scholarly journals Orthographic Projection and the Elaboration of the Imaginary

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Duncan Geoffrey Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Architectural Design ◽  
Public Library ◽  
Civic Architecture ◽  
Architectural Drawing ◽  
Projected Image ◽  
Orthographic Projection ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Construction Documents ◽  
Technical Construction ◽  
Symbolic Image

<p>With the development of digital technologies, orthographic projection has been slowly removed from the process of architectural design. Instead, orthographic projection drawings are increasingly utilised purely post-design in the form of technical construction documents. Yet, according to Robin Evans orthographic projection is an active agency in the formation of images, and an effective agency for the elaboration of imaginary objects. Furthermore, for Iain Fraser and Rod Henmi orthographic projection produces conceptually sophisticated constructs whose abstract representation of space allows certain aspects and relationship to be seen which may not otherwise be visible. This thesis argues that the reduced role of orthographic projection in the process of design has affected architects' ability to elaborate the imaginary. To investigate the potential of orthographic projection in the elaboration of the imaginary, this thesis expands upon Marco Frascari's written theory of technological images as a palimpsest displaying three overlapping relationships: (1) between a real artefact and the reflected or projected image of it, (2) between a real artefact and its instrumental image, and (3) between the instrumental image and its symbolic image. To expand upon this theory graphically this thesis employs a methodology of architectural drawing as research. Outlined by Clemens Steenbergen, this framework proposes three distinct forms of architectural drawing that constitute research. This thesis couples these three forms with Frascari's three overlapping relationships of a technological image: (1) The Reproduction Drawings aim to register more accurately how something is made up through a process which interprets the object of observation and incorporates it into memory. These drawings embody the first overlapping relationship of Frascari's, technological image, between a real artefact and the projected image of it. (2) Analytical Drawings reveal abstract qualities and potentials by reducing the complex compositions of the first series to their elementary geometric forms, lines and grids. These drawings embody the second overlapping relationship, between a real artefact and its instrumental image. (3) Experimental Drawings project the reproduction and analytical drawings into an existing context to expand upon or reinforce the relationships and conceptual connections formed in relation to the site in the preceding two series. The effects of these interventions are assessed and altered, ultimately leading to new concepts and new compositions. These drawings aim to elaborate imaginative relationships between buildings and architectural ideas, through a process Frascari terms a mutual measure derived from a familiar nature. These drawings embody the third and final overlapping relationship between the instrumental and its symbolic image. By extending upon Frascari's theory graphically, this thesis argues that orthographic projection remains a valuable tool in the process of design. The real artefact chosen to demonstrate the continued value of orthographic projection is Wellington's Civic Square. This site was selected as the buildings located around its formal rectilinear domain offer a heterogeneous mix of civic architecture, ranging from the strictly orthogonal Town Hall and City Gallery to the curvilinear Public Library and City Administration Building. This site offers the opportunity to test both the advantages and disadvantages of orthographic projection, for the reading of architecture and the elaboration of the imaginary, within a formally diverse existing urban environment.</p>

scholarly journals Orthographic Projection and the Elaboration of the Imaginary

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Duncan Geoffrey Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Architectural Design ◽  
Public Library ◽  
Civic Architecture ◽  
Architectural Drawing ◽  
Projected Image ◽  
Orthographic Projection ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Construction Documents ◽  
Technical Construction ◽  
Symbolic Image

