Effect of cycling shoe cleat position on biomechanical and physiological responses during cycling and subsequent running parts of a simulated Sprint triathlon: a pilot study

Proper cleat adjustment improves cycling performance and prevents knee injuries. Recommendations have included positioning the first metatarsal head above the pedal spindle or slightly forward, but mid-foot cleat positions could be more appropriate in triathlons at constant load for their impact on the subsequent running performance. We evaluated the impact of antero-posterior cleat position on biomechanical and physiological variables during the cycling and running parts of a simulated Sprint triathlon. Seven participants performed two 32-min cycling tests including 8 sets of 3 min 30 s intervals performed at just below the power output at the first ventilatory threshold interspersed with 30 s sprints at > 100% of the maximal aerobic power. The cycling exercises were immediately followed by a maximal running performance of 20 min. The tests were performed with a 5-mm backward (BCP) and a 5-mm forward (FCP) first metatarsal cleat position. The BCP decreased the energetic cost during running (5.9%; p = 0.04; effect size [ES] = 0.92) despite no significant performance change in the cycling or the subsequent running tests. Moreover, the BCP resulted in a lower soleus recruitment during sub-maximal intensity (7.0%; p < 0.05; ES = 1.23) and of the gastrocnemius medialis (25.0%; ES = 1.00; p < 0.05) and tibialis anterior (11.9%; ES = 1.51) during the subsequent running. However, we observed much higher recruitment of the soleus (8.8%; ES = 1.36), vastus lateralis (10.1%; ES = 1.37), biceps femoris (12.0%; ES = 1.45), tibialis anterior (16.4%; ES = 3.35), and overall lower limb (11%; ES = 0.92) during sprints with the BCP. Therefore, the BCP could be more suitable in triathlons by being more economical for subsequent running despite the greater muscle activity during the cycling sprints, which form an important part of the cycling portion of Sprint triathlons.

Download Full-text

Characterization of kinesiological patterns of the frontal kick, mae-geri, in karate experts and non-karate practitioners

Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas ◽

10.18002/rama.v9i1.1163 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 20 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

António M. VencesBrito ◽

Marco A. Colaço Branco ◽

Renato M. Cordeiro Fernandes ◽

Mário A. Rodrigues Ferreira ◽

Orlando J. S. M. Fernandes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Muscle Activity ◽

Vastus Lateralis ◽

Plantar Flexion ◽

Neuromuscular Control ◽

Rectus Femoris ◽

Biceps Femoris ◽

Knee Extension ◽

Maximum Speed ◽

Ballistic Performance ◽

The Impact

Presently, coaches and researchers need to have a better comprehension of the kinesiological parameters that should be an important tool to support teaching methodologies and to improve skills performance in sports. The aim of this study was to (i) identify the kinematic and neuromuscular control patterns of the front kick (mae-geri) to a fixed target performed by 14 experienced karate practitioners, and (ii) compare it with the execution of 16 participants without any karate experience, allowing the use of those references in the analysis of the training and learning process. Results showed that the kinematic and neuromuscular activity during the kick performance occurs within 600 ms. Muscle activity and kinematic analysis demonstrated a sequence of activation bracing a proximal-to-distal direction, with the muscles presenting two distinct periods of activity (1, 2), where the karateka group has a greater intensity of activation – root mean square (RMS) and electromyography (EMG) peak – in the first period on Rectus Femoris (RF1) and Vastus Lateralis (VL1) and a lower duration of co-contraction in both periods on Rectus Femoris-Biceps Femoris and Vastus Lateralis-Biceps Femoris (RF-BF; VL-BF). In the skill performance, the hip flexion, the knee extension and the ankle plantar flexion movements were executed with smaller difference in the range of action (ROA) in the karateka group, reflecting different positions of the segments. In conclusion, it was observed a general kinesiological pattern, which was similar in karateka and non-karateka practitioners. However, in the karateka group, the training induces a specialization in the muscle activity reflected in EMG and kinematic data, which leads to a better ballistic performance in the execution of the mae-geri kick, associated with a maximum speed of the distal segments, reached closer to the impact moment, possibly representing more power in the contact.

