scholarly journals Interação dos atributos químicos do solo em área com floresta natural e com plantio de laranja (Citrus sinensis L Osb.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 3331
Author(s):  
Luis Henrique Rodrigues Mendonça ◽  
Milton César Costa Campos ◽  
Raquel Manhuary de Araújo ◽  
Elilson Gomes de Brito Filho ◽  
Alan Ferreira Leite de Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Natural Forest ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Multivariate Techniques ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Chemical Attributes ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Diagnostic Horizon

Na região amazônica é comum a conversão de ambiente natural para o de cultivo, com isso o solo permanece em constantes modificações. As atividades agrícolas podem incrementar a heterogeneidade do solo provocando alterações nos atributos químicos do solo, decorrente principalmente das atividades de manejo e cultivo. Essas mudanças são mensuráveis e contribuem para caracterizar, avaliar e acompanhar as alterações ocorrida utilizando ferramentas estatísticas. Assim o estudo da variabilidade espacial dos atributos químicos dos solos é particularmente importante especialmente em áreas onde o solo está submetido a diferentes manejos, visando reduzir os efeitos da variabilidade na produção das culturas em função de determinadas práticas de manejo. Dessa forma, este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar a variabilidade espacial dos atributos químicos em área de floresta natural e com cultivo de laranja em Colorado do Oeste, Rondônia. Foram selecionadas duas áreas de estudo, a primeira sendo a área de floresta nativa e a segunda sob cultivo de laranja em de Colorado do Oeste, Rondônia. Em cada área foi delimitada uma malha com 1.260 m² (42 x 30 m), com 48 pontos e espaçamento regular entre pontos de 6 m. Nos pontos de cruzamento da malha foram coletadas amostras em três profundidades (0,00-0,05; 0,05-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m), correspondente ao horizonte diagnóstico do solo, perfazendo uma somatória de 144 amostras por área, logo, um total de 288. Serão determinados dos atributos químicos de pH em água, acidez potencial, alumínio trocável, fósforo e potássio disponível, e carbono orgânico. Com a obtenção dos dados, estes foram avaliados por meio de estatística descrita com teste de médias e a realização da análise multivariada. Houve diferença entre as duas áreas, a substituição da vegetação nativa por sistema de cultivo, ocasionou alterações nos atributos químicos do solo. O uso das técnicas multivariadas mostrou-se eficiente na distinção dos ambientes estudados.     Interaction of the chemical attributes of the soil in an area with natural forest and with planting of orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osb.) A B S T R A C TIn the Amazon region it is common to convert from a natural environment to that of cultivation, with this the soil remains in constant modifications. Agricultural activities can increase the heterogeneity of the soil causing changes in the chemical attributes of the soil, mainly due to management and cultivation activities. These changes are measurable and contribute to characterize, evaluate and monitor the changes that have occurred using statistical tools. Thus, the study of the spatial variability of the chemical attributes of soils is particularly important, especially in areas where the soil is subjected to different managements, in order to reduce the effects of variability in the production of crops due to certain management practices. Thus, this work aims to evaluate the spatial variability of chemical attributes in an area of natural forest and with orange cultivation in Colorado do Oeste, Rondônia. Two study areas were selected, the first being the native forest area and the second under orange cultivation in Colorado do Oeste, Rondônia. In each area, a mesh of 1,260 m² (42 x 30 m) was delimited, with 48 points and regular spacing between points of 6 m. At the crossing points of the grid, samples were collected at three depths (0.00-0.05; 0.05-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m), corresponding to the soil diagnostic horizon, making a sum of 144 samples per area, therefore, a total of 288. The chemical attributes of pH in water, potential acidity, exchangeable aluminum, available phosphorus and potassium, and organic carbon will be determined. Once the data were obtained, they were evaluated using statistics described with the means test and the multivariate analysis. There was a difference between the two areas, the replacement of native vegetation by a cultivation system, caused changes in the chemical attributes of the soil. The use of multivariate techniques proved to be efficient in distinguishing the studied environments.Keywords: Amazon soils, Use and management, Soil occupation.