<p>With the development of digital technologies, orthographic projection has been slowly removed from the process of architectural design. Instead, orthographic projection drawings are increasingly utilised purely post-design in the form of technical construction documents. Yet, according to Robin Evans orthographic projection is an active agency in the formation of images, and an effective agency for the elaboration of imaginary objects. Furthermore, for Iain Fraser and Rod Henmi orthographic projection produces conceptually sophisticated constructs whose abstract representation of space allows certain aspects and relationship to be seen which may not otherwise be visible. This thesis argues that the reduced role of orthographic projection in the process of design has affected architects' ability to elaborate the imaginary. To investigate the potential of orthographic projection in the elaboration of the imaginary, this thesis expands upon Marco Frascari's written theory of technological images as a palimpsest displaying three overlapping relationships: (1) between a real artefact and the reflected or projected image of it, (2) between a real artefact and its instrumental image, and (3) between the instrumental image and its symbolic image. To expand upon this theory graphically this thesis employs a methodology of architectural drawing as research. Outlined by Clemens Steenbergen, this framework proposes three distinct forms of architectural drawing that constitute research. This thesis couples these three forms with Frascari's three overlapping relationships of a technological image: (1) The Reproduction Drawings aim to register more accurately how something is made up through a process which interprets the object of observation and incorporates it into memory. These drawings embody the first overlapping relationship of Frascari's, technological image, between a real artefact and the projected image of it. (2) Analytical Drawings reveal abstract qualities and potentials by reducing the complex compositions of the first series to their elementary geometric forms, lines and grids. These drawings embody the second overlapping relationship, between a real artefact and its instrumental image. (3) Experimental Drawings project the reproduction and analytical drawings into an existing context to expand upon or reinforce the relationships and conceptual connections formed in relation to the site in the preceding two series. The effects of these interventions are assessed and altered, ultimately leading to new concepts and new compositions. These drawings aim to elaborate imaginative relationships between buildings and architectural ideas, through a process Frascari terms a mutual measure derived from a familiar nature. These drawings embody the third and final overlapping relationship between the instrumental and its symbolic image. By extending upon Frascari's theory graphically, this thesis argues that orthographic projection remains a valuable tool in the process of design. The real artefact chosen to demonstrate the continued value of orthographic projection is Wellington's Civic Square. This site was selected as the buildings located around its formal rectilinear domain offer a heterogeneous mix of civic architecture, ranging from the strictly orthogonal Town Hall and City Gallery to the curvilinear Public Library and City Administration Building. This site offers the opportunity to test both the advantages and disadvantages of orthographic projection, for the reading of architecture and the elaboration of the imaginary, within a formally diverse existing urban environment.</p>

scholarly journals Tūrangawaewae | A place to stand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jonathan Morrish
Keyword(s):  
Architectural Design ◽  
Design Research ◽  
Place Identity ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Urban Architecture ◽  
Architectural Drawing ◽  
Life Lessons ◽  
Science And Politics ◽  
Landscape Heritage ◽  
The Right

<p><b>The landscape concealed beneath the concrete surfaces of our cities is replete with heritage stories representing the transformative evolution of the land, our culture and our ever-evolving society. The architecture upon these urban landscapes, however, is often only challenged to represent an architectural style (aesthetic), function (programme) or a public mask (branding) of the building. As a result, architecture tends to neglect the evolving identity of its context, allowing the stories of the site’s heritage to become lost beneath the growing layers of urban development. This thesis asks:How can urban architecture help to reawaken the transformative heritage stories that form place identity, enabling architecture as well as its inhabitants to have a place to stand | tūrangawaewae?</b></p> <p>Place identity for Māori is embodied in the concept of tūrangawaewae––a place to stand. For Māori, the place where a person learns important life lessons and feels a connection with their ancestors is usually the marae. In this place they have earned the right to stand up and make their voices heard. In this place they are empowered and connected to both the land and to one another. Tūrangawaewae––a place to stand––embodies the fundamental concept of our connection to place (“Papatūānuku – the land”). The research site selected to explore this question is the urban area in and around Te Aro Park in central Wellington, which was once the site of Te Aro Pā. This site provides the thesis with a rich polyvalent layering of stories, interweaving landscape heritage, Māori heritage and colonial heritage within a single architectural context. This thesis is framed as an ‘allegorical architectural project’, which is defined by Penelope Haralambidou as a critical method for architectural design research that is often characterised by speculative architectural drawing. The allegorical architectural project integrates design and text to critically reflect on architecture in relation to topics such as art, science and politics (Haralambidou, “The Fall”, 225).</p> <p>The design-led research investigation explores how an allegorical architectural project can help to enable urban architecture to reawaken the transformative heritage stories that form place identity—utilising speculative architectural drawing as a fundamental tool for enabling architecture as well as its inhabitants to manifest a sense of belonging. The thesis proposes an allegorical architectural project as a research vehicle through which place identity can be challenged and fulfilled. By positioning an architectural intervention and its context within a dialectic confrontation, it examines how an allegorical architectural project can represent and communicate the temporal and multi-layered nature of place identity within a static architectural outcome.</p> <p>By reconnecting architecture with site, and interpreting this connection allegorically within the design process, this thesis investigates how architecture can allegorically become the living inhabitant of a site, where the site itself gives architecture its tūrangawaewae, a place to stand.</p>

