scholarly journals Amphi-Pacific tropical disjunctions in the bryophyte floras of Asia and the New World

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Migration Route ◽  
Tropical Asia ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Tropical America ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Northern Atlantic ◽  
Human Introduction ◽  
Northern Atlantic Ocean

Disjunctions between tropical America and tropical Asia, commonly called amphi-Pacific tropical disjunctions, have frequently been discussed among flowering plants but have received very little attention in bryology. A screening of the literature revealed nine species and sixteen genera or infrageneric taxa of bryophytes with amphi-Pacific tropical (or subtropical) ranges. They include Austinia tenuinervis, Diphyscium chiapense, D. longiflorum, Elmerobryum, Fissidens sect. Sarawakia, Ganguleea angulosa, Hydrogonium arcuatum, Hymenostyliella, Hymenostylium aurantiacum, Luisierella barbula, Mniomalia, Rozea, Sphaerotheciella and Sorapilla among the mosses and Ceratolejeunea grandiloba, Drepanolejeunea subg. Rhaphidolejeunea, Lejeunea sect. Echinocolea, Lobatiriccardia, Myriocoleopsis sect. Myriocoleopsis, Phycolepidozia, Pictolejeunea, Rectolejeunea, Southbya organensis and Vitalianthus among liverworts. All of them occur in tropical or subtropical Asia and the Neotropics but are not known from Africa. The causes of the amphi-Pacific tropical disjunctions in bryophytes are still unclear. In flowering plants, molecular analyses indicate that amphi-Pacific tropical ranges frequently resulted from past migration across Eurasia and the northern Atlantic Ocean, followed by local extinction. This scenario may also have operated in amphi-Pacific bryophytes but some might have reached South America via the southern Pacific migration route. The possibility of direct long-range dispersal across the Pacific Ocean cannot be ruled out and this scenario seems likely for Southbya organensis, which occurs on Hawaii and freely produces spores and small gemmae. The possibility that the disjunctive ranges reflect insufficient collecting and that some taxa also occur in Africa should also be taken into account. There is no strong evidence for human introduction of amphi-Pacific tropical bryophytes. The new combinations Lejeunea sect. Echinocolea (R.M.Schust.) Gradst. comb. nov. and Myriocoleopsis sect. Protocolea (R.M.Schust.) Gradst. comb. nov. are proposed.

The Trade Networks of Japanese Porcelain in the Asia-Pacific Region

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takenori Nogami
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Ceramic Industry ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Spanish Colonial ◽  
Trade Networks ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Trade Route ◽  
Galleon Trade

The Manila-Acapulco galleon trade route was established after the Spanish founded Manila City in 1571. Many Asian goods, such as silks and spices, were exported by the Spanish galleons. Many New World goods, including Mexican silver, crossed the Pacific Ocean and were brought to Asia. For instance, the cargoes sent to Acapulco from Manila included East Asian porcelain. On the other hand, in the early modern period, Japanese porcelains were exported from Nagasaki and carried throughout the world. Although, under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate, Spanish galleons could not enter Nagasaki until the mid-nineteenth century, the Spanish could still get Japanese porcelains if they were brought by Chinese ships. Because Manila was one of the most important port cities of the trade network in Asia, Chinese ships imported many Chinese and Japanese porcelains to Manila. The Spanish in Manila used Japanese porcelains and exported some of them to Acapulco. These were distributed among Spanish colonial cities in the Americas. The majority of them were underglazed blue Kraak-type dishes, underglazed blue items, and overglazed enamel chocolate cups. They reflect Spanish colonial life and culture in America. Moreover, Chinese and Japanese porcelain had an influence on the ceramic industry in America.

scholarly journals WOOD ANATOMY OF THE VANGUERIEAE (IXOROIDEAERUBIACEAE), WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON SOME GEOFRUTICES

IAWA Journal ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederic Lens ◽  
Steven Jansen ◽  
Elmar Robbrecht ◽  
Erik Smets
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Underground Structures ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Tropical Asia ◽  
Primary Xylem ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

