibrium. The implication isthat forming a reasonable view of competitive conduct is limited to the presentperiod of time.</p> <p>It is shown that decisions made under antitrust regulation are limited to theparticular context of disputed competitive conduct, and these decisions do notspeculate on future competitive conduct. In contrast, industry specific regulationhas formed a sequence of views of competitive conduct, looking forward, that isbased on concepts of natural monopoly and perfect competition. It is observedthat with time, these views of competitive conduct have evolved with thechanging market conditions. If regulatory actions evolve with a changing view ofcompetitive conduct they risk reducing dynamic efficiency.</p>

scholarly journals The Effect of Technological Change and Regulation on the Evolution of the New Zealand Telecommunications Market

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Antony Srzich
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Network Effects ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Sunk Costs ◽  
Natural Monopoly ◽  
Perfect Competition ◽  
Conjectural Variations ◽  
Specific Regulation ◽  
Telecommunications Market ◽  
Antitrust Regulation

<p><b>The absence of industry specific regulation of access to the incumbent'stelecommunications network in New Zealand for an extended period, between1989 and 2001, is unique compared with other countries with developedtelecommunications markets that were opened to competitive entry. This featureof the New Zealand market provides an opportunity to compare the conduct andperformance of antitrust regulation with industry specific regulation introducedin 2001.</b></p> <p>Of particular interest is the place of the concepts of natural monopoly andperfect competition in the regulation of a dynamic market. This thesisestablishes the characteristics that contribute to dynamic supply and demandconditions in the telecommunications market including network effects,discontinuity in demand due to participation, ongoing technological progress ofhardware, sunk costs of software development, and the irreversible investmentof augmenting capacity to meet expected growth in demand. The economicliterature on conjectural variations indicates that under such conditions theconcepts of natural monopoly and perfect competition do not explaincompetitive conduct due to an unstable market equilibrium. The implication isthat forming a reasonable view of competitive conduct is limited to the presentperiod of time.</p> <p>It is shown that decisions made under antitrust regulation are limited to theparticular context of disputed competitive conduct, and these decisions do notspeculate on future competitive conduct. In contrast, industry specific regulationhas formed a sequence of views of competitive conduct, looking forward, that isbased on concepts of natural monopoly and perfect competition. It is observedthat with time, these views of competitive conduct have evolved with thechanging market conditions. If regulatory actions evolve with a changing view ofcompetitive conduct they risk reducing dynamic efficiency.</p>

Infrastructure

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Klein
Keyword(s):  
Energy Transport ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Developing Nations ◽  
Sunk Costs ◽  
Natural Monopoly ◽  
Limited Government ◽  
Quality Regulation ◽  
Government Involvement ◽  
Telecommunications Services ◽  
Infrastructure Services

Infrastructure services in energy, transport, water, and telecommunications services underpin the wealth of modern nations. Yet inefficiencies abound. In developing nations hundreds of millions of people lack access to modern infrastructure services. Globally, as much as 40 percent of expenditures on infrastructure may constitute waste, equivalent to some 1 to 2 percent of global GDP. Natural monopoly features and sunk costs provide incentives for the parties to infrastructure ventures to play ransom games. Particularly in developing economies prices are often well below cost. Hence investors shy away and access remains limited. Government involvement in project choice and implementation may lead to ‘white elephants’ and mismanagement. Where head-to-head competition can be introduced, such as in modern telecommunications systems, the syndrome can be kept in check. Yet where such competition is not feasible, policymaking and inevitable price and quality regulation remain a challenge, requiring patient effort at arm’s-length from day-to-day political pressures.

Ready Player Two: A randomised controlled pilot trial investigating the feasibility of using games to improve healthy lifestyle knowledge in youth (9-16 years) at risk for type two diabetes. (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph Maddison ◽  
Nilufar Baghaei ◽  
Amanda Jane Calder ◽  
Rinki Murphy ◽  
Varsha Parag ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Pilot Trial ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Trial Registration ◽  
Diabetes Knowledge ◽  
Game Play ◽  
Health Research Council ◽  
Randomised Controlled