scholarly journals UK public library roles and value: A focus group analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo Appleton ◽  
Hazel Hall ◽  
Alistair S. Duff ◽  
Robert Raeside
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
Public Libraries ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Public Library ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Group Data ◽  
Library Use ◽  
Focus Group Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Epistemic Role

Findings from a study of the advantages and disadvantages accrued by individuals from their public library use, and the impact of this on citizenship at individual and community levels, are presented. The analysis of longitudinal focus group data collected on two occasions at eight UK locations at a time of a so-called ‘public library crisis’ demonstrates a strong sense of the epistemic role of public libraries, and their conception as safe, welcoming, community-owned spaces. Links between public library use and the development of citizenship are less easily identified. However, the evidence shows that public library use facilitates participation in society, and provides resources to allow individuals and communities to fulfil their societal obligations.

Comparative Analysis of Schemes for Metro Station Built by Enlarging Large-Diameter Shield Tunnel

2011 ◽  
Vol 368-373 ◽  
pp. 2731-2735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Yan ◽  
Xiu Ren Yang ◽  
Ai Min Li ◽  
Wen Jun Wang ◽  
De Yun Ding
Keyword(s):  
Architectural Design ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Mass Transit ◽  
Construction Method ◽  
Shield Tunnel ◽  
Metro Station ◽  
Building Conditions ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
New Construction ◽  
Building Environment

With the speedy development of Beijing mass transit, the land for metro engineering construction is becoming more and more insufficient; moreover, more and more complicated building environment problems are coming forth in future. In a complex building environment, how to choose available construction method to fast, safely and economically build metro engineering is worthy to be urgently studied in Beijing mass transit. Taking the experiment project of Beijing metro line No.14 as an engineering background, a new construction method that a running tunnel is firstly built by large-size shield method and then a metro station is constructed by shallow mining method to enlarge existing large-diameter shield tunnel is presented in this paper. Based on the building conditions of the experiment project, three architectural design schemes for the metro station and two kinds of construction plans are briefly introduced, and their advantages and disadvantages are analyzed as well. The new construction method can be used as a reference for the design and construction of metro engineering in China in the future.

scholarly journals Recursion. The Undimensional Method: A speculative exploration of formalism through an unconventional approach to the orthographic, scale and site.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jessica York
Keyword(s):  
Architectural Design ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Building Design ◽  
Psychological Needs ◽  
Design Methods ◽  
Town Planning ◽  
Orthographic Projection ◽  
Traditional Design ◽  
Urban Issues

