scholarly journals Active Coastlines: Implementing a sustainable transport scheme for Evans Bay, Wellington

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Elliot Richmond
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Active Transport ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Sustainable Transport ◽  
Alternative Mode ◽  
Human Scale ◽  
Human Powered

<p>With the rise of popularity in cars and the decrease of public open space in our urban centres, there is an increasing pressure to find alternative modes of transportation. Human powered transport in New Zealand is becoming more popular over the last decade, however it is often let down by the isolation and functionality of the existing infrastructure. Active transport can be understood as an alternative mode that is strictly human powered - whether it be cycling, walking, jogging, scootering or other modes allowing for a more sustainable network. The current infrastructure development is evolved around vehicular transport and other modes are considered secondary, further highlighting our cultural reliance on the motor vehicle.  This research aims to reconfigure how sustainable transport is considered, in order to promote and implement active transport into our cities. Creating a sustainable link with the exclusion of cars, offers the opportunity to establish a unique sequence of spaces that is responsive to the human scale and environment. Landscape Architecture has the ability to adapt and restore natural systems in conjunction with public spaces to build healthier and environmentally conscious communities.  The proposed site for this research is Evans Bay, located in the centre of the harbour in Wellington, New Zealand. The public spaces following the bay suffer intense degradation to the natural ecologies, due to urban development and weather conditions. The current cycleway is a disconnected and unsafe path for local commuters to travel through. The research aims to re-develop the Evans Bay esplanade into a diverse active highway, offering all active modes a safer path. The design will be responsive and inclusive to ecological and communal factors producing a multitude of spaces for Wellington’s sustainable network.</p>

scholarly journals Active Coastlines: Implementing a sustainable transport scheme for Evans Bay, Wellington

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Elliot Richmond
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Active Transport ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Sustainable Transport ◽  
Alternative Mode ◽  
Human Scale ◽  
Human Powered

<p>With the rise of popularity in cars and the decrease of public open space in our urban centres, there is an increasing pressure to find alternative modes of transportation. Human powered transport in New Zealand is becoming more popular over the last decade, however it is often let down by the isolation and functionality of the existing infrastructure. Active transport can be understood as an alternative mode that is strictly human powered - whether it be cycling, walking, jogging, scootering or other modes allowing for a more sustainable network. The current infrastructure development is evolved around vehicular transport and other modes are considered secondary, further highlighting our cultural reliance on the motor vehicle.  This research aims to reconfigure how sustainable transport is considered, in order to promote and implement active transport into our cities. Creating a sustainable link with the exclusion of cars, offers the opportunity to establish a unique sequence of spaces that is responsive to the human scale and environment. Landscape Architecture has the ability to adapt and restore natural systems in conjunction with public spaces to build healthier and environmentally conscious communities.  The proposed site for this research is Evans Bay, located in the centre of the harbour in Wellington, New Zealand. The public spaces following the bay suffer intense degradation to the natural ecologies, due to urban development and weather conditions. The current cycleway is a disconnected and unsafe path for local commuters to travel through. The research aims to re-develop the Evans Bay esplanade into a diverse active highway, offering all active modes a safer path. The design will be responsive and inclusive to ecological and communal factors producing a multitude of spaces for Wellington’s sustainable network.</p>

Septoria antirrhini. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. V. Andrianova
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
South America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Plant Debris ◽  
Wet Weather

Abstract A description is provided for Septoria antirrhini. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Leaf spot, leaf drying, defoliation. HOSTS: Antirrhinum antirrhiniflorum, A. majus, A. siculum (Scrophulariaceae). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: South Africa. NORTH AMERICA: Canada, USA. SOUTH AMERICA: Chile, Colombia. ASIA: Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Iran, Israel. AUSTRALASIA: Australia, New Zealand. EUROPE: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Ukraine, former Yugoslavia. TRANSMISSION: Not reported, but almost certainly by airborne, splash-dispersed conidia from infected plant debris and seed stocks. The disease is significantly more severe under wet weather conditions (SINADSKIY et al., 1985).