The Vanguerieae is a tribe consisting of about 500 species ordered in 27 genera. Although this tribe is mainly represented in Africa and Madagascar, Vanguerieae also occur in tropical Asia, Australia, and the isles of the Pacific Ocean. This study gives a detailed wood anatomical description of 34 species of 15 genera based on LM and SEM observations. The secondary xylem is homogeneous throughout the tribe and fits well into the Ixoroideae s.l. on the basis of fibre-tracheids and diffuse to diffuse-in-aggregates axial parenchyma. The Vanguerieae include numerous geofrutices that are characterised by massive woody branched or unbranched underground parts and slightly ramified unbranched aboveground twigs. The underground structures of geofrutices are not homologous; a central pith is found in three species (Fadogia schmitzii, Pygmaeothamnus zeyheri and Tapiphyllum cinerascens var. laetum), while Fadogiella stigmatoloba shows central primary xylem which is characteristic of roots. Comparison of underground versus aboveground wood shows anatomical differences in vessel diameter and in the quantity of parenchyma and fibres.

5. Exploration and the Enlightenment

2015 ◽  
pp. 62-82
Author(s):  
Stewart A. Weaver
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
South America ◽  
New World ◽  
James Cook ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Age Of Discovery ◽  
Figure Of The Earth ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Scientific Purpose

‘Exploration and the Enlightenment ’ considers a “Second Great Age of Discovery” that came about during the eighteenth-century Enlightenment. It began with the 1735 Geodesic Mission to the Equator, designed to ascertain the true figure of the Earth. Never before had so large and learned a group of Europeans headed into the remote interior of the New World for an expressly scientific purpose or the results of an expedition been so elaborately publicized in maps, journals, and official reports back home. This trip is seen as the prototype of the modern exploring expedition. The voyages of Captain James Cook in the Pacific Ocean and Alexander von Humboldt's trip to South America provide further examples of Enlightenment exploration.

Religious Aspects of the Spanish Voyages in the Pacific during the Sixteenth Century and the Early Part of the Seventeenth

1948 ◽  
Vol 4 (03) ◽  
pp. 302-315
Author(s):  
André Gschaedler
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
New World ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Religious Aspects ◽  
Galleon Trade ◽  
Spiritual Conquest

The Conquest of Mexico was under way when Magellan’s fleet left San Lucar, September 1519, in quest of a western route to the coveted Spice Islands. On May 22, 1607, the two smaller ships of Quirós’ armada put in at Cavite in the Philippines, bringing to a close the last of the great Spanish exploration voyages in the Pacific. By that time the English and the Dutch had entered the ocean. The Sea of the South of which Balboa had taken possession in the name of his sovereigns was not to be an exclusive preserve of Spain any more. Spain was on the defensive in the New World. The great era of Spanish discovery in the Pacific Ocean was not to outlast the climax of Spanish power in the Americas. Quirós never lost his faith in the mission of Spain in the Pacific, but his entreaties, and those of the friars who were ready to accompany him for the spiritual conquest of the Pacific insular world, met with deaf ears. The Spanish authorities were under the impression that Spain had already seized more than she could grasp. In the Pacific the Spaniards were now satisfied with keeping up the Manila Galleon trade, the life line of the Philippines. The task of exploration was taken up by Spain’s competitors the Dutch, the English and the French.

Utilitarian Design for the New World Bentham’s Plan for a Nicaraguan Canal

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Williford
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Natural Water ◽  
New World ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Spanish America ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
South Sea ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Utilitarian Design ◽  
Water Passage

A Water passage to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans became a passionate desire of Spain “from the year 1513 in which Núñez de Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean.” When the search for a natural water route failed, Spain decided to build a canal. In 1528 Spain proposed to cut four canals through Middle America: from the Lake of Nicaragua to the South Sea, from the River Chagres to Panama, across the Isthmus of Tecoantepec (sic), and from Nombre de Dios to Panama. In 1800 she added two more possible canal sites to her list, from Rio Grande near Panama to Rio Chagres and from Rio Caymito to the Embarcadero of Rio Trinidad. But none of Spain’s plans came to fruition, and independence came to Spanish America without the construction of an interoceanic canal.

