Woody species distribution across a savanna-dry forest soil gradient in the Brazilian Cerrado

Although richness and distribution of woody species in the Cerrado physiognomies have been extensively studied, the shifts of woody species from savanna physiognomies to dry forests have not yet been addressed. Here, we investigate the effect of soil physical-chemical traits on the woody species turnover between adjacent cerrado stricto sensu and dry forest physiognomies. Woody species were surveyed, and soil and topographic variables measured, in 30 10×40 m plots systematically distributed, with 15 plots in each physiognomy. We found a spatially structured distribution of woody species, and differences of soil traits between cerrado stricto sensu and dry forest areas, mainly related to the aluminum saturation, base saturation, and available phosphorus. Aluminum saturation increased toward the savanna area, while base saturation increased toward the dry forest. Most woody species predominated in one physiognomy, such as Callisthene major in the cerrado stricto sensu and Anadenanthera colubrina in the dry forest. Only 20% of the species were widely distributed across both physiognomies or, not often, restricted to the intermediary values of the soil gradient. General results indicate that contrasting soil traits between cerrado stricto sensu and dry forest produce a strongly spatially organized and sharp transition in terms of species distribution between these physiognomies.

Elemental sulfur recommendation for pH reduction in soils from Southern Brazil

ABSTRACT The elemental sulfur (S0) application may reduce soil pH, benefiting plants adapted to acid conditions and lessening problems of overliming. Nevertheless, there is no official recommendation for its application. The objective of the study was to quantify the S0 doses required to reduce the pH of soils from Southern Brazil. The experiment was carried out in the laboratory in a factorial scheme (5 × 5), with a completely randomized design and three replicates. The treatments consisted of five soils, and five doses of S0, corresponding to 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200% of the estimated dose need to reach pH 4.0. The applied doses of S0 resulted in reduction of pH and base saturation (V%) and increase of potential acidity (H + Al). These effects, however, were reduced due to the low rate of oxidation of the S0 applied (0.76-3.36%). The soil variables correlated with S0 oxidation were Mg2+ (0.86***), Al3+ (-0.82***), H + Al (-0.89***), V% (0.68***) and aluminum saturation (m%) (-0.87***). In the evaluated soils the oxidation of 50 kg ha-1 of S0 was required to reduce one unit of pH in H2O.

Correction of Soil Acidity in an Organic System of Shadowed Coffee

Through sustainable agriculture it is possible to explore the coffee culture in consortium with native forests in more rugged reliefs, as coffee is a permanent crop in addition to the climatic conditions offered by the swamps that favor its development. Given the above, the present work proposes, based on the acidity results, to quantify the need for correctives in the soil to obtain a better nutritional use offered by agroforestry cultivation of organic coffee in the shade with favorable results to increase productivity and, consequently, the farmer's profit. The research was carried out at the Várzea da Onça farm, in the Yaguara Ecological Complex, located in the municipality of Taquaritinga do Norte, Borborema plateau, in the Agreste Pernambuco mesoregion. Altitude, it is necessary to adopt appropriate management techniques that guarantee production, soil conservation and biodiversity, proposing soil correction to guarantee the ideal nutritional conditions for coffee growth. For this purpose, soil samples were collected in the Top (T), Hillside (E) and Pedimento (P) ranges at depths of 0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm when planting shaded coffee and soil samples from Native Forest (MN) preserved and legally protected from the Brejo de Taquaritinga. Active, exchangeable and potential acidity were analyzed, as well as the sum of bases, the potential and effective cation exchange capacity, base saturation and aluminum saturation. The results obtained were subjected to analysis of variance and the means were tested at 5% by the Tukey test. A potential of the system was found with low to very low natural fertility, with a strongly acidic reaction. Thus, adequate soil management and correction techniques are necessary for the crop to absorb all the nutrients made available by the organic matter present on the surface, concluding that all slopes require liming, the slope of Hillside and Mata Nativa they also need plastering for the culture to develop properly.

Edaphic attributes in pedoforms of gullies, in the Southeast region of Brazil

Water erosion acts as the main form of soil degradation, promoting the release of particles that associated with factors such as climate, relief, soil vegetation and use and occupation favor this process. This study aimed to evaluate whether gullies are more likely to be present in a specific type of landform and how physical and chemical soil characteristics vary between the internal and external environments of concave and convex gullies. The study was performed in the Cachimbal River sub-basin, Pinheiral (RJ). Gullies were mapped and the quantitative and qualitative evaluations (occurrence in concave or convex surface). For each type of landform, one gully was selected. Soil samples (disturbed and undisturbed) were collected from the internal and external surfaces of each gully at a depth of 0-10 cm and soil chemical and physical characteristics were determined. More gullies were present in convex landforms and differences in soil characteristics were observed between the internal and external gully surfaces, but not between different landforms. Ca+2, S value, H+Al, T value, Mg+2, TOC and K+ were associated with the external surface, and P, Al+3, aluminum saturation, V%, and pH with the internal surface. Natural and total clay content, and soil and particle density were the physical characteristics associated with the external surface, and total and fine sand content, porosity, degree of flocculation, and silt content with the internal surface.

