scholarly journals Legal Status of Offshore (Deep-Water) Oil Rigs: Coastal State Jurisdiction and Countering Oil Spills Threats

Lex portus ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kishore Vaangal
Keyword(s):  
Deep Water ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Coastal State

MODELING DEEPWATER OIL SPILLS WITH NEAR FIELD AND FAR FIELD MODELS

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 (1) ◽  
pp. 725-730
Author(s):  
Zhen-Gang Ji ◽  
Walter R. Johnson ◽  
Charles F. Marshall ◽  
James M. Price
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Field Model ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Far Field ◽  
Oil Gas ◽  
The U.S

ABSTRACT As a Federal agency within the U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI), the Minerals Management Service (MMS) maintains a leasing program for commercial oil and gas development on the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). Oil and gas activities in deep water (areas deeper than 340 meters) have proceeded at an unprecedented rate, and have led to concerns regarding the accidental release of oil near the seafloor. As production increases, the potential for an oil/gas spill increases. In addition to the environmental impacts of the oil spilled, major concerns from a deepwater oil/gas spill include fire, toxic hazard to the people working on the surface installations, and loss of buoyancy by ships and any floating installations. Oil and natural gas releases in deep water behave much differently than in shallow water, primarily due to density stratification, high pressures, and low temperatures. It is important to know whether oil will surface and if so, where, when, and how thick the oil slick will be. To meet these new challenges, spill response plans need to be upgraded. An important component of such a plan would be a model to simulate the behavior of oil and gasses accidentally released in deep water. This has significant implications for environmental impact assessment, oil-spill cleanup, contingency planning, and source tracing. The MMS uses the Clarkson Deepwater Oil and Gas Blowout (CDOG) plume model to simulate the behavior of oil and gas accidentally released in deepwater areas. The CDOG model is a near field model. In addition, MMS uses an adaptation of the Princeton Ocean Model called the Princeton Regional Ocean Forecast and Hindcast System for the Gulf of Mexico (PROFS-GOM). This model is a far field model and is employed to provide three dimensional current, temperature, and salinity data to the CDOG model. The PROFS-GOM model and the CDOG model are used to simulate deepwater oil spills in the Gulf of Mexico. Modeling results indicate that the two models can provide important information on the behavior of oil spills in deepwater and assist MMS in estimating the associated environmental risks. Ultimately, this information will be used in the pertinent environmental impact assessments MMS performs and in the development of deepwater oil-spill response plans.

scholarly journals Is there any other way? Port State jurisdiction as an alternative to the mandatory reflagging of deep water fishing vessels in New Zealand's EEZ

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Henry Curtis
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Coastal State ◽  
Fishing Vessels

<p>This paper examines the recent changes in New Zealand to require fishing vessels operating in New Zealand waters to be exclusively New Zealand flagged ships, rather than foreign charter vessels as has been practiced to date. Drawing on scholarship regarding the increase in States using measures of port State jurisdiction to regulate foreign vessels throughout zones both in and outside their jurisdiction, the paper asks the question; can a State regulate foreign fishing vessels in its EEZ in a manner consistent with its ability to regulate its own vessels? After establishing the scope of jurisdiction a State holds over vessels in its respective maritime zones (including its ports), this paper goes on to examine the cases of abuse, substandard vessel conditions, and underpayment of workers highlighted on foreign fishing vessels in New Zealand and their possible regulation. The paper ultimately concludes that the application of port State jurisdiction is limited in its ability to regulate foreign EEZ fishing vessels. While some aspects of foreign vessel operation in the EEZ can be regulated to the same extent as domestic vessels, the nature of some offences on board foreign fishing vessels leaves them beyond the jurisdiction of the coastal State.</p>

scholarly journals Is there any other way? Port State jurisdiction as an alternative to the mandatory reflagging of deep water fishing vessels in New Zealand's EEZ

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Henry Curtis
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Coastal State ◽  
Fishing Vessels

