scholarly journals Culture and Depression: A Cross-Cultural Meta-Analysis of the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Nicholas Davies
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Self Rating ◽  
Country Level

<p>Cultural differences in the prevalence and symptomatology of depression have been well documented. Eastern samples typically display lower prevalence rates of depression coupled with greater reporting of somatic symptoms, while Western samples have higher prevalence rates and report more psychological symptoms. Scholars have argued that both collectivism and economic factors might explain these cultural differences. Less emphasis has been placed on cultural differences of depression levels, and whether dimensions of cultural variability and country-level factors can explain any observed differences. This study reports a cross-cultural meta-analysis of studies using the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), examining mean scores of the SDS across 89,989 individuals from 30 countries. As expected, clinical samples showed higher depression scores compared to general population samples. Notably, income inequality (indexed by the Gini index) was weakly related to SDS scores, with higher levels of depression observed in nations with lower levels of inequality. In addition, SDS scores were not related to measures of collectivism. The results suggest that while economic factors do influence depression levels in a given society, differences in the emphasis societies place on the interdependence between individuals and the group do not exert any influence.</p>

scholarly journals Culture and Depression: A Cross-Cultural Meta-Analysis of the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Nicholas Davies
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Self Rating ◽  
Country Level

<p>Cultural differences in the prevalence and symptomatology of depression have been well documented. Eastern samples typically display lower prevalence rates of depression coupled with greater reporting of somatic symptoms, while Western samples have higher prevalence rates and report more psychological symptoms. Scholars have argued that both collectivism and economic factors might explain these cultural differences. Less emphasis has been placed on cultural differences of depression levels, and whether dimensions of cultural variability and country-level factors can explain any observed differences. This study reports a cross-cultural meta-analysis of studies using the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), examining mean scores of the SDS across 89,989 individuals from 30 countries. As expected, clinical samples showed higher depression scores compared to general population samples. Notably, income inequality (indexed by the Gini index) was weakly related to SDS scores, with higher levels of depression observed in nations with lower levels of inequality. In addition, SDS scores were not related to measures of collectivism. The results suggest that while economic factors do influence depression levels in a given society, differences in the emphasis societies place on the interdependence between individuals and the group do not exert any influence.</p>

What does the Ultimatum Game mean in the real world?

2005 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 824-825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randolph C. Grace ◽  
Simon Kemp
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Real World ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ultimatum Game ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Social Expenditure ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
The Mean

The predictive validity of the ultimatum game (UG) for cross-cultural differences in real-world behavior has not yet been established. We discuss results of a recent meta-analysis (Oosterbeek et al 2004), which examined UG behavior across large-scale societies and found that the mean percent offers rejected was positively correlated with social expenditure.

scholarly journals Cross-Cultural Variations in Extreme Rejecting and Extreme Affirming Response Styles

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 955-971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tieyuan Guo ◽  
Roy Spina
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Response Style ◽  
Response Styles ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Cultural Variations ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual

Previous research has discussed cultural differences in moderacy vs extremity response styles. The present research found that cultural differences in response styles were more complex than previously speculated. We investigated cross-cultural variations in extreme rejecting versus affirming response biases. Although research has indicated that overall Chinese have less extreme responses than Westerners, the difference may be mainly driven by extreme rejecting responses because respondents consider answering survey questions as a way of interacting with researchers, and extreme rejecting responses may disrupt harmony in relationships, which is valued more in Chinese collectivistic culture than in Western individualistic cultures. Studies 1 and 2 revealed that Chinese had less extreme rejecting response style than did British, whereas they did not differ in extreme affirming response style. Study 2 further revealed that the cross-cultural asymmetry in extreme rejecting versus affirming response styles was partially accounted for by individualism orientation at the individual level. Consistently, Study 3 revealed that at the country level, individualism was positively associated with extreme rejecting response style, but was not associated with extreme affirming response style, suggesting that individualism accounted for the asymmetric cultural variation in extreme rejecting versus affirming response styles.

scholarly journals Cultural Variation in Aggressive Behavior: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Students’ Exposure to Bullying Across 32 Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (55) ◽  
pp. 465-490
Author(s):  
Ioannis Katsantonis
Keyword(s):  
Important Variable ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Cultural Comparison ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Cross Cultural Comparison ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Middle East Countries