UNSTRUCTURED Objective: To determine the comparative use and knowledge effects of two prototype serious games for health on healthy lifestyle knowledge in youth aged 9-16 years at risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods: A three-arm parallel randomized controlled pilot trial was undertaken to assess use of the game, and the effect of the game on healthy lifestyle and T2D diabetes knowledge. Participants were allocated to ‘Diabetic Jumper’ (n=7), ‘Ari and Friends’ (n=8), or a control game (n=8). All participants completed healthy lifestyle and T2D knowledge questionnaires at baseline, immediately after game play, and four weeks after game play. Game attitudes and preferences were also assessed. The primary outcome was the use of the game, specifically, the number of minutes played over four weeks. Results: There were no statistical differences in healthy lifestyle knowledge or diabetes knowledge over time or across games. Only one participant accessed the game for an extended period, playing the game for a total of 33 min over 4 weeks. Conclusion: Two prototype serious were unsuccessful at sustaining long-term play outside a clinic environment. However, the potential for these games to be used as stimulus to engage young people with healthy lifestyle and diabetes knowledge in a clinic setting should be further explored. Suggested improvements for future studies are discussed. Trial Registration: Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12619000380190. Registered 11 March 2019, https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=377123 Funding: The trial was funded by a Health Research Council of New Zealand Feasibility grant.

Antitrust Regulation of IT Giants` Activities: Main Trends of Foreign and Russian Legislation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.V. Shram ◽  
Keyword(s):  
House Of Representatives ◽  
Network Effects ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Economic Concentration ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Antitrust Regulation

The article is devoted to the antimonopoly regulation of IT giants` activities. The author presents an overview of the main trends in foreign and Russian legislation in this area. The problems the antimonopoly regulation of digital markets faces are the following: the complexity of determining the criteria for the dominant position of economic entities in the digital economy and the criteria for assessing the economic concentration in the commodity digital markets; the identification and suppression of cartels; the relationship between competition law and intellectual property rights in the digital age. Some aspects of these problems are considered through the prism of the main trends in the antimonopoly policy in the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom and Russia. The investigation findings of the USA House of Representatives Antitrust Subcommittee against Apple, Google, Amazon and Facebook are presented. The author justifies the need to separate them, which requires the adoption of appropriate amendments to the antimonopoly legislation. The article analyzes the draft law of the European Commission on the regulation of digital markets – Digital Markets Act, reveals the criteria for classifying IT companies as «gatekeepers», and notes the specific approaches to antimonopoly regulation in the UK and the US. The article describes the concepts «digital platform» and «network effects», presented in the «fifth antimonopoly package of amendments», developed in 2018 by the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the Russian Federation, and gives an overview of the comments of the Ministry of Economic Development regarding these concepts wording in the text of the draft law, which formed the basis for the negative conclusion of the regulator. It is concluded that in the context of the digital markets’ globalization, there is a need for the international legal nature antitrust norms formation, since regional legislation obviously cannot cope with the monopolistic activities of IT giants.

scholarly journals 2019/2020 Learning Centre Practice in Aotearoa/New Zealand: Report

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-61
Author(s):  
Julia Tanner ◽  
◽  
Xiaodan Gao ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Professional Status ◽  
Aotearoa New Zealand ◽  
Financial Pressure ◽  
Similar Range ◽  
Learning Development ◽  
Academic Contracts ◽  
The Impact

Data on the services and staffing in tertiary learning centres are necessary for providing professional support for tertiary learning advisors (TLAs). Full scale surveys of Aotearoa New Zealand centres were conducted in 2008 and 2013. In 2019, a third survey was conducted to explore whether the identified trends were continuing and whether there were any changes. This survey was sent to managers and team leaders at 26 tertiary learning institutions in Aotearoa New Zealand. Four topics were investigated: 1) the professional status of TLAs; 2) learning centre organisation; 3) the services provided by TLAs; 4) trends and changes since 2013. In 2020, when the lockdown resulting from the Covid-19 pandemic meant all centres had to cease operating face-to-face services for an extended period, some follow-up questions about the impact of Covid-19 were sent to the respondents of the 2019 survey. This report presents the five main findings of the 2019/2020 surveys, and provides comparisons with the previous surveys. First, more TLAs had postgraduate qualifications, and more TLAs were given general/professional contracts than academic contracts. Second, fewer learning centres were part of libraries or teaching and learning development units. Third, centres provided a similar range of services, with an increase in pastoral and wellbeing support. Fourth, services were more embedded, and more were delivered in online/blended modes, particularly since Covid-19. Lastly, changes in learning centres’ structures and service delivery were due to institutional financial pressure and student needs. We make some recommendations, including changing some questions in future surveys, updating the ATLAANZ professional practice document regularly, and implementing a TLA accreditation scheme in Aotearoa New Zealand.