Spatial variability of the physical-hydric properties of cohesive soils under rainfed and irrigated sugarcane cultivations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brivaldo Gomes de Almeida ◽  
Bruno Campos Mantovanelli ◽  
Thiago Rodrigo Schossler ◽  
Fernando José Freire ◽  
Edivan Rodrigues de Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Multivariate Techniques ◽  
Geostatistical Approach ◽  
Physical Attributes ◽  
Soil Spatial Variability

<p>Geostatistical and multivariate techniques have been widely used to identify and characterize the soil spatial variability, as well as to detect possible relationships between soil properties and management. Besides that, these techniques provide information regarding the spatial and temporal structural changes of soils to support better decision-making processes and management practices. Although the Zona da Mata region is a reference for sugarcane production in the northeast of Brazil, only a few studies have been carried out to clarify the effects of different management on soil physical attributes by using geostatistical and multivariate techniques. Thus, the objectives of this study were: (I) to characterize the spatial distribution of soils physical attributes under rainfed and irrigated sugarcane cultivations; (II) to identify the minimum sampling for the determination of soil physical attributes; (III) to detect the effects of the different management on soil physical attributes based on the principal component analysis (PCA). The study was carried out in the agricultural area of the Carpina Sugarcane Experimental Station of the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, 7º51’13”S, 35º14’10”W, characterized by a Typic Hapludult with sandy clay loam soil texture. The investigated plot, cultivated with sugarcane, included a rainfed and an irrigated treatment in which a sprinkler system was installed according to a 12x12m grid. The interval between consecutive watering was fixed in two days, whereas irrigation depth was calculated to replace crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and accounting for the effective precipitation of the period. Daily ETc was estimated based on crop coefficient and reference evapotranspiration (ETo) indirectly obtained through a class A evaporation pan. In both treatments, the soil spatial variability was determined according to a 56x32m grid, on 32 soil samples collected in the 0.0-0.1m soil layer, spaced 7x8m, and georeferenced with a global position system. The soil was physically characterized according to the following attributes: bulk density (BD), soil penetration resistance (SPR), macroporosity (Macro), mesoporosity (Meso), microporosity (Micro), total porosity (TP), saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), gravimetric soil water content (SWCg), geometric mean diameter (GMD) and mean weight diameter (MWD). The results of the descriptive statistics showed that among the studied attributes, Ksat, SPR, and Macro presented higher CV values, equal to 63 and 69%, 35 and 40%, and 32 and 44%, under rainfed and irrigated conditions, respectively. The minimum sampling, adequate to characterize the different soil attributes, resulted in general smaller in the rainfed area, characterized by higher homogeneity. Thus, the GMD, SWCg (both with 2 points ha<sup>-1</sup>), and SPR (with 6 points ha<sup>-1</sup>) were identified as the soil physical attributes requiring the lowest sample density; on the other hand, MWD and Ksat, with 14 and 15 points ha<sup>-1</sup>, respectively, required the highest number of samples. Pearson’s correlation analysis evidenced that soil BD was the most influential physical attribute in the studied areas, with a significant and inverse effect in most of the investigated attributes. The geostatistical approach associated with the multivariate PCA provided to understand the relationships between the spatial distribution patterns associated with irrigated and rainfed management and soil physical properties.</p>

scholarly journals SPACIAL VARIABILITY AND SAMPLING DENSITY OF CHEMICAL ATTRIBUTES IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL BLACK EARTH AND NATIVE FOREST SOIL IN MANICORÉ, AM

FLORESTA ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivanildo Amorim de Oliveira ◽  
José Marques Júnior ◽  
Milton César Costa Campos ◽  
Renato Eleotério de Aquino ◽  
Diego Silva Siqueira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Forest Soil ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Spatial Behavior ◽  
Statistical Techniques ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Sampling Density ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Chemical Attributes ◽  
Regular Spacing

AbstractConsidering the lack of information about spatial behavior of the soil attributes in areas of archaeological black earth and native forest, the objective of this study was to evaluate the spatial variability of chemical attributes and determine the sampling density in soil with archaeological black earth and native forest in the region of Manicoré, AM. The study was conducted in a rural property located in the community of Santo Antônio do Matupi, at the margins of BR 230, Trans-amazon highway, in the region of Manicoré, AM. In these areas were established grids of 70 m x 70 m, with regular spacing of 10 x 10 m, totaling 64 points, then soil samples were collected at a depth of 0.0-0.20 m and 0 , 40 - 0,60 m. Chemical attributes were determined (pH, OM, P, K, Ca, Mg, SB, CTC, V% and H + Al). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques and geostatistics. Sampling density was determined basing on CV and on the range of the semivariograms. It was verified that the studied attributes showed spatial variability and the area of archaeological black earth presented greater spatial variability than the native forest. Its greater sampling density was determined basing on the range of the adjusted semivariograms.Keywords: Indian black earth; attributes of soil; geostatistics. 