scholarly journals Car Sharing In a Compact City: Pinning Down the Benefits and Barriers

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Ralph Chapman ◽  
◽  
Lucia Sobiecki ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Full Advantage ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Policy Support ◽  
Sustainable Transport ◽  
Vehicle Ownership ◽  
Compact City ◽  
Car Sharing ◽  
Transport Patterns

New Zealand’s sprawling urban development and high levels of car dependency have resulted in significant environmental impacts, including increased carbon emissions and pollution. Car sharing can support sustainable transport patterns by offering an alternative to private vehicle ownership. Internationally, it has become increasingly popular but is still in the early stages of development in New Zealand. A survey of 356 Wellington residents and interviews with 13 car share stakeholders collected data on interest in car sharing and barriers facing the service in New Zealand’s capital. The results suggest that car sharing could become an important mobility option in Wellington and further policy support for car sharing could enable Wellington to take full advantage of its benefits.

scholarly journals Achieving ‘Active’ 30 Minute Cities: How Feasible Is It to Reach Work within 30 Minutes Using Active Transport Modes?

2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Alan Both ◽  
Lucy Gunn ◽  
Carl Higgs ◽  
Melanie Davern ◽  
Afshin Jafari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Active Transport ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Transport Mode ◽  
Transport Modes

Confronted with rapid urbanization, population growth, traffic congestion, and climate change, there is growing interest in creating cities that support active transport modes including walking, cycling, or public transport. The ‘30 minute city’, where employment is accessible within 30 min by active transport, is being pursued in some cities to reduce congestion and foster local living. This paper examines the spatial relationship between employment, the skills of residents, and transport opportunities, to answer three questions about Australia’s 21 largest cities: (1) What percentage of workers currently commute to their workplace within 30 min? (2) If workers were to shift to an active transport mode, what percent could reach their current workplace within 30 min? and (3) If it were possible to relocate workers closer to their employment or relocate employment closer to their home, what percentage could reach work within 30 min by each mode? Active transport usage in Australia is low, with public transport, walking, and cycling making up 16.8%, 2.8%, and 1.1% respectively of workers’ commutes. Cycling was found to have the most potential for achieving the 30 min city, with an estimated 29.5% of workers able to reach their current workplace were they to shift to cycling. This increased to 69.1% if workers were also willing and able to find a similar job closer to home, potentially reducing commuting by private motor vehicle from 79.3% to 30.9%.

scholarly journals Double P! Public Spaces in Dubai: a Paranoiac Panopticon

2020 ◽  
pp. 247-262
Author(s):  
Therese Chidiac
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cultural Images ◽  
Human Scale ◽  
Free Market Capitalism ◽  
Back Stage ◽  
The City

Despite the crisis of the metaphoric growth of its superficiality to its deadening sterility, Dubai stands as an attractive destination in the desert simulating a collage of cultural images from around the world with a centrally-planned free market capitalism attracting investors and developers. This paper is part of my master in architecture thesis at Politecnico di Milano titled: 5km/hr Manifesto and it outlines the problematical aspect of Dubai DNA: Dubai public spaces. The city is metaphorically analysed, as a collage city of exogenous fragments and a system city resembling a biological cell with defects in it’s the so-called public spaces that are designed as a model of a virtual panopticon of social surveillance forged by a set of do’s and don’ts. Built up rapidly over the past few years on the wealth gotten from oil, public spaces in Dubai have no depth of history or indigenous culture, no complexity, no conflicts, no doubts, nothing to stand in the way of its being shaped into the ultimate wonderland. The Arab notion of public has been dramatically ignored in the planning of the city and has been replaced with a collage of regulated western modernist spaces that have failed to create pockets of interaction and communication bringing in mind a problematical situation and an utopic question: How to demystify the panopticon effect and make Dubai more liveable? This leads to the recall of the qualities of the endogenous Arabic Public Space: The Souk. A set of characteristics has been concluded and if integrated, might really change Dubai public spaces from a paranoic panopticon to a more liveable space. Enclosure and privacy, human scale and density, the stage and back stage effect were essential conditions in the souk and are elaborated in this paper presenting a set of new design guidelines for claiming back what is supposed to be public and might develop into further future research.