Introduction.  The prevalence rates of bullying vary significantly across countries and continents. Specifically, UNESCO estimates that the prevalence rates vary from 22.8% (Central America) to 48.2% (Sub-Saharan Africa). Recently, these differences among countries and regions have been attributed to culture- and country-level variables. Thus, the first purpose of this study is to examine the comparability of bullying in schools across countries. Secondly, a cross-cultural comparison of the latent mean scores of bullying is implemented. Method. The data of 286,481 adolescent students (M=15.78, SD=0.29) from 32 countries were analyzed using multilevel confirmatory factor analyses (MLCFA) and multigroup factor alignment. Results.  Results indicated that the meaning of bullying is equivalent within and between cultures. However, cross-cultural differences in bullying are apparent. East Asian countries have the lowest latent means of bullying, while Southeast Asian countries have the highest means. Anglo-Saxon, Eastern European, Mediterranean, South American, and Middle East countries displayed rather higher scores. Discussion and Conclusion.  These findings underscore the existence of cross-cultural differential responding in bullying measures. Further, the implicit role of culture as an important variable that determines the rates of bullying is underscored.

scholarly journals A Study on the Perimenopausal Symptoms and Its Relevant Factors

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjing Liang ◽  
Chongbang Zhao ◽  
Xianglan Wang ◽  
Nianhong Guan ◽  
Jihui Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Gonadal Hormones ◽  
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire ◽  
Emotional Symptoms ◽  
Pairwise Correlation ◽  
Self Rating ◽  
Perimenopausal Symptoms ◽  
Relevant Factors ◽  
Female Subjects

Abstract Objective: To explore the relevant factors of perimenopausal symptoms. Method: Community female subjects conforming to perimenopausal criteria were recruited through advertising. Modified Kupperman Index(KI) was used for evaluation of perimenopausal symptoms, Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS)for depressive symptoms and Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS)for anxiety symptoms. Eysenck Personality Questionnaire(EPQ) is used to evaluate the individual mental characteristics of subjects,including Extraversion(E), Neuroticism (N),Psychoticism(P),and Lie(L). Metacognition Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30) is used to evaluate the metacognitive levels of subjects in the 5 important factors, including cognitive confidence(F1), positive beliefs about worry(F2), cognitive self-consciousness(f3), negative beliefs about uncontrollability of thoughts and danger(F4), and beliefs about the need to control thoughts (F5). Meanwhile, the levels of plasma gonadal hormones such as diol, testosterone and progesterone, are monitored. Pairwise correlation and linear regression are used to analyze the relevance between perimenopausal symptoms and the aforementioned factors. Results: Among 66 perimenopausal female subjects, 40 (60.4%) showed perimenopausal symptoms, with the most frequent being fatigue, joint and muscle pain , headache, dizziness, hypersensitivity and agitation. N score(β’=0.419，P<0.001), SDS anxiety factor (β’=0.363，P<0.001)and BMI （β’=0.244，P=0.001） are significantly correlated with KI total score. Age（β’=0.482，P<0.001）, SDS anxiety factor（β’=0.276，P=0.006）, SDS core depressive factor（β’=0.287，P=0.010）and SDS anxiety factor（β’=0.287，P=0.010）are significantly correlated with psychological symptoms. SAS standard score (β’=0.277，P=0.029) and SDS (β’=0.254，P=0.045) are significantly correlated with somatic symptoms. Conclusion: Emotional symptoms such as depression and anxiety are apparent. Perimenopausal females with Neuroticism personality, of elder age and higher BMI suffer from perimenopausal symptoms more severely.