scholarly journals Attributes of pedoindicator soils in areas cultivated with typical crops in the Western Amazon, Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Half Weinberg Corrêa Jordão ◽  
Milton César Costa Campos ◽  
Bruno Campos Mantovanelli ◽  
José César Frozzi ◽  
José Maurício da Cunha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Multivariate Techniques ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
City Region ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Chemical Attributes ◽  
The Relationship

The crop systems adopted in the Amazônia region have been studied several times in terms of the variability and to indicate the soil attributes more sensitive to the different crops. Thus, the objective of this work was to apply multivariate techniques in order to identify the chemical attributes most sensitive to environmental changes in different crop systems in Western Amazonia, Brazil. The research was conducted in five rural properties located in the Humaitá city region, Western Amazonia, Brazil. There were selected four environments with natural characteristics (Native Forest - NF) and five cropping systems (Grazing, Cassava, Açaí, Agroforestry and Reforestation). In the selected areas, soil samples were collected at depths layers of 0.0-0.05 m; 0.05-0.1 m and 0.1-0.2 m and the following chemical analyzes were performed: pH in water, Ca2+, Mg2+, K +, Resin-P, phosphorus bio-available particulate (Pbp), OC, Al3+, H++Al3+ and from these results SB, T, t, m% and V% were calculated. Multivariate statistical techniques were used to verify similarities between the crop systems in the attempt to relate the crops grown and the chemical attributes. The multivariate analysis was essential in the crop systems distinction, as well as to describe the relationship with the chemical properties. The results demonstrate and reinforce the existing variability between crop systems, with emphasis on the variation in crop systems, compared to natural environments.

scholarly journals Portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectrometry applied to the prediction of chemical attributes in Inceptisols under different land uses

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 501-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Fernanda dos Santos Teixeira ◽  
David C. Weindorf ◽  
Sérgio Henrique Godinho Silva ◽  
Luiz Roberto Guimarães Guilherme ◽  
Nilton Curi
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Base Saturation ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Elemental Contents ◽  
Chemical Attributes

ABSTRACT Portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectrometry has been increasingly adopted for varying studies worldwide. This work aimed at characterizing effects of soil management on the content of chemical elements detected by pXRF in managed and unmanaged areas of Inceptisols, and evaluating the potential of using pXRF data to generate prediction models for soil fertility attributes, evaluating the effect of land uses on such models. Samples were collected in A, B, and C horizons of soils under native forest, native Cerrado, coffee crops with 1 and 5 years of implantation and eucalyptus. Soil fertility attributes were determined through laboratory analyses, whereas, elemental contents were obtained through pXRF analysis. PXRF data were used for modeling (regressions) and validation of soil fertility attributes and necessity of lime (NL) application, with or without distinction between managed and unmanaged areas. Management practices on coffee crops increased the levels of Sr, CaO, P2O5, Cu, and Zn. CaO content was efficient for prediction of exchangeable Ca2+ contents (R2 = 0.91), pH (R2 = 0.88), base saturation (R2 = 0.89) in managed areas. General models presented adequate results to predict exchangeable Ca2+ (R2 = 0.92), pH (R2 = 0.85), and base saturation (R2 = 0.90). Models for unmanaged areas were less effective. PXRF detected modifications in elemental contents caused by management practices and provided reliable predictions of soil fertility attributes.

scholarly journals Soil attributes under agroecosystems and forest vegetation in the coastal tablelands of northestern Brazil

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 649-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Bosco Vasconcellos Gomes ◽  
Marcelo Ferreira Fernandes ◽  
Antonio Carlos Barreto ◽  
José Coelho de Araújo Filho ◽  
Nilton Curi
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Multivariate Techniques ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil Attributes ◽  
Chemical Attributes ◽  
Physical And Chemical

