scholarly journals Immunization coverage among children born between 1989 and 1994 in Saladdin Governorate, Iraq

1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 933-940
Author(s):  
O. G. Al Sheikh ◽  
J. I. Al Samarrai ◽  
M. M. Al Sumaidaie ◽  
S. A. Mohammad ◽  
A. A. Al Dujaily
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Rural Villages ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Coverage Rates

We assessed vaccination coverage rates among children born between 1989 and 1994 [0-2 years of age]and tried to find the underlying causes of incomplete immunization. Of 662 children surveyed, 326 were from Tikrit city [urban]and 336 were from three rural villages. The coverage rates for BCG, DPT-OPV [first dose], DPT-OPV [second dose], DPT-OPV [third dose], measles, MMR, and DPT-OPV [first booster]were 97%, 97%, 94%, 92%, 83%, 70% and 59% respectively in Tikrit city; in rural areas they were 92%, 65%, 57%, 41%, 42%, 32%, and 25% respectively. The most common causes of incomplete immunization were unawareness and ignorance for both urban and rural areas. The percentage of children completely immunized declined between 1989 and 1994, both in urban and rural areas

scholarly journals Inequities and Barriers to Routine Immunization Coverage in Urban and Rural Areas of Sindh, Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. s298-s299
Author(s):  
Tariq Masood ◽  
Subhash Guriro ◽  
Jaishri Mehraj
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Parental Knowledge ◽  
Vaccination Status ◽  
Dropout Rates ◽  
Urban Settings ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Sindh Province ◽  
Tetanus Vaccination ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Background: Child mortality has remained a major challenge in developing countries. Annually, many children <5 years of age die prematurely due to vaccine-preventable diseases. In South Asia, Pakistan has struggled to achieve global standards of vaccination. Objective: Therefore, we sought to determine barriers to vaccination coverage among children aged 12–23 months and inequities in rural and urban settings of the Sindh province of Pakistan. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in the rural and urban settings of the Sindh province of Pakistan. A 30-cluster household survey was conducted following the WHO guidelines, and 300 children were recruited from each study setting: Lyari, Karachi (urban area) and Umerkot (rural area). Information on the pretested questionnaire was obtained from consenting parents of the children in the study area. The multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify the determinants of vaccination. Results: In total, 600 children from both urban and rural settings were included in the analysis. The mean age was 17.70 months (SD, 3.46), and 50.2% children in the study were boys. Overall, 62.8% children were vaccinated in both settings. Moreover, ~80.3% children were fully vaccinated in the urban part compared with 45.3% in the rural part. The dropout rates for BCG and measles 1 were 17% and 29% in urban and rural areas, respectively. The dropout rates for Penta 1 to Penta 3 were 7% in Lyari and 38% in Umerkot. The penta 1–measles 1 dropout rates were 15% in Lyari and 37% in Umerkot. In multivariable analysis, parental knowledge about vaccination (OR, 9.77; 95% CI, 1.76–54.28), access to a vaccination center (OR, 2.51; 95% CI, 1.19–5.26) and mother’s tetanus vaccination: 1 dose (aOR, 4.27; 95% CI, 1.84–9.93) and 2 doses (OR, 12.43; 95% CI, 7.71–20.04) were associated with vaccination. Conclusions: We identified inequities in vaccination status among the populations of rural and urban areas of Pakistan. Vaccination coverage was higher in an urban setting than in a rural setting of Sindh province. Parental knowledge about vaccination, access to a vaccination center, and mother’s tetanus vaccination status were the major factors of low vaccination coverage among these children.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None

scholarly journals Evaluation of immunization coverage and its determinants in children aged 12-24 months from rural and urban areas of Udaipur, Rajasthan, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 837
Author(s):  
Hartesh Singh Pahwa ◽  
Dileep Goyal ◽  
Devendra Sareen
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Eligible Population ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Children And Young Adults ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