scholarly journals Australia’s fixed broadband deficit

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Gary McLaren
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Recent Change ◽  
Natural Monopoly ◽  
Coalition Government ◽  
Australian Government ◽  
Utility Company ◽  
Fibre Network ◽  
Broadband Market ◽  
Telecommunications Market

Australia’s fixed broadband services performance and takeup is continuing to fall behind other comparable countries in international benchmarks. This is despite broadband being a hot topic of debate at three Federal Elections and the creation of a new broadband utility company by the Australian Government. The recent change of government, in 2013, prompted reviews into the structure of Australia’s fixed telecommunications market. A move away from utility style broadband to infrastructure competition has been recommended but the Australian Government has not embraced such a move, preferring instead to keep the utility structure for fixed broadband. While the new Coalition Government is investing in more fibre infrastructure as part of its Multi Technology Mix, there is no commitment to build a ‘deep fibre’ network that would have ‘natural monopoly’ characteristics. Competition from new technologies, wireless and fixed, may limit the financial viability of the utility broadband provider. Indecision about the structure of Australia’s broadband market is likely to continue to retard medium to long term investment in the fibre infrastructure needed to improve Australia’s broadband rankings against its international peers.

scholarly journals Payment Systems Are Different: Shouldn't Their Regulation Be Too?

2005 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
John Simon
Keyword(s):  
Social Welfare ◽  
Payment System ◽  
Payment Systems ◽  
Antitrust Laws ◽  
Private Incentives ◽  
Specific Regulation ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Antitrust Regulation

This paper makes the case that the structure of payment systems is such that, in contrast to competition in normal markets, private incentives can encourage activities and pricing that do not necessarily improve social welfare. Furthermore, while there is usually a reasonable presumption that where arrangements do not breach antitrust laws they are efficient, this presumption does not necessarily carry over to payment systems. Thus, there is a case for the regulation of payment systems. In particular, the paper suggests that, because of the distinctive nature of payment systems, payment system specific regulation has a number of advantages over generic antitrust regulation.

scholarly journals What Now for Australia's NBN?

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 31-62
Author(s):  
Gary McLaren
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Natural Monopoly ◽  
The Political ◽  
Government Ownership ◽  
Broadband Network ◽  
Broadband Services ◽  
Telecommunications Market ◽  
Policy Failures

Australia, like other countries, embarked on deregulation and privatisation of its telecommunications market in the late 1980s. The success of infrastructure competition in the mobile communications sector in pushing Australia to being a world leader in that sector contrasts with the failure to achieve the same in fixed telecommunications. Australia’s politics, insular policies and categorisation of fixed telecommunications as a natural monopoly have made Australia a global laggard in the provision of broadband services. The return of government ownership of telecoms infrastructure in the form of the National Broadband Network and the continuing lack of investment in fibre infrastructure highlight the political and policy failures that have accumulated. A disaggregation of NBN Co into competing technology-based entities, along with the establishment of a regional telecommunications fund financed by a broad-based telecommunications levy, is recommended as the answer to fix these long-term problems.

scholarly journals The Reactivity of New Zealand Ilmenites

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
James Bernard Metson
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Electron Microprobe ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Dominant Feature ◽  
Rapid Dissolution ◽  
Series Of Experiments

<p>The dissolution of West Coast, South Island, New Zealand ilmenite in acid solutions was studied under a variety of conditions, including concentrations approaching those used industrially. The major dissolution medium considered was hydrochloric acid (1-->10 M), at temperatures of 50-->80 degrees C. The series of experiments undertaken souqht to establish the factors affecting the reactivity of the ilmenite samples. Concentrations of dissolved components of the ilmenite were followed by Atomic Absorption spectrometry and the structure and composition of the residual ilmenite was examined by X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, electron microprobe and scanning electron microscopy. Evidence for the rapid dissolution of an iron-rich surface phase was observed, but the dominant feature of early reaction is selective attack along zones parallel to the basal plane of the ilmenite structure. After the initial phase of rapid dissolution, reaction rate declines and all extended period of concentration/time linearity follows. This decline in rate appears to relate to polymerisation and. transport of dissolved titanium within the porous solid. The addition of phosphate and fluoride to the system, has been shown to seriously affect the properties and transport of dissolved titanium. The effects of other interfering reagents such as additional titanium and iron were also considered. The observed behaviour of these ilmenites in dissolution, was related to the pattern of natural weathering identified in other ilmenite concentrates The structure and composition of a range of these materials was examined by X-ray diffraction, Electron microprobe and Mossbauer spectroscopy.</p>

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