<p><b>In a society of mass-production, architects, conscious of their social responsibilities, can be lead to focus on urban issues such as town planning, prefabrication, housing or building developments that often prioritise time and money over human needs. The architect’s duty, however, should embody the emotional and psychological needs of both, people and place. In the context of this thesis, formalism, scale and the orthographic will be the measures to which people (humans) and place (site) are represented. Traditionally, scale and the orthographic drawing in architecture have been independently discussed, but their dependant relationship is yet to be creatively challenged. This thesis argues that formalism can act as a mechanism to vehicle a relationship between the two.</b></p> <p>This thesis re-evaluates some of the traditional design methods and conventional approaches to architecture. A speculative and unconventional approach will aim to reconstruct the orthographic, test the limits of translation in scale and redefine a new conceptual term to ‘formalism’. To achieve this, an anthropomorphic and unidimensional methodology will be generated, considering the site as the client, a representation of people and place simultaneously. This project will not present a resolved building design as an ending solution but looks to present a methodological process to find the outcome of this research. It is through the application of this method that a novel strategy for formal design is identified.</p> <p>In a digital age, the use of the orthographic projection has gradually become marginalised in preliminary architectural design processes and is generally utilised in succeeding final designs in the technical construction drawings. The orthographic, as a device of representation, demonstrates an inability to be manipulated and is commonly interpreted as a static construct. This limitation activated an interest to challenge or reconfigure the constructs in the early design phases.</p> <p>There is a significant relationship between representation and perception. How something is perceived visually and the way it is experienced spatially, can offer direct comparisons but also provides the potential to discover what happens in between. In architecture, the perception of the conceptual drawings to the final built design is almost disparate. To explore this relationship; representation, perception and experience, this work will oscillate between the 2nd and 3rd dimensions. Drawing will be used as the mechanism for the 2D realm and modelling the mechanism to demonstrate the 3D realm.</p> <p>This investigation will position its focus into two main parts. First, critiquing the orthographic projection and notions of form and formalism, creating the methodology and initial designs. The second part concerns challenging the idea of fixed scale in the application and development of the design. A speculative and explorative process gives rise to the creation of a new methodological approach to architecture. A formally recursive theme is discovered through the developmental process which denotes infinite iterative possibilities that can be applied and adapted repeatedly to any specific site.</p> <p>Architects should aim to contest the traditional design methods codified in our field, and not always conform to the conventional approaches. The method proposed could be a solution for a future of architecture that can adhere to the many different layers and values in our society simultaneously. As a result, architectural formalism could embody the needs of both people and place in an era where this has slowly been diminished.</p>

scholarly journals Celebrating Difference: Architectural Conflation within an Urban Fabric

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Casey Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Urban Fabric ◽  
Architectural Discourse ◽  
Civic Architecture ◽  
Design Project ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
Human Difference ◽  
Raw Foods ◽  
Scale Design

<p>Celebrating Difference questions New Zealand’s current civic architecture, and the way we will design these environments in the future. This thesis explores various cultural literary precedents supported by two detailed case studies and a civic scale architectural design project. Firstly, this thesis explores a global stance on multi-culture and difference and investigates a contemporary breakdown of difference, culture and multiculturalism. The reader is then taken through a journey of New Zealand’s civic history, with an emphasis on cultural and social climates, and their acknowledgement or celebration through architectural discourse. Multicultural Australia, Bernard Tschumi’s metaphorical consumption and a literal exploration of food’s contribution in the civic arena are all literary examples examined within the research with an emphasis on re-direction and possibly unseen correlations within civic scale design. These examinations are to question an international field of cultural architectural discourse and identify events and forms that contribute to cultural celebration. The two case studies examined are Federation Square, Melbourne city and Wellington’s CBD, in New Zealand. These studies highlight each space’s exhibition of cultural celebration and aid in defining key characteristics that encourage cultural celebration through architecture. The hypothesis aligns the study’s key findings with the design project, Architectural Conflation within an Urban Fabric. This correlative piece identifies human similarity as a critical point of understanding in the equation of difference. When similarity is acknowledged, a closeness is formed allowing a greater understanding of human difference to be achieved – doesn’t make good sense. A re-discovery of Raw Foods, Landscape and Materiality are determined as key architectural attributes that aid in creating environments that celebrate difference through architectural discourse.</p>

scholarly journals FORMATION OF THE PUBLIC LIBRARY MODEL IN THE CONDITIONS OF UNITED TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES OF THE SOUTH OF UKRAINE