Background: Infectious diseases are now the world’s biggest killer of children and young adults. Over the last three decades a lot of progress has been made globally as far as protection against six important vaccine preventable diseases is concerned. The major cause of non-immunization and partial immunization in most of the studies conducted in India and abroad suggest lack of knowledge and awareness about vaccination in the community.Methods: 400 children aged 12-24 months from urban and rural areas (200 each) of Udaipur in a randomized manner were included in this study. For coverage and evaluation of vaccination in this study, informants preferably mothers were interviewed using pre-coded and pretested questionnaire by door to door visit from 1st April 2017 to 31st March 2018, in urban and rural areas of Udaipur and if mother was not available then father or any other person >18 years belonging to the household was asked to respond to questionnaire.Results: The present study was undertaken to find out the vaccination coverage in eligible population in rural and urban blocks of Udaipur. Out of 400 children evaluated. More than half (60.25%) of children were completely immunized. 29.5% children were partially immunized and 10.25% were not immunized at all.Conclusions: Lack of knowledge and awareness were the main reason for non-immunization (44.4%) and partial immunization (29.4%) respectively.

scholarly journals Escape to the Country: A Reaction-Driven Rural Renaissance on a Swedish Island Post COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 12895
Author(s):  
Hanna Elisabet Åberg ◽  
Simona Tondelli
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Natural Capital ◽  
Second Home ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Permanent Home ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

The COVID-19 pandemic could be driving more households to migrate out of cities and to the countryside, but this might result in an increased demand for access to green space which, in the long run, may cause a widening of social inequalities in rural areas. On the contrary, if planned for, it could provide an opportunity for repopulation and regeneration. This article explores the underlying causes and impacts of current rural in-migration, and further, it touches on how planning can balance development while supporting communities for a rural renaissance. By using a case study area in Sweden, it examines evidence of amenity-driven in-migration flows before and during the pandemic. The findings show an increased usage of part-time housing as a result of demand for space and nature; however, this was made possible through already well functioning infrastructures. Acknowledging that it is crucial to maintain and enhance natural capital, this study suggests that the supply of services and infrastructure is essential to achieve a rural renaissance beyond temporary tourism. As people are increasingly dividing their time between their urban permanent home and their rural second home, this may further suggest that there is a need to improve the connections between urban and rural areas.

scholarly journals Trends in Socioeconomic Inequalities in Full Vaccination Coverage among Vietnamese Children aged 12–23 Months, 2000–2014: Evidence for Mitigating Disparities in Vaccination

Vaccines ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 188
Author(s):  
Hoang-Long Vo ◽  
Le-Thai-Bao Huynh ◽  
Hao Nguyen Si Anh ◽  
Dang-An Do ◽  
Thi-Ngoc-Ha Doan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequalities ◽  
Survey Period ◽  
Multiple Indicator ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Full Immunization

There has been no report on the situation of socioeconomic inequalities in the full vaccination coverage among Vietnamese children. This study aims to assess the trends and changes in the socioeconomic inequalities in the full vaccination coverage among Vietnamese children aged 12–23 months from 2000 to 2014. Data were drawn from Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (2000, 2006, 2011, and 2014). Concentration index (CCI) and concentration curve (CC) were applied to quantify the degree of the socioeconomic inequalities in full immunization coverage. The prevalence of children fully receiving recommended vaccines was significantly improved during 2000–2014, yet, was still not being covered. The total CCI of full vaccination coverage gradually decreased from 2000 to 2014 (CCI: from 0.241 to 0.009). The CC increasingly became close to the equality line through the survey period, indicating the increasingly narrow gap in child full immunization amongst the poor and the rich. Vietnam witnessed a sharp decrease in socioeconomic inequality in the full vaccination coverage for over a decade. The next policies towards children from vulnerable populations (ethnic minority groups, living in rural areas, and having a mother with low education) belonging to lower socioeconomic groups may mitigate socioeconomic inequalities in full vaccination coverage.

scholarly journals Challenges and Opportunities for School-based Sexual and Reproductive Health Education: A Qualitative Study with Bangladeshi Islamic Leaders