EFEITOS DA APLICAÇÃO DE VINHAÇA NA FERTILIDADE DO SOLO

EFEITOS DA APLICAÇÃO DE VINHAÇA NA FERTILIDADE DO SOLO RUBENS FERNANDO SERAFIM1; LAUREN NOZOMI MARQUES YABUKI1; JOÃO GABRIEL THOMAZ QUELUZ1; LARISSA RUAS GALDEANO1; MARCELO LOUREIRO GARCIA1 Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24 A,1515, Bela Vista, CEP: 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] [email protected] 1 RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os efeitos da aplicação de vinhaça sobre as características de fertilidade do solo. Um estudo de monitoramento desses parâmetros foi realizado em uma fazenda localizada no interior do estado de São Paulo, no período de 2012 a 2017. Informações mineralógicas e sobre a concentração de metais no solo foram reportadas. Alterações significativas nas propriedades químicas do solo ao longo do tempo foram observadas, sendo a aplicação da vinhaça um dos fatores que exerceram influência na variação das características do solo, em combinação com fatores ambientais e o manejo agrícola. A saturação por bases decresceu em média de 64 para 40% entre 2012 e 2017, respectivamente, enquanto o volume médio anual de vinhaça foi 188 ± 31 m3 ha-1. A tendência de crescimento ao longo dos anos do parâmetro saturação por alumínio foi evidente e os valores de pH foram em torno de 5. Apesar da adoção de aplicação da vinhaça nos solos proporcionar a disponibilidade de nutrientes e água, é recomendado que o monitoramento e controle da qualidade do solo seja sempre realizado, mantendo-se consequentemente, a sua fertilidade e a sustentabilidade da produção de cana-de-açúcar. Palavras-chave: fertirrigação, dosagens de efluente, características químicas do solo, impactos ambientais. SERAFIM, R. F.; YABUKI, L. N. M.; QUELUZ, J. G. T.; GALDEANO, L. R.; GARCIA, M. L. EFFECTS OF VINASSE APLICATION ON SOIL FERTILITY 2 ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effects of vinasse application on soil fertility characteristics. A monitoring study of soil fertility parameters was conducted in a farm fertirrigated with vinasse, located in the state of São Paulo, over the period from 2012 to 2017. Mineralogical and soil metal concentration information was reported. Significant alterations in the chemical properties of the soil over time were observed, being the vinasse application one of the factors that influenced the variation of the soil characteristics, combined with environmental factors and agricultural management. The base saturation decreased on average from 64 to 40% between 2012 and 2017, respectively, while the mean annual volume of vinasse was 188 ± 31 m3 ha-1. The increasing trend in the years for the parameter aluminum saturation was remarkable and the pH values were around 5. Although the adoption of vinasse application in soils provides the availability of nutrients and water, it is recommended that the monitoring and control of soil quality be performed at all times maintaining, consequently, its fertility and the sustainability of sugarcane production. Keywords: fertigation, effluent dosage, soil´s chemical characteristics, environmental impacts.

Soil Chemical attributes under different management systems in Cerrado-Amazon ecotone

The Cerrado-Amazonas ecotone occupies 4.85% of the Brazilian territory, with almost 60% of its area deforested. Inadequate soil management practices cause changes in the physical, chemical and biological soil attributes. This study aimed to characterize soil chemistry in different management systems, identifying its efficiency. Ten areas were divided into two soil classes (Ultisol and Entisol quartzipsamment), each comprising a management system (1 - silvopastoral with 30% shade (SP30), 2 - silvopastoral with 60% shade (SP60), 3 - secondary forest, 4 - native forest, 5 – pasture conventional (CP)). The samples were collected at depths of 0-10, 10-20 and 20-40 cm. The chemical attributes of the soil analyzed were pH, P, K +, Ca2 +, Mg2 +, H + Al3 +, Al3 +, sum of bases (SB), effective cation exchange capacity (CEC), CEC at pH 7, saturation base (V%) and aluminum saturation (m%). The data were submitted to principal component analysis and analysis of variance and Tukey's test (p <0.05). There were minor changes in the attributes analyzed in the Entisol management systems, comparing the other systems with the reference system (native forest); however, SP30 was more suitable, as it increased the pH and the values of essential cations in the soil. In Ultisol, the SP60 and CP systems showed higher averages in the studied attributes, it is inferred that these systems have similar efficiency in land use, positioning them as the best systems studied in this soil class.