<p>This paper examines the recent changes in New Zealand to require fishing vessels operating in New Zealand waters to be exclusively New Zealand flagged ships, rather than foreign charter vessels as has been practiced to date. Drawing on scholarship regarding the increase in States using measures of port State jurisdiction to regulate foreign vessels throughout zones both in and outside their jurisdiction, the paper asks the question; can a State regulate foreign fishing vessels in its EEZ in a manner consistent with its ability to regulate its own vessels? After establishing the scope of jurisdiction a State holds over vessels in its respective maritime zones (including its ports), this paper goes on to examine the cases of abuse, substandard vessel conditions, and underpayment of workers highlighted on foreign fishing vessels in New Zealand and their possible regulation. The paper ultimately concludes that the application of port State jurisdiction is limited in its ability to regulate foreign EEZ fishing vessels. While some aspects of foreign vessel operation in the EEZ can be regulated to the same extent as domestic vessels, the nature of some offences on board foreign fishing vessels leaves them beyond the jurisdiction of the coastal State.</p>

scholarly journals Is there any other way? : port State jurisdiction as an alternative to the mandatory reflagging of deep water fishing vessels in New Zealand's EEZ

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Henry Curtis
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Coastal State ◽  
Fishing Vessels

<p>This paper examines the recent changes in New Zealand to require fishing vessels operating in New Zealand waters to be exclusively New Zealand flagged ships, rather than foreign charter vessels as has been practiced to date. Drawing on scholarship regarding the increase in States using measures of port State jurisdiction to regulate foreign vessels throughout zones both in and outside their jurisdiction, the paper asks the question; can a State regulate foreign fishing vessels in its EEZ in a manner consistent with its ability to regulate its own vessels? After establishing the scope of jurisdiction a State holds over vessels in its respective maritime zones (including its ports), this paper goes on to examine the cases of abuse, substandard vessel conditions, and underpayment of workers highlighted on foreign fishing vessels in New Zealand and their possible regulation. The paper ultimately concludes that the application of port State jurisdiction is limited in its ability to regulate foreign EEZ fishing vessels. While some aspects of foreign vessel operation in the EEZ can be regulated to the same extent as domestic vessels, the nature of some offences on board foreign fishing vessels leaves them beyond the jurisdiction of the coastal State.</p>

scholarly journals Oil droplets dispersion under a deep-water plunging breaker: Experimental measurements and numerical modeling

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fangda Cui ◽  
Cosan Daskiran ◽  
Lin Zhao ◽  
Michel C. Boufadel ◽  
Brian Robinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Method ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Fluid Dynamic ◽  
Breaking Waves ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Breaking Wave ◽  
Ansys Fluent ◽  
Plunging Breaker

Abstract (1141370) Wave tank experiments were performed to measure the droplets size distribution under the plunging breaking wave. A deep-water plunging breaker of height 20 cm was generated using the dispersive focusing method, and a shadowgraph camera was used to take images of droplets and bubbles of different sizes. For droplets smaller than the 1000 microns, the number-based DSD matched the DS correlation (Delvigne and Sweeney 1988), which gives N(d) ~ d−2.3, but N(d) ~ d−9.7 for diameters larger than 1000 microns. A numerical method was designed to study the oil dispersion under breaking waves by coupling the computational fluid dynamic (CFD) with the Lagrangian particle tracking code (NEMO3D) and population balance model (VDROP). The wave hydrodynamics was reproduced using the Reynolds-averaged Navier Stokes approach within a commercial CFD code ANSYS Fluent. The obtained wave hydrodynamics was then used as inputs for the NEM3D code and VDROP model. The numerical results show reasonable agreement with our experimental observation. The approach adopted to produce the DSD reduces the empiricism of the DS correlation, as the approach uses oil properties and measurable wave properties. The proposed numerical method was ready to be used in other scenarios of oil spills (i.e., oil jets in deep oceans and oil dispersion in riverine systems). It could also be potentially used in large scale forecast and hindcast simulations for oil spill response and research.

scholarly journals Oil Spill Detection Using Satellite Imagery

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Amber Bonnington ◽  
◽  
Meisam Amani ◽  
Hamid Ebrahimy ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Change Detection ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Detection Method ◽  
Oil Spill Detection ◽  
New Development ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Remote Sensing Techniques

<span>Since oil exploration began, oil spills have become a serious problem. When drilling for oil, there is always a risk of an oil spill. With the new development of technology over the years, oil spill detection has become much easier making the clean-up of a spill to happen much faster reducing the risk of a large spread. In this study, remote sensing techniques were used to detect the Deep-water Horizon oil spill through a change detection method. The change detection method allows the viewer to determine the difference of an area before and after an oil spill as well as detect the irregular difference on a surface. To confirm the effectiveness of change detection method, two approaches were used each showing the differences in the images before and after the spill allowing the size and shape to be identified. The swipe tool in the ArcGIS software was used to visually show the changes. The difference tool was also used to both visually and statistically to investigate the difference before and after the Deep-water Horizon oil spill event.</span>

