A Study on the Perimenopausal Symptoms and Its Relevant Factors

Abstract Objective: To explore the relevant factors of perimenopausal symptoms. Method: Community female subjects conforming to perimenopausal criteria were recruited through advertising. Modified Kupperman Index(KI) was used for evaluation of perimenopausal symptoms, Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS)for depressive symptoms and Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS)for anxiety symptoms. Eysenck Personality Questionnaire(EPQ) is used to evaluate the individual mental characteristics of subjects,including Extraversion(E), Neuroticism (N),Psychoticism(P),and Lie(L). Metacognition Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30) is used to evaluate the metacognitive levels of subjects in the 5 important factors, including cognitive confidence(F1), positive beliefs about worry(F2), cognitive self-consciousness(f3), negative beliefs about uncontrollability of thoughts and danger(F4), and beliefs about the need to control thoughts (F5). Meanwhile, the levels of plasma gonadal hormones such as diol, testosterone and progesterone, are monitored. Pairwise correlation and linear regression are used to analyze the relevance between perimenopausal symptoms and the aforementioned factors. Results: Among 66 perimenopausal female subjects, 40 (60.4%) showed perimenopausal symptoms, with the most frequent being fatigue, joint and muscle pain , headache, dizziness, hypersensitivity and agitation. N score(β’=0.419，P<0.001), SDS anxiety factor (β’=0.363，P<0.001)and BMI （β’=0.244，P=0.001） are significantly correlated with KI total score. Age（β’=0.482，P<0.001）, SDS anxiety factor（β’=0.276，P=0.006）, SDS core depressive factor（β’=0.287，P=0.010）and SDS anxiety factor（β’=0.287，P=0.010）are significantly correlated with psychological symptoms. SAS standard score (β’=0.277，P=0.029) and SDS (β’=0.254，P=0.045) are significantly correlated with somatic symptoms. Conclusion: Emotional symptoms such as depression and anxiety are apparent. Perimenopausal females with Neuroticism personality, of elder age and higher BMI suffer from perimenopausal symptoms more severely.

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Culture and Depression: A Cross-Cultural Meta-Analysis of the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale

10.26686/wgtn.17060333.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Nicholas Davies

Keyword(s):

Cultural Differences ◽

Psychological Symptoms ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Cross Cultural ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Economic Factors ◽

Prevalence Rates ◽

Self Rating ◽

Country Level

<p>Cultural differences in the prevalence and symptomatology of depression have been well documented. Eastern samples typically display lower prevalence rates of depression coupled with greater reporting of somatic symptoms, while Western samples have higher prevalence rates and report more psychological symptoms. Scholars have argued that both collectivism and economic factors might explain these cultural differences. Less emphasis has been placed on cultural differences of depression levels, and whether dimensions of cultural variability and country-level factors can explain any observed differences. This study reports a cross-cultural meta-analysis of studies using the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), examining mean scores of the SDS across 89,989 individuals from 30 countries. As expected, clinical samples showed higher depression scores compared to general population samples. Notably, income inequality (indexed by the Gini index) was weakly related to SDS scores, with higher levels of depression observed in nations with lower levels of inequality. In addition, SDS scores were not related to measures of collectivism. The results suggest that while economic factors do influence depression levels in a given society, differences in the emphasis societies place on the interdependence between individuals and the group do not exert any influence.</p>

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DYNAMICS OF DEPRESSION AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN BULGARIA

Problems of Psychology in the 21st Century ◽

10.33225/ppc/15.09.26 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 26-44

Author(s):

Stanislava Stoyanova ◽

Venka Petrova

Keyword(s):

High School Students ◽

Longitudinal Study ◽

Human Life ◽

Age Groups ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Eysenck Personality Questionnaire ◽

School Students ◽

Self Rating ◽

Whole School ◽

School Year

Depression becomes more and more typical for adolescence. The study of dynamics of depression during the teenage years is important for differentiation of the most vulnerable periods for development of depression in this age and to be pointed out some factors that could contribute to triggering, preventing or recovering depression. This study of dynamics of depression was based on Developmental theories of dynamics of depression that relate depression to some vulnerable age groups and on the theories that relate dynamics of depression to one or more factors that trigger depression in different stages of human life. Depression in Bulgarian high – school students was compared at the beginning and at the end of the school year in a longitudinal study. 360 Bulgarian secondary school students from 9th to 12th grade were studied twice - at the beginning of the school year 2013/2014 and at the end of this school year. Several methods were used - Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. A model of dynamics of depression at upper school age in Bulgaria has been suggested. According to this model, depression slightly increases from the beginning to the end of the school year being differentiated by the types of the schools at the beginning of the school year and by the interaction of the types of schools, gender and grade at the end of the school year. Some of its correlates (anxiety, extraversion/introversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism) and social determinants (gender, school grade, and types of schools) were found. The interventions focused on diminishing anxiety, neuroticism (for example by meeting students’ expectancies) and psychoticism (developing empathy and altruism), and increasing extraversion (better communication, social support) could be effective for diminishing depression throughout the whole school year. Motivating students for participating in more extra-curriculum activities related to the students’ plans for further realisation in universities and workplace would be useful for diminishing students’ depression as the experience of special education schools indicate. Key words: adolescents, anxiety, depression, introversion, longitudinal study, neuroticism, psychoticism.