Space-time analysis of unhealthy food advertising: New Zealand children’s exposure and health policy options

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 812-820
Author(s):  
Wei Liu ◽  
Michelle Barr ◽  
Amber L Pearson ◽  
Tim Chambers ◽  
Karin A Pfeiffer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Food Advertising ◽  
Unhealthy Food ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Density Mapping ◽  
Outdoor Spaces ◽  
Wearable Cameras ◽  
Children’S Exposure

Abstract Reducing children’s exposure to unhealthy food advertising is an accepted strategy to end childhood obesity. This study aimed to (i) measure children’s space-time exposures to unhealthy food advertising in public outdoor spaces, using GPS and wearable cameras; and (ii) test effectiveness of banning options. We compiled data (collected July 2014—June 2015) on 138 12-year-old children in Wellington, New Zealand, using wearable cameras and GPS devices worn over 4 days. In 2017–18, we linked 59 150 images taken in public outdoor spaces to GPS data. Of these, 1631 contained unhealthy food advertising exposures, defined as ≥50% of an advertisement observed in each image. We examined spatial patterns using kernel density mapping and graphed space-time trends. We interpolated a kriged exposure rate across Wellington to estimate exposure reductions for potential bans. Children were exposed to 7.4 (95% CI 7.0–7.8) unhealthy food advertisements/hour spent in outdoor public spaces. Exposures occurred in shopping centres, residential areas and sports facilities, commonly involving fast food, sugary drinks and ice cream. Peak exposure times were weekend afternoons/evenings and weekdays before/after school. In Wellington, we estimated that banning such advertising within 400 m of playgrounds would yield a 33% reduction in exposure, followed by in residential areas (27%), within 400 m of schools (25%), and 50% for a ban combining all above. This work documents the extent of children’s exposure to unhealthy food advertising and the potential impact of bans. Given the ubiquity of advertising in public spaces, this New Zealand research offers innovative methods and findings likely relevant in other jurisdictions.

Note on Determination of Premium Rates for Motor Vehicles (Third Party Risks) Insurance in New Zealand

1972 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-156
Author(s):  
J. E. Eriksen ◽  
E. J. Jones
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Life Insurance ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Motor Insurance ◽  
Premium Rates ◽  
Insurance Rates ◽  
Basic Ideas

The authors have advised on the level of motor vehicle (third party risks) insurance rates of premium in the circumstances under which that business is written in New Zealand and this paper records the approach taken. It has been prepared in the hope that, as no difficult mathematics are involved, the basic ideas may appeal both to actuaries and to persons other than actuaries who are interested in the transaction of non-life insurance. They are relevant not merely to third party motor insurance but also to non-life insurance generally in a situation where insurance is compulsory and the rates of premium are centrally controlled. In those circumstances more sophisticated techniques of deriving premium rates are less necessary.

scholarly journals Verification of WRF modelled fire weather in the 2009–10 New Zealand fire season

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 34 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Simpson ◽  
H. G. Pearce ◽  
A. P. Sturman ◽  
P. Zawar-Reza
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Model Error ◽  
Dew Point ◽  
Fire Season ◽  
Fire Weather ◽  
Fire Weather Index ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Weather Stations