Religious Aspects of the Spanish Voyages in the Pacific during the Sixteenth Century and the Early Part of the Seventeenth

1948 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 302-315
Author(s):  
André Gschaedler
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
New World ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Religious Aspects ◽  
Galleon Trade ◽  
Spiritual Conquest

The Conquest of Mexico was under way when Magellan’s fleet left San Lucar, September 1519, in quest of a western route to the coveted Spice Islands. On May 22, 1607, the two smaller ships of Quirós’ armada put in at Cavite in the Philippines, bringing to a close the last of the great Spanish exploration voyages in the Pacific. By that time the English and the Dutch had entered the ocean. The Sea of the South of which Balboa had taken possession in the name of his sovereigns was not to be an exclusive preserve of Spain any more. Spain was on the defensive in the New World. The great era of Spanish discovery in the Pacific Ocean was not to outlast the climax of Spanish power in the Americas. Quirós never lost his faith in the mission of Spain in the Pacific, but his entreaties, and those of the friars who were ready to accompany him for the spiritual conquest of the Pacific insular world, met with deaf ears. The Spanish authorities were under the impression that Spain had already seized more than she could grasp. In the Pacific the Spaniards were now satisfied with keeping up the Manila Galleon trade, the life line of the Philippines. The task of exploration was taken up by Spain’s competitors the Dutch, the English and the French.

Geological perspectives on the Monte Verde archeological site in Chile and pre-Clovis coastal migration in the Americas

2011 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Dickinson
Keyword(s):  
Continental Shelf ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
New World ◽  
Human Movement ◽  
Migration Route ◽  
Projectile Points ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
First Americans ◽  
Monte Verde ◽  
Archeological Site

AbstractDiscovery of the Monte Verde archeological site in Chile overturned the previous consensus that the first Americans into the New World from Asia were the makers of Clovis projectile points, and rejuvenated the hypothesis that migration through the Americas occurred largely on portions of the Pacific continental shelf exposed by Pleistocene drawdown in eustatic sea level. The postulate of travel along a paleoshoreline now hidden underwater is an attractive means to posit pre-Clovis human movement southward from Beringia to Chile without leaving traces of migration onshore. Geologic analyses of the Pleistocene paleoenvironment at Monte Verde and of the morphology of the potential migration route along the continental shelf raise questions that have not been fully addressed. The periglacial setting of Monte Verde may call its antiquity into question and the narrowness of the Pacific continental shelf of the Americas makes it unlikely that people could travel the length of the Americas without impacting ground still onshore and no farther inland than Monte Verde itself. Geological perspectives on Monte Verde and coastal migration jointly suggest that the Clovis-first hypothesis for peopling the New World may have been abandoned prematurely.

Poorly known Ascidiacea collected in the vicinity of the Commander Islands and East Kamchatka, NW Pacific

Zootaxa ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 1579 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
KAREN SANAMYAN ◽  
NADYA SANAMYAN
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Commander Islands ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Northern Atlantic ◽  
Ne Pacific ◽  
Bering Island

Deep-water Ascidia escabanae known previously only from Escabana Trough, NE Pacific and Ciona pomponiae, originally described from Galapagos Islands are recorded at abyssal and bathyal depths in the region of Commander Islands and East Kamchatka in NW Pacific. Ciona gefesti is a junior synonym of C. pomponiae. The northern Atlantic species C. gelatinosa Bonnevie, 1896 (previously thought to be a subspecies of C. intestinalis and related to the Pacific Ocean C. mollis) is redescribed here and shown to be a distinct species. Also discussed are several littoral and bathyal Molgula spp. considered previously as closely related or possibly conspecific that are shown here to be separate species readily distinguished by their gonads. Molgula beringense sp.n. is described from the vicinity of the Bering Island.

scholarly journals Crotalaria spectabilis (showy rattlepod).

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julissa Rojas-Sandoval
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
The United States ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Tropical Asia ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Noxious Weed ◽  
Very High ◽  
Crotalaria Spectabilis

Abstract C. spectabilis is native to tropical Asia and has been widely introduced in many tropical countries around the world. It has escaped from cultivation and can now be found naturalized principally in open and disturbed sites. This species is a serious weed in agricultural land and natural habitats (Randall, 2012). The potential invasiveness of C. spectabilis is very high mainly because this species spreads predominantly as a contaminant in agricultural equipment, crop seeds, forages and hay (Maddox et al., 2011). In the United States, it is listed as a noxious weed in many Mid-South states (e.g., Arkansas), and it has spread rapidly throughout the Southeastern states where it is now considered an invasive species (Maddox et al., 2011; USDA-NRCS, 2015). C. spectabilis is also listed as invasive in Cuba, Australia, New Caledonia and many other islands in the Pacific Ocean (Oviedo Prieto et al., 2012; PIER, 2015; Weeds of Australia, 2015).

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