ANALISIS KANDUNGAN UNSUR HARA DAN TOTAL MIKROBA TANAH BEKAS PENAMBANGAN EMAS TANPA IZIN (PETI) DARI BEBERAPA KECAMATAN KABUPATEN KUANTAN SINGINGI

This unlicensed gold mining activity (PETI) can have a positive impact on the economy of the community, in the form of increased incomes so that it can improve the welfare of the community. However, besides having a positive impact, PETI's activities will harm the environment around the mining area. The negative impact caused by mining activities is environmental damage in the form of a decrease in land quality as indicated by a decrease in physical, chemical and biological soil quality. The purpose of this study was to determine the nutrient content and the total of microbes in former PETI soils in sub-districts of the Kuantan Singingi Regency. The parameters observed were analysis of nutrient content consisting of analysis of sand, dust, clay, soil pH, C-organic, N-total, P2O5, K2O, interchangeable cations, CEC, a saturation of bases, Aluminum Saturation, and analysis of total soil microbes. The results showed that the Singingi sub-district, Central Kuantan sub-district, Sentoja sub-district, and Logas Tanah Darat sub-district has the texture of sand soil clay to sand, the content of pH H2O Land classified as fertility is very sour, C-Organic (%), Ca-dd, Nitrogen-Total (%), Mg-dd and CEC with very low fertility criteria, C/N Ratio with low to very low fertility criteria, K-dd content with low criteria, Na-dd with moderate to very high criteria, aluminum saturation is very high with wet saturation the fertility criteria are low. The total microbes in the Sub-district of Sentoja Raya and Logas Tanah Darat Sub-district are much higher than Singingi Sub-district and Central Kuantan Sub-district.

Effects of liming on the growth and nutrient concentrations of pitaya species in acidic soils

With the increasing demand for pitaya orchard management information to achieve high productivity and commercial quality fruits, liming practice is fundamental since most Brazilian soils are acidic. This study aims to assess lime requirements of Typic Quartzipisamment and Haplorthox soils to calculate tolerated aluminum saturation, desired base saturation, calcium and magnesium requirements to cultivate two pitaya species; Hylocereus undatus and Hylocereus polyrhizus. Two independent experiments were conducted in a greenhouse, organized in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme. Treatments were distributed in randomized blocks with five replications. Treatments of the first experiment corresponded to H. undatus and H. polyrhizus and four lime requirements, 0; 0.8; 1.2 and 1.7 t ha-1 cultivated in Typic Quartzipisamment. Treatments of the second experiment corresponded to H. undatus and H. polyrhizus and four lime requirements, 0; 1.3; 2.0 and 2.8 t ha-1 cultivated in Haplorthox. Shoot and root dry matter, chemical soil attributes and shoot nutrient concentrations were measured. Regression equations were adjusted for each variable, according to the lime requirements of both soils providing the highest dry matter yield in both pitaya species. H. undatus and H. polyrhizus cultivated in Typic Quartzipisamment produced more dry matter when the aluminum saturation was between 13% and 16%, base saturation 70% and the calcium and magnesium requirement 2.5 cmolcdm-3. H. undatus and H. polyrhizus cultivated in Haplorthox produced more dry matter when the aluminum saturation was between 1% and 4%, base saturation between 55% and 70%, and calcium and magnesium requirement 3.0 cmolcdm-3.

Changes in Soil Acidity Attributes in Areas of Municipal Organic Waste Composting, Santa Catarina, Brazil

Composting is an alternative for treating and recycling municipal solid waste. Composting directly on the soil changes the attributes related to soil acidity. The study aimed to evaluate the influence of municipal solid waste composting in a small scale system on the attributes related to the acidity of soils used for making compost piles. Soil samples were collected at depths of 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30 and 30-40 cm in four areas under composting (1C, 2C, 3C and 4C) and four adjacent reference areas with no history of composting (1R, 2R, 3R and 4R). The soil was submitted to evaluation of pH in water, total organic carbon (TOC), potential acidity (H+Al), aluminum saturation and base saturation. We found the composting in a small scale system with piles directly on the soil promoted the increase of soil pH values, TOC contents and base saturation up to 40 cm, regardless of the time of use. This shows the potential of the leachate to reduce acidity and aluminum saturation in the subsoil.

Influence of Soil Type and Rocky Outcrops on the Species Distribution in a Woody Plant Community at Brazilian Semiarid

Cerrado is a biome that holds many phytophysiognomies, influenced by the edaphic factors, where the type of substrate is strongly related to the established vegetation. This study aims to verify on how soil physicochemical properties, as well as the presence of rocky outcrops, influence the species distribution of woody plants in a Cerrado fragment located in deep soils and tabular relief at Serra do Boqueir&atilde;o (289 m elev.) Lavras da Mangabeira municipality (6&ordm;72&prime;24&Prime; S; 38&ordm;97&prime;73&Prime; W), Northeastern Brazil. Every individual with a DNS &ge; 3 cm in 12 sampling units with an area of 12 &times; 30 m (0.432 ha) was sampled. PAST v. 3.23 software was used in the Main Component analyses. The physical and chemical analyses of the soil were made with samples collected at 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm depths. Differences in diversity, hierarchy and dominance volume of woody plant populations were found between sites with or without the presence of rocky outcrops. The soil has a tendency for water erosion and the aluminum saturation reached values of concentration of 7.9 cmolc dm-3, with a pH value between 4.1-4.2 in rocky environments. The obtained results suggest that Q. parviflora and A. occidentale probably have some kind of resistance to the toxicity of aluminum in soil with a pH value below 5.0.