Individualism: A Valid and Important Dimension of Cultural Differences Between Nations

2005 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich Schimmack ◽  
Shigehiro Oishi ◽  
Ed Diener
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
International Student ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Response Styles ◽  
Student Survey ◽  
National Differences ◽  
Individualism And Collectivism ◽  
Nations Development

Oyserman, Coon, and Kemmelmeier's (2002) meta-analysis suggested problems in the measurement of individualism and collectivism. Studies using Hofstede's individualism scores show little convergent validity with more recent measures of individualism and collectivism. We propose that the lack of convergent validity is due to national differences in response styles. Whereas Hofstede statistically controlledfor response styles, Oyserman et al.'s meta-analysis relied on uncorrected ratings. Data from an international student survey demonstrated convergent validity between Hofstede's individualism dimension and horizontal individualism when response styles were statistically controlled, whereas uncorrected scores correlated highly with the individualism scores in Oyserman et al.'s meta-analysis. Uncorrected horizontal individualism scores and meta-analytic individualism scores did not correlate significantly with nations' development, whereas corrected horizontal individualism scores and Hofstede's individualism dimension were significantly correlated with development. This pattern of results suggests that individualism is a valid construct for cross-cultural comparisons, but that the measurement of this construct needs improvement.

A cross-cultural perspective on consumer perceptions of service failures’ severity: a pilot study

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 238-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haithem Zourrig ◽  
Kamel Hedhli ◽  
Jean Charles Chebat
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Service Failure ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Service Failures ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
The Individual

Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the cultural variability in assessing the severity of a service failure. Design/methodology/approach – Two separate studies were conducted. The first investigates differences in the perception of service failures across two cultural pools of subjects (allocentrics versus idiocentrics) and within a same country. The second contrasts two levels of comparisons: a cross-cultural values’ level and a cross-country level, to assess differences in the perception service failures’ severity. Findings – Results showed that cultural values differences, when investigated at the individual level (i.e. idiocentrism versus allocentrism) are more significant to understand the influence of culture on the perception of severity, that is, allocentrics perceive more severity in the service failure than idiocentrics. However, a cross-country comparison (i.e. USA versus Puerto Rico) does not show significant differences. Research limitations/implications – Customers may assess, with different sensitivities, the severity of a service failure. These differences are mainly explained by differences in cultural values’ orientations but not differences across countries. Even originating from a same country, customers could perceive with different degrees the seriousness of a same service failure as they may cling to different cultural values. Hence, it is increasingly important to examine the cultural differences at the individual-level rather than a country level. Practical implications – Firms serving international markets as well as multiethnic ones would have advantage to understand cultural differences in the perception of the severity at the individual level rather than at the societal or country level. This is more helpful to direct appropriate service recovery strategies to customers who may have higher sensitivity to the service failure. Originality/value – Little is known about the effect of culture on the severity evaluation, although investigating cross-cultural differences in the assessment of severity is relevant to understand whether offenses are perceived more seriously in one culture than another and then if these offenses will potentially arise confrontational behaviors or not.

An Effect-Size Comparison of the Beck, Zung, and Hamilton Rating Scales for Depression: A Three-Week and Twelve-Week Analysis

1988 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 467-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Lambert ◽  
Kevin S. Masters ◽  
David Astle
Keyword(s):  
Early Treatment ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Rating ◽  
Treatment Gains ◽  
Hamilton Rating Scale ◽  
Over Time

Three widely used measures of depression, the Beck Depression Inventory, Zung Self-rating Depression Scale, and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, were used in an analysis of treatment effects over time. Results were not consistent with those of an earlier meta-analysis of Lambert, Hatch, Kingston, and Edwards in 1986. Present findings indicate that the Zung's self-rating is more likely to show early treatment gains while Beck's inventory shows larger gains over a longer time. Scores on the Hamilton Rating fall between the other two. These results indicate that research should be focused on the differences among these scales.

Cognitive gadgets: A provocative but flawed manifesto

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Del Giudice
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Twin Studies ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Evolutionary Approach ◽  
Genetic Inheritance ◽  
Double Standards ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Cherry Picking ◽  
Dichotomous Thinking

Abstract The argument against innatism at the heart of Cognitive Gadgets is provocative but premature, and is vitiated by dichotomous thinking, interpretive double standards, and evidence cherry-picking. I illustrate my criticism by addressing the heritability of imitation and mindreading, the relevance of twin studies, and the meaning of cross-cultural differences in theory of mind development. Reaching an integrative understanding of genetic inheritance, plasticity, and learning is a formidable task that demands a more nuanced evolutionary approach.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document