This study evaluated the changes occurred in a set of soil attributes, particularly those related to the dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC), as a function of the replacement of native forest for agricultural ecosystems of regional importance in the coastal tablelands of Northeastern Brazil (orange, coconut, eucalyptus and sugarcane). Six commercial sites under these agroecosystems were compared to neighboring areas of native forest in five areas along this region (Coruripe, Umbaúba, Acajutiba, Cruz das Almas and Nova Viçosa). Soil samples were taken from 0-5 and 5-20 cm depth and analyzed for particle size distribution, bulk density, organic C (OC), particulate organic matter, C in soil solution, microbial biomass C, total cation exchange capacity and water stable aggregates. Linear correlation and multivariate techniques were used for data analysis. The values of base saturation and Al saturation for the 0-20 cm depth layer were also calculated. In all the studied areas, soils under native forest presented better status of physical and chemical attributes than their agroecosystem counterparts, especially in the 0-5 cm layer. For both layers, OC content was the attribute most strongly correlated with the overall changes in all attributes. Unexpectedly, the OC content showed no significant correlation with the sum of silt and clay contents. The set of variables investigated in this study is sensitive to differentiate the quality of soils under perennial and semi-perennial land uses from their counterparts under natural vegetation in the landscapes of the coastal tablelands of Northeastern Brazil.

scholarly journals Spatial variability of soil properties and soil erodibility in the Alqueva dam watershed, Portugal

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 301-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Ferreira ◽  
T. Panagopoulos ◽  
R. Andrade ◽  
C. Guerrero ◽  
L. Loures
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Multivariate Techniques ◽  
Soil Erodibility ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Local Soil ◽  
K Factor

Abstract. The aim of this work is to investigate how the spatial variability of soil properties and soil erodibility (K factor) were affected by the changes in land use allowed by irrigation with water from a reservoir in a semiarid area. To this, three areas representative of different land uses (agroforestry grassland, Lucerne crop and olive orchard) were studied within a 900 ha farm. The interrelationships between variables were analyzed by multivariate techniques and extrapolated using geostatistics. The results confirmed differences between land uses for all properties analyzed, which was explained mainly by the existence of diverse management practices (tillage, fertilization and irrigation), vegetation cover and local soil characteristics. Soil organic matter, clay and nitrogen content decreased significantly, while K factor increased with intensive cultivation. The HJ-biplot methodology was used to represent the variation of soil erodibility properties grouped in land uses. Native grassland was the least correlated with the other land uses. K factor demonstrated high correlation mainly with very fine sand and silt. The maps produced with geostatistics were crucial to understand the current spatial variability in the Alqueva region. Facing the intensification of land-use conversion, a sustainable management is needed to introduce protective measures to control soil erosion.

scholarly journals Spatial variability of soil properties and soil erodibility in the Alqueva reservoir watershed

Solid Earth ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Ferreira ◽  
T. Panagopoulos ◽  
R. Andrade ◽  
C. Guerrero ◽  
L. Loures
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Multivariate Techniques ◽  
Soil Erodibility ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Local Soil ◽  
K Factor

Abstract. The aim of this work is to investigate how the spatial variability of soil properties and soil erodibility ($K$ factor) were affected by the changes in land use allowed by irrigation with water from a reservoir in a semiarid area. To this end, three areas representative of different land uses (agroforestry grassland, lucerne crop and olive orchard) were studied within a 900 ha farm. The interrelationships between variables were analyzed by multivariate techniques and extrapolated using geostatistics. The results confirmed differences between land uses for all properties analyzed, which was explained mainly by the existence of diverse management practices (tillage, fertilization and irrigation), vegetation cover and local soil characteristics. Soil organic matter, clay and nitrogen content decreased significantly, while the K factor increased with intensive cultivation. The HJ-Biplot methodology was used to represent the variation of soil erodibility properties grouped in land uses. Native grassland was the least correlated with the other land uses. The K factor demonstrated high correlation mainly with very fine sand and silt. The maps produced with geostatistics were crucial to understand the current spatial variability in the Alqueva region. Facing the intensification of land-use conversion, a sustainable management is needed to introduce protective measures to control soil erosion.

scholarly journals Soil Chemical attributes under different management systems in Cerrado-Amazon ecotone

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. e36210716045
Author(s):  
Amanda da Silva Reis ◽  
Rubson da Costa Leite ◽  
Guilherme Octávio de Sousa Soares ◽  
José Lucas de Sousa Soares ◽  
Flavia Barreira Gonçalves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Chemistry ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Aluminum Saturation ◽  
Chemical Attributes ◽  
System 1