Download Full-text

An Electromyographical Analysis of the Role of Dorsiflexors on the Gait Transition during Human Locomotion

Journal of Applied Biomechanics ◽

10.1123/jab.17.4.287 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 287-296 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Alan Hreljac ◽

Alan Arata ◽

Reed Ferber ◽

John A. Mercer ◽

Brandi S. Row

Keyword(s):

Tibialis Anterior ◽

Walking Speed ◽

Vastus Lateralis ◽

Human Locomotion ◽

Medial Gastrocnemius ◽

Energetic Cost ◽

Emg Activity ◽

Gait Transition ◽

Transition Speed ◽

Preferred Transition Speed

Previous research has demonstrated that the preferred transition speed during human locomotion is the speed at which critical levels of ankle angular velocity and acceleration (in the dorsiflexor direction) are reached, leading to the hypothesis that gait transition occurs to alleviate muscular stress on the dorsiflexors. Furthermore, it has been shown that the metabolic cost of running at the preferred transition speed is greater than that of walking at that speed. This increase in energetic cost at gait transition has been hypothesized to occur due to a greater demand being placed on the larger muscles of the lower extremity when gait changes from a walk to a run. This hypothesis was tested by monitoring electromyographic (EMG) activity of the tibialis anterior, medial gastrocnemius, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, and gluteus maximus while participants (6 M, 3 F) walked at speeds of 70, 80, 90, and 100% of their preferred transition speed, and ran at their preferred transition speed. The EMG activity of the tibialis anterior increased as walking speed increased, then decreased when gait changed to a run at the preferred transition speed. Concurrently, the EMG activity of all other muscles that were monitored increased with increasing walking speed, and at a greater rate when gait changed to a run at the preferred transition speed. The results of this study supported the hypothesis presented.

Download Full-text

The Gluteus Medius Vs. Thigh Muscles Strength Ratio and Their Relation to Electromyography Amplitude During a Farmer’s Walk Exercise

Journal of Human Kinetics ◽

10.1515/hukin-2015-0016 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

pp. 157-165 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Petr Stastny ◽

Michal Lehnert ◽

Amr Zaatar ◽

Zdenek Svoboda ◽

Zuzana Xaverova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vastus Lateralis ◽

Knee Injuries ◽

Gluteus Medius ◽

Biceps Femoris ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Strength Ratio ◽

Moderate Amount ◽

Muscle Involvement ◽

Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contraction ◽

Flexion Extension

Abstract The strength ratio between hamstrings and quadriceps (H/Q) is associated with knee injuries as well as hip abductor muscle (HAB) weakness. Sixteen resistance trained men (age, 32.5 ± 4.2 years) performed 5 s maximal isometric contractions at 75° of knee flexion/extension and 15° of hip abduction on a dynamometer. After this isometric test they performed a Farmer´s walk exercise to find out if the muscle strength ratio predicted the electromyography amplitude expressed as a percentage of maximum voluntary isometric contraction (%MVIC). The carried load represented a moderate intensity of 75% of the exercise six repetitions maximum (6RM). Electromyography data from the vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF) and gluteus medius (Gmed) on each leg were collected during the procedure. The groups selected were participants with H/Q ≥ 0.5, HQ < 0.5, HAB/H ≥ 1, HAB/H < 1, HAB/Q ≥ 0.5 and HAB/Q < 0.5. One way ANOVA showed that Gmed activity was significantly greater in the group with HAB/H < 1 (42 ± 14 %MVIC) as compared to HAB/H ≥ 1 (26 ± 10 %MVIC) and HAB/Q < 0.5 (47 ± 19 %MVIC) compared to HAB/Q ≥ 0.5 (26 ± 12 %MVIC). The individuals with HAB/H < 1 were found to have greater activation of their Gmed during the Farmer’s walk exercise. Individuals with HAB/Q < 0.5 had greater activation of the Gmed. Gmed strength ratios predict the muscle involvement when a moderate amount of the external load is used. The Farmer’s walk is recommended as an exercise which can strengthen the gluteus medius, especially for individuals with a HAB/H ratio < 1 and HAB/Q < 0.5.

Download Full-text

Neuromuscular Alterations After Ankle Sprains: An Animal Model to Establish Causal Links After Injury

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-51.11.13 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 51 (10) ◽

pp. 797-805 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Lindsey K. Lepley ◽

Patrick O. McKeon ◽

Shane G. Fitzpatrick ◽

Catherine L. Beckemeyer ◽

Timothy L. Uhl ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ankle Sprain ◽