2021 ◽  
pp. 12-20
Author(s):  
Irina Burmis
Keyword(s):  
Information Technologies ◽  
Public Libraries ◽  
Public Library ◽  
Library Services ◽  
The South ◽  
The Public ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Library Network ◽  
Library Staff ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Purpose of the article. The analysis of the specificities of formation of the public library model in the conditions of creation of the united territorial communities (UTC) of the South of Ukraine. The methodology of the research is based on the complex of general methods (analysis, synthesis, generalization, and modeling) and approaches (system, socio-communicative, modernization). The scientific novelty of the work is to conducta comprehensive study of the possibility of choosing libraries of Odesa, Kherson, and Mykolayiv a certain profile and their own path of development in the formation of UTC as centers of legal and regional information in the form of centers of public initiatives, socio-communication platforms, multimedia mobile libraries or multicultural centers. Conclusions. Suggestions that are based on the comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed models of reforming the library network are made regarding the development of the optimal model of functioning of public libraries in the South of Ukraine, which provides for the following important elements. Firstly, automation, that is based on the development and implementation of the newest information technologies, which, in turn, activates the material and technical base modernization, organization structure, and the library staff training; providing new services or products. Secondly, renovating the activity and staff management methods. Thirdly, providing stable financing to UTC possibilities, applying marketing and advertising technologies of library activity popularization according to the UTC functioning. Next, saving the valuable stuff resource and technologies in library staff’ work. Then, organizing the UTC public library work as the informative intelligent center, cultural and leisure space, that is discovered on the Chornomorska library example. Finally, the introduction of non-stationary library services on the basis of the Law of Ukraine«On territorial communities’ cooperation». Key words: public libraries, the South of Ukraine, united territorial communities (UTC), modernization,model, profiling.

scholarly journals Tange and Kuma: Lessons of Symbol and Context

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Architectural Design ◽  
Public Library ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Current Form ◽  
Traditional Art ◽  
New Public ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Architectural Tradition ◽  
Art And Architecture

<p><b>Aotearoa New Zealand’s architectural landscape has been said to rely on other nations as well as carrying the residual effects of colonisation within its built environment through the mimicking of European and Anglo-American styles (Bird, 1992). Despite the increasing profile of what has been a continuous Māori architectural tradition, since colonisation New Zealand’s indigenous Māori culture generally has had a diminished presence. There are successful examples of New Zealand’s bi-cultural heritage, but these instances are few. A large portion of the examples that do attempt to represent this bi-culturalism are usually watered down to iconographic representations of traditional art and architecture. </b></p> <p>This research explores ways in which New Zealand’s architectural identity can better reflect New Zealand’s own society, culture, materiality, and nationhood. In order to do this, the focus of this research takes a radical approach turning to a study of the career of Japanese architect Kenzo Tange (1913-1945) who has been able to successfully confront issues of tradition, society, and nationhood through architectural designs. The intent of this research is not to duplicate Tange’s style. It is rather that through a series of studies, Tange’s methodologies and processes related to issues of tradition, society, and nationhood are examined and applied. Tange’s modernist work drew from tradition to develop a renewed design sensibility in a contemporary Japanese idiom. His approach is examined to determine a strategy that could reinforce characteristics of New Zealand’s nationhood through architectural design. </p> <p>To extend the study beyond Tange’s career, the career of Japanese architect Kengo Kuma (b. 1954) is analysed for the contemporary perspective his work brings to some of the issues that Tange confronted. This approach is applied to the design for a new public library in Wellington, where the findings from this case study are implemented amongst issues pertaining to society, culture, and nationhood in order to continue the development of New Zealand’s architectural identity. </p> <p>This design is also used in an exploration to discover how a decolonised library building could be created in New Zealand. Libraries in their current form are mainly seen as repositories that accommodate access to physical and digital forms of information. This design considers alternative ways in which information can be shared and accessed that do not currently exist within New Zealand’s library models. The effectiveness of this process is then reflected upon and conclusions are drawn.</p>

scholarly journals Tange and Kuma: Lessons of Symbol and Context

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Architectural Design ◽  
Public Library ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Current Form ◽  
Traditional Art ◽  
New Public ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Architectural Tradition ◽  
Art And Architecture