The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) mesoscale model was used to simulate the fire weather conditions for the 2009–10 wildland fire season in New Zealand. The suitability of WRF to simulate the high-end fire weather conditions for this period was assessed through direct comparison with observational data taken from 23 surface and two upper-air stations located across New Zealand. The weather variables and fire weather indices considered in the verification were the 1200 hours NZST air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, 24-h rainfall, New Zealand Fire Weather Index (FWI) and Continuous Haines Index (CHI). On observed high-end fire weather days, the model under-predicted the air temperatures and relative humidities, and over-predicted the wind speeds and 24-h rainfall at most weather stations. The results demonstrated that although WRF is suitable for modelling the air temperatures, there are issues with modelling the wind speeds and rainfall quantities. The model error in the wind speeds and 24-h rainfall contributed significantly towards the model under-prediction of the FWI on observed high-end fire weather days. In addition, the model was not suitable for predicting the number of high-end fire weather days at most weather stations, which represents a serious operational limitation of the WRF model for fire management applications. Finally, the modelled CHI values were only in moderate agreement with the observed values, principally due to the model error in the dew point depression at 850hPa.

scholarly journals Perceived impact of meteorological conditions on the use of public space in winter settlements

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 631-642
Author(s):  
Agneta Larsson ◽  
David Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Survey Responses ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis study aimed to assess the impact of meteorological conditions on the use of public space in Scandinavia and Canada. Between September 21 and December 18, 2017, a cross-sectional online survey ‘EAMQ-Climate: space’ was distributed via web-based platforms. Survey responses were received from 361 residents (258 people from Scandinavia and 103 from Canada). The relative impact of the meteorological determinants on the use of public space was calculated, and a factor analysis was performed. Disparities between Canada and Scandinavia as well as between the climate zones represented were analysed using ANOVA. Overall results showed that the most significant meteorological enablers for the use of outdoor public spaces in winter were solar gain, snowfall and snow-covered surfaces. The main barriers were slush-covered and icy surfaces, rainfall and darkness. Wind and cold were conditions with less influence. The impact of rain and ice, however, differed between climatic zones. It was also established that, when addressing the meteorological impact on avoiding the use of public spaces in winter, it is vital to discriminate between conditions related to a) the ground surface and b) ambient conditions, as well as the particular significance of c) snow and sun, and d) darkness. For the design of public space in winter cities, we conclude that designers need to focus on a wider range of weather conditions than sun, wind and cold, and include snow, rainfall, slushy and icy ground and poor visibility. The study suggests that winter public space has a higher climatic design requirement to be successful than streets and pathways that are mainly used for soft mobility.

scholarly journals Built environment changes and active transport to school among adolescents: BEATS Natural Experiment Study protocol

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. e034899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Mandic ◽  
Debbie Hopkins ◽  
Enrique García Bengoechea ◽  
Antoni Moore ◽  
Susan Sandretto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Built Environment ◽  
Active Transport ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Natural Experiments ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
Randomised Controlled

IntroductionNatural experiments are considered a priority for examining causal associations between the built environment (BE) and physical activity (PA) because the randomised controlled trial design is rarely feasible. Few natural experiments have examined the effects of walking and cycling infrastructure on PA and active transport in adults, and none have examined the effects of such changes on PA and active transport to school among adolescents. We conducted the Built Environment and Active Transport to School (BEATS) Study in Dunedin city, New Zealand, in 2014–2017. Since 2014, on-road and off-road cycling infrastructure construction has occurred in some Dunedin neighbourhoods, including the neighbourhoods of 6 out of 12 secondary schools. Pedestrian-related infrastructure changes began in 2018. As an extension of the BEATS Study, the BEATS Natural Experiment (BEATS-NE) (2019–2022) will examine the effects of BE changes on adolescents’ active transport to school in Dunedin, New Zealand.Methods and analysisThe BEATS-NE Study will employ contemporary ecological models for active transport that account for individual, social, environmental and policy factors. The published BEATS Study methodology (surveys, accelerometers, mapping, Geographic Information Science analysis and focus groups) and novel methods (environmental scan of school neighbourhoods and participatory mapping) will be used. A core component continues to be the community-based participatory approach with the sustained involvement of key stakeholders to generate locally relevant data, and facilitate knowledge translation into evidence-based policy and planning.Ethics and disseminationThe BEATS-NE Study has been approved by the University of Otago Ethics Committee (reference: 17/188). The results will be disseminated through scientific publications and symposia, and reports and presentations to stakeholders.Trial registration numberACTRN12619001335189.

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