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Ali ◽  
Jonna Arousell ◽  
Birgitta Essén ◽  
William Ugarte
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Sexual And Reproductive Health ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Rural Villages ◽  
School Based ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract BackgroundIt has been argued that Islamic leaders’ views are of utmost importance to designing a comprehensive sexual education (CSE) curriculum. Therefore, this study explored how Islamic leaders in Bangladesh present, argue for and against, and negotiate views on sexual and reproductive health (SRH) education for adolescents. MethodsSemi-structured interviews were conducted with seven Imams using thematic analysis. The study was conducted in urban and rural areas, specifically the capital, Dhaka, as well as several rural villages in the Cumilla district.ResultsWe found three main themes 1) appropriate topics for SRH education, 2) appropriate methods for SRH education, and 3) conservative versus progressive views. ConclusionWe conclude that Islamic leaders seemed willing to try finding ways to support more comprehensive and liberal SRH education if they would be encouraged by reflective and inclusive dialogue. This study presents an empirically grounded opportunity for policy makers to consider the future role for religious leaders in the provision of SRH in Bangladesh.

scholarly journals Inequalities in child immunization coverage in Togo: an analysis of Decomposition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaovi TOSSOU
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Child Survival ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Vulnerable Children ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract Background Child vaccination is recognised as a mechanism to improve child survival and health by reducing child deaths. However, there are significant inequalities in the coverage of different childhood vaccinations in both urban and rural areas. In this article, we examine the inequalities between rural and urban areas in the vaccination of children in Togo. Methods Using data from the 2017 MICS6 Survey, we examine the probability that a child aged 12–59 months will receive the required vaccinations and break down the sources of inequalities in immunisation coverage between rural and urban areas. This is done using the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition technique, which identifies the sources and factors that explain differences in outcomes between groups. Results Analysis of the results shows that the characteristics of the child, the mother and the household influence the immunization status of the child. For example, children in rural areas are more likely to complete the required vaccinations. We find that a pro urban advantage in characteristics is observed. Conclusion There is also a need to specifically target vulnerable children in urban areas, in order to maintain the focus on women's empowerment and to pay special attention to children from poor households.

Anaemia in asymptomatic parasite carriers living in urban, rural and peri-urban settings of Gabon

2020 ◽  
Vol 114 (8) ◽  
pp. 618-626
Author(s):  
R Moutongo Mouandza ◽  
N P M'bondoukwe ◽  
G P Obiang Ndong ◽  
A Nzaou Nziengui ◽  
F B Batchy Ognagosso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Severe Anaemia ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Intestinal Parasitic Infections ◽  
Rural Villages ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract Background This cross-sectional study was carried out in different settlements of Gabon to determine the influence of single or multiple parasite carriage on haemoglobin (Hb) levels. Methods Between April 2015 and June 2016, healthy volunteers from urban, peri-urban and rural areas were screened for malaria, blood filariasis and intestinal parasitic infections using microscopic methods. Hb concentration was measured with a Hemocue analyser. The association between parasite carriage and anaemia was assessed. Results Among the 775 volunteers examined, 319 (41.2%) were from rural villages and 76.0% were adults. Filariasis, intestinal parasitic infections, Plasmodium falciparum and polyparasitism were detected in 15.6, 14.6, 9.5 and 6.8% of participants, respectively. Anaemia prevalence was 72.6%, with rates of mild, moderate and severe anaemia being 30.9, 61.1 and 8.0%, respectively. The median Hb level was lowest in the presence of hookworms (7.1 g/dl [interquartile range {IQR} 6.8–7.5]), Schistosoma intercalatum (6.9 g/dl), Trichuris trichiura (10.1 g/dl [IQR 8.9–11.5]) and Plasmodium falciparum (10.0 g/dl [IQR 9.1–11.2]) compared with filariaemia (12.1 g/dl [IQR 10.5–13.2]) (p=0.03). Moderate to severe anaemia predominated among those single-infected with P. falciparum (69.5%) or co-infected with intestinal parasitic infections and P. falciparum (76.2%), while it was found in only 23.2% of individuals with filariasis. All participants with soil-transmitted helminths and more than half with a Blastocystis sp. (68.8%) infection had moderate anaemia. Conclusions The prevalence of anaemia is high. Asymptomatic parasite carriage is associated with anaemia in this surveyed population in Gabon.

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