The Cerrado-Amazonas ecotone occupies 4.85% of the Brazilian territory, with almost 60% of its area deforested. Inadequate soil management practices cause changes in the physical, chemical and biological soil attributes. This study aimed to characterize soil chemistry in different management systems, identifying its efficiency. Ten areas were divided into two soil classes (Ultisol and Entisol               quartzipsamment), each comprising a management system (1 - silvopastoral with 30% shade (SP30), 2 - silvopastoral with 60% shade (SP60), 3 - secondary forest, 4 - native forest, 5 – pasture conventional (CP)). The samples were collected at depths of 0-10, 10-20 and 20-40 cm. The chemical attributes of the soil analyzed were pH, P, K +, Ca2 +, Mg2 +, H + Al3 +, Al3 +, sum of bases (SB), effective cation exchange capacity (CEC), CEC at pH 7, saturation base (V%) and aluminum saturation (m%). The data were submitted to principal component analysis and analysis of variance and Tukey's test (p <0.05). There were minor changes in the attributes analyzed in the Entisol management systems, comparing the other systems with the reference system (native forest); however, SP30 was more suitable, as it increased the pH and the values of essential cations in the soil. In Ultisol, the SP60 and CP systems showed higher averages in the studied attributes, it is inferred that these systems have similar efficiency in land use, positioning them as the best systems studied in this soil class.

scholarly journals Influence of Slope Gradient and Aspect on Soil Organic Carbon Content in the Region of Niš, Serbia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8332
Author(s):  
Snežana Jakšić ◽  
Jordana Ninkov ◽  
Stanko Milić ◽  
Jovica Vasin ◽  
Milorad Živanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Slope Aspect ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Slope Gradient ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Uncultivated Land

Topography-induced microclimate differences determine the local spatial variation of soil characteristics as topographic factors may play the most essential role in changing the climatic pattern. The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) with respect to the slope gradient and aspect, and to quantify their influence on SOC within different land use/cover classes. The study area is the Region of Niš in Serbia, which is characterized by complex topography with large variability in the spatial distribution of SOC. Soil samples at 0–30 cm and 30–60 cm were collected from different slope gradients and aspects in each of the three land use/cover classes. The results showed that the slope aspect significantly influenced the spatial distribution of SOC in the forest and vineyard soils, where N- and NW-facing soils had the highest level of organic carbon in the topsoil. There were no similar patterns in the uncultivated land. No significant differences were found in the subsoil. Organic carbon content was higher in the topsoil, regardless of the slope of the terrain. The mean SOC content in forest land decreased with increasing slope, but the difference was not statistically significant. In vineyards and uncultivated land, the SOC content was not predominantly determined by the slope gradient. No significant variations across slope gradients were found for all observed soil properties, except for available phosphorus and potassium. A positive correlation was observed between SOC and total nitrogen, clay, silt, and available phosphorus and potassium, while a negative correlation with coarse sand was detected. The slope aspect in relation to different land use/cover classes could provide an important reference for land management strategies in light of sustainable development.

scholarly journals Magnetic susceptibility for characterizing areas with different potentials for sugarcane production

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 1349-1358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Silva Siqueira ◽  
José Marques Júnior ◽  
Daniel De Bortoli Teixeira ◽  
Sammy Sidney Rocha Matias ◽  
Livia Arantes Camargo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Susceptibility ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Soil Attributes ◽  
Sugarcane Production ◽  
Sugarcane Yield ◽  
Chemical Attributes ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Variability Model

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of magnetic susceptibility for characterizing the spatial variability of soil attributes and identifying areas with different potentials for sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) production. Samples were collected at 110 points (1 per 7 ha) in the layers of 0.00-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m, to determine the magnetic susceptibility and physical and chemical attributes of the soil. Fiber content, sucrose polarization (POL), and sugarcane yield were determined in 33 points. The spatial variability model for magnetic susceptibility was 63 and 22% more accurate in delimiting soil potential for sugarcane production than soil physical and chemical attributes at the 0.0-0.2 and 0.2-0.4-m layers, respectively. The spatial variability map for magnetic susceptibility was strongly correlated with clay (0.83 and 0.89, respectively, for the layers) and sand contents (-0.84 and -0.88); moderately correlated with organic matter (-0.25 and -0.35), sum of bases (-0.46 and 0.37), cation exchange capacity (0.22 and 0.47), pH (-0.52 and 0.13), and POL (0.43 and 0.53); and weakly correlated with sugarcane yield (0.26 and 0.23). Magnetic susceptibility can be used to characterize the spatial variability of soil attributes and to identify areas with different potentials for sugarcane production.

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