The Deep-Water-Horizon Spill: Flow-Rate Estimation Based on Satellite Images

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Garcia Giraldo ◽  
Ronald W. Yeung
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Infrared Imaging ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Imaging Spectrometer ◽  
Riser Pipe ◽  
Oil Flow ◽  
Plume Modeling ◽  
Drilling Unit

The “Deep Water Horizon” Mobil Offshore Drilling Unit (MODU) is one of several classes of floatable drilling machines. As a consequence of the accident on April 20, 2010, the worst ecological disaster with regard to oil spills in the US history was generated in the Gulf of Mexico, causing extensive damage to marine and wildlife habitats, as well as the Gulf’s fishing and tourism industries. Since that moment, experts are trying to estimate the total amount of oil being lost into the sea. The objective of this presentation is to report a procedure developed in the first author’s thesis1 an independent and logical estimate of the oil flow rate into the Gulf of Mexico produced by the rupture in this rig. There are a number of possible approaches to estimate the flow rate of oil spilling into the Gulf of Mexico. The Plume Modeling Team has developed an approach by observing video image of the oil/gas mixture escaping from the kinks in the riser and the end of the riser pipe. The Mass Balance Team has developed a range of values using USGS (US Geological Survey) and NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) data analysis collected from NASA’s (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) Airborne Visible InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS). Finally, a reality-check estimate was based on the amount of oil collected by the Riser Insertion Tube Tool (RITT) plus the estimate of how much oil is escaping from the RITT, and from the kink in the riser. However, there are several limitations in each of these techniques.

Why deep-water oil spills do their damage deep down

2010 ◽  
Vol 206 (2761) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phil McKenna
Keyword(s):  
Deep Water ◽  
Oil Spills

Marine Habitat Protection in Sea Areas under the Jurisdiction of a Coastal Member State of the European Union: The Case of Deep-Water Coral Conservation in Ireland

2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronan Long ◽  
Anthony Grehan
Keyword(s):  
Deep Water ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Habitats Directive ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Marine Habitat ◽  
Fishing Activity ◽  
Coastal State ◽  
Management Regime ◽  
Water Coral

AbstractThis article proposes a legal framework for the conservation of deep-water coral in the sea area under the coastal state jurisdiction of Ireland. Two potential risks from human activities to the conservation of deep-water coral are considered. These are commercial fishing activity and the exploration and exploitation activities of the offshore oil and gas industry. The article reviews the relevant provisions of the Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC) as they apply to Ireland and mentions several international legal instruments and initiatives that may influence the shape of an effective conservation and management regime. The potential application of European environmental law (the Habitats Directive) to protect deep-water coral in the maritime areas beyond the territorial sea and the interaction between European environmental law and the European common fisheries policy are discussed. This article concludes by suggesting a number of actions that could be taken at European and at coastal state levels to protect the unique ecosystems associated with deep-water coral.

scholarly journals Is there any other way? : port State jurisdiction as an alternative to the mandatory reflagging of deep water fishing vessels in New Zealand's EEZ

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Henry Curtis
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Coastal State ◽  
Fishing Vessels

<p>This paper examines the recent changes in New Zealand to require fishing vessels operating in New Zealand waters to be exclusively New Zealand flagged ships, rather than foreign charter vessels as has been practiced to date. Drawing on scholarship regarding the increase in States using measures of port State jurisdiction to regulate foreign vessels throughout zones both in and outside their jurisdiction, the paper asks the question; can a State regulate foreign fishing vessels in its EEZ in a manner consistent with its ability to regulate its own vessels? After establishing the scope of jurisdiction a State holds over vessels in its respective maritime zones (including its ports), this paper goes on to examine the cases of abuse, substandard vessel conditions, and underpayment of workers highlighted on foreign fishing vessels in New Zealand and their possible regulation. The paper ultimately concludes that the application of port State jurisdiction is limited in its ability to regulate foreign EEZ fishing vessels. While some aspects of foreign vessel operation in the EEZ can be regulated to the same extent as domestic vessels, the nature of some offences on board foreign fishing vessels leaves them beyond the jurisdiction of the coastal State.</p>

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