<p><b>Aotearoa New Zealand’s architectural landscape has been said to rely on other nations as well as carrying the residual effects of colonisation within its built environment through the mimicking of European and Anglo-American styles (Bird, 1992). Despite the increasing profile of what has been a continuous Māori architectural tradition, since colonisation New Zealand’s indigenous Māori culture generally has had a diminished presence. There are successful examples of New Zealand’s bi-cultural heritage, but these instances are few. A large portion of the examples that do attempt to represent this bi-culturalism are usually watered down to iconographic representations of traditional art and architecture. </b></p> <p>This research explores ways in which New Zealand’s architectural identity can better reflect New Zealand’s own society, culture, materiality, and nationhood. In order to do this, the focus of this research takes a radical approach turning to a study of the career of Japanese architect Kenzo Tange (1913-1945) who has been able to successfully confront issues of tradition, society, and nationhood through architectural designs. The intent of this research is not to duplicate Tange’s style. It is rather that through a series of studies, Tange’s methodologies and processes related to issues of tradition, society, and nationhood are examined and applied. Tange’s modernist work drew from tradition to develop a renewed design sensibility in a contemporary Japanese idiom. His approach is examined to determine a strategy that could reinforce characteristics of New Zealand’s nationhood through architectural design. </p> <p>To extend the study beyond Tange’s career, the career of Japanese architect Kengo Kuma (b. 1954) is analysed for the contemporary perspective his work brings to some of the issues that Tange confronted. This approach is applied to the design for a new public library in Wellington, where the findings from this case study are implemented amongst issues pertaining to society, culture, and nationhood in order to continue the development of New Zealand’s architectural identity. </p> <p>This design is also used in an exploration to discover how a decolonised library building could be created in New Zealand. Libraries in their current form are mainly seen as repositories that accommodate access to physical and digital forms of information. This design considers alternative ways in which information can be shared and accessed that do not currently exist within New Zealand’s library models. The effectiveness of this process is then reflected upon and conclusions are drawn.</p>

scholarly journals Exploring the Interplay between CAD and FreeFem++ as an Energy Decision-Making Tool for Architectural Design

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Rojas-Fernández ◽  
Carmen Galán-Marín ◽  
Carlos Rivera-Gómez ◽  
Enrique Fernández-Nieto
Keyword(s):  
System Integration ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Building Energy Efficiency ◽  
Mathematical Tool ◽  
External Temperature ◽  
Architectural Drawing ◽  
Building Energy Optimization

The energy modelling software tools commonly used for architectural purposes do not allow a straightforward real-time implementation within the architectural design programs. In addition, the surrounding exterior spaces of the building, including the inner courtyards, hardly present a specific treatment distinguishing these spaces from the general external temperature in the thermal simulations. This is a clear disadvantage when it comes to streamlining the design process in relation to the whole-building energy optimization. In this context, the present study aims to demonstrate the advantages of the FreeFem++ open source program for performing simulations in architectural environments. These simulations include microclimate tests that describe the interactions between a building architecture and its local exterior. The great potential of this mathematical tool can be realized through its complete system integration within CAD (Computer-Aided Design) software such as SketchUp or AutoCAD. In order to establish the suitability of FreeFem++ for the performance of simulations, the most widely employed energy simulation tools able to consider a proposed architectural geometry in a specific environment are compared. On the basis of this analysis, it can be concluded that FreeFem++ is the only program displaying the best features for the thermal performance simulation of these specific outdoor spaces, excluding the currently unavailable easy interaction with architectural drawing programs. The main contribution of this research is, in fact, the enhancement of FreeFem++ usability by proposing a simple intuitive method for the creation of building geometries and their respective meshing (pre-processing). FreeFem++ is also considered a tool for data analysis (post-processing) able to help engineers and architects with building energy-efficiency-related tasks.

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