Muscle Activity ◽

Tibialis Anterior ◽

Vastus Lateralis ◽

Onset Time ◽

Biceps Femoris ◽

Sample Entropy ◽

Ankle Ligaments ◽

Lateral Ankle ◽

Lateral Ankle Ligaments

Context: The mechanisms that contribute to the development of chronic ankle instability are not understood. Investigators have developed a hypothetical model in which neuromuscular alterations that stem from damaged ankle ligaments are thought to affect periarticular and proximal muscle activity. However, the retrospective nature of these studies does not allow a causal link to be established. Objective: To assess temporal alterations in the activity of 2 periarticular muscles of the rat ankle and 2 proximal muscles of the rat hind limb after an ankle sprain. Design: Controlled laboratory study. Setting: Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Five healthy adult male Long Evans rats (age = 16 weeks, mass = 400.0 ± 13.5 g). Intervention(s): Indwelling fine-wire electromyography (EMG) electrodes were implanted surgically into the biceps femoris, medial gastrocnemius, vastus lateralis, and tibialis anterior muscles of the rats. We recorded baseline EMG measurements while the rats walked on a motor-driven treadmill and then induced a closed lateral ankle sprain by overextending the lateral ankle ligaments. After ankle sprain, the rats were placed on the treadmill every 24 hours for 7 days, and we recorded postsprain EMG data. Main Outcome Measure(s): Onset time of muscle activity, phase duration, sample entropy, and minimal detectable change (MDC) were assessed and compared with baseline using 2-tailed dependent t tests. Results: Compared with baseline, delayed onset time of muscle activity was exhibited in the biceps femoris (baseline = −16.7 ± 54.0 milliseconds [ms]) on day 0 (5.2 ± 64.1 ms; t4 = −4.655, P = .043) and tibialis anterior (baseline = 307.0 ± 64.2 ms) muscles on day 3 (362.5 ± 55.9 ms; t4 = −5.427, P = .03) and day 6 (357.3 ± 39.6 ms; t4 = −3.802, P = .02). Longer phase durations were observed for the vastus lateralis (baseline = 321.9 ± 92.6 ms) on day 3 (401.3 ± 101.2 ms; t3 = −4.001, P = .03), day 4 (404.1 ± 93.0 ms; t3 = −3.320, P = .048), and day 5 (364.6 ± 105.2 ms; t3 = −3.963, P = .03) and for the tibialis anterior (baseline = 103.9 ± 16.4 ms) on day 4 (154.9 ± 7.8 ms; t3 = −4.331, P = .050) and day 6 (141.9 ± 16.2 ms; t3 = −3.441, P = .03). After sprain, greater sample entropy was found for the vastus lateralis (baseline = 0.7 ± 0.3) on day 6 (0.9 ± 0.4; t4 = −3.481, P = .03) and day 7 (0.9 ± 0.3; t4 = −2.637, P = .050) and for the tibialis anterior (baseline = 0.6 ± 0.4) on day 4 (0.9 ± 0.5; t4 = −3.224, P = .03). The MDC analysis revealed increased sample entropy values for the vastus lateralis and tibialis anterior. Conclusions: Manually inducing an ankle sprain in a rat by overextending the lateral ankle ligaments altered the complexity of muscle-activation patterns, and the alterations exceeded the MDC of the baseline data.

Download Full-text

Analysis of Lower Limb Muscle Function in Ergometer Rowing

International Journal of Sport Biomechanics ◽

10.1123/ijsb.4.4.315 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 315-325 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

J.-M. John Wilson ◽

D. Gordon E. Robertson ◽

J. Peter Stothart

Keyword(s):

Lower Limb ◽

Muscle Function ◽

Tibialis Anterior ◽

Vastus Lateralis ◽

Gluteus Maximus ◽

Rectus Femoris ◽

Biceps Femoris ◽

Peak Force ◽

Lower Limb Muscle ◽

Limb Muscle

In an effort to seek further understanding of lower limb muscle function in the rowing movement, an electromyographic analysis was undertaken of rowers rowing on a Gjessing ergometer. A strain gauged transducer was inserted in the ergometer linkage between handle and flywheel to detect pulling force. Electrodes were placed on the following lower limb muscles: gluteus maximus, biceps femoris, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior. Linear envelope electromyograms from each muscle and the force signals were sampled synchronously at 50 Hz. The results indicated that all six muscles were active from catch to finish of the drive phase. Biceps femoris, gluteus maximus, gastrocnemius, and vastus lateralis all began their activity at or just prior to catch and reached maximal excitation near peak force of the stroke. Rectus femoris and tibialis anterior activity began prior to the catch and reached maximal excitation subsequent to peak force. The coactivation of the five leg muscles, of which four were biarticular, included potentially antagonistic actions that would cancel each other’s effects. Clearly, however, other explanations must be considered. Both gastrocnemius and biceps femoris have been shown to act as knee extensors and may do so in the case of the rowing action. Furthermore, rectus femoris may act with unchanging length as a knee extensor by functioning as a rigid link between the pelvis and tibia. In this manner, energy created by the hip extensors is transferred across the knee joint via the isometrically contracting rectus femoris muscle.

Download Full-text

Effects of Knee Injury Length on Jump Inside Kick Performances of Wushu Player

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina57111166 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 57 (11) ◽

pp. 1166

Author(s):

Jun-Youl Cha ◽

Ha-Sung Lee ◽

Sihwa Park ◽

Yong-Seok Jee

Keyword(s):

Lower