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Culture and Depression: A Cross-Cultural Meta-Analysis of the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale

10.26686/wgtn.17060333 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Nicholas Davies

Keyword(s):

Cultural Differences ◽

Psychological Symptoms ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Cross Cultural ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Economic Factors ◽

Prevalence Rates ◽

Self Rating ◽

Country Level

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A Psychometric Investigation of the Self-Rating Depression Scale in Counseling Centers

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e413782005-302 ◽

1999 ◽

Author(s):

Timothy B. Smith ◽

Ilene Rosenstein ◽

Michael Granaas

Keyword(s):

Depression Scale ◽

The Self ◽

Counseling Centers ◽

Self Rating ◽

Psychometric Investigation

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Screening of Depression in Primary Healthcare With the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale: Detection of the Optimal Cut-off Point

10.26226/morressier.5a7070e3d462b80290b57759 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Tsiros Georgios

Keyword(s):

Primary Healthcare ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Self Rating ◽

Scale Detection

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Validation of the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale in Primary Health Care Setting in Greece

10.26226/morressier.5a7070e3d462b80290b57745 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Tsiros Georgios

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Primary Health Care ◽

Care Setting ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Health Care Setting ◽

Primary Health Care Setting ◽

Self Rating ◽

Primary Health

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The difference of disrupted rhythms of life, work and entertainment between patients with FGIDs and healthy people and their associations with psychological disorders under COVID-19 pandemic

International Journal of Social Psychiatry ◽

10.1177/0020764021992835 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 002076402199283

Author(s):

Jing Wang ◽

Ping He ◽

Tianwei Deng ◽

Xiaoming Xu ◽

Duowu Zou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mood Disorders ◽

Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Healthy People ◽

Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽

Related Factors ◽

Healthy Group ◽

Self Rating ◽

The Difference ◽

Life Work

Aims: To investigate the differences in disrupted rhythms between healthy people and patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) and their associations with mood disorders during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods: The rhythm scales were composed of subscales 1 and 2 for the assessment of life-work and entertainment rhythms, respectively; Zung’s Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) were used to assess mood disorders. Results: A total of 671 patients with FGIDs and 4373 healthy people successfully participated. The scores of subscales 1 and 2 for patients with FGIDs were significantly higher than those for healthy people ( p < .005). The SAS and SDS scores, their prevalence rates were significantly higher than those for the healthy group (all p < .001). Health status, current occupation, life-work rhythm, SDS, and SAS were independent related factors of FGIDs. The score of life-work-entertainment rhythm was significantly positively correlated with SDS and SAS (both p < .001). Conclusion: Disrupted rhythms in patients with FGIDs under the COVID-19 pandemic were more frequently and significantly positively associated with mood disorders.

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Self-Rating Depression Scale in an Outpatient Clinic

Archives of General Psychiatry ◽

10.1001/archpsyc.1965.01730060026004 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 508 ◽

Cited By ~ 647

Author(s):

WILLIAM W. K. ZUNG

Keyword(s):

Outpatient Clinic ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Self Rating

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Multimodality Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Assisted Treatment of Primary Insomnia and Anxiety and Depression

Journal of Medical Imaging and Health Informatics ◽

10.1166/jmihi.2021.3712 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 1658-1667

Author(s):

Guanfeng Chen ◽

Risheng Huang ◽

Bingqing Sun ◽

Jingfa Zhu ◽

Hongchun Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Functional Differentiation ◽

Primary Insomnia ◽

Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽

Resonance Imaging ◽

Nerve Activity ◽

Self Rating

Based on multimodal functional magnetic resonance imaging technology, explore the changes of local brain function in the whole brain range of patients with primary insomnia at rest, and conduct correlation analysis to explore the relationship between this locality and function and clinical features. Provide further imaging evidence for the exploration of the neural mechanism of primary insomnia. Using multimodal functional magnetic resonance imaging, self-rating anxiety scale, self-rating depression scale to assess the status anxiety factor and trait anxiety of STAI in patients with primary insomnia (88 cases) and normal sleepers (82 cases). Factors and total scores, depressive mental disorders and total scores were statistically significantly different from the normal sleep group. The study found that patients with primary insomnia under the multimodal functional magnetic resonance imaging assisted treatment have abnormal local functional activities in multiple brain regions such as emotions and sensorimotor regions. We explored the brain of patients with primary insomnia from the perspective of functional differentiation. Changes in nerve activity are conducive to further understanding the characteristics of nerve activity in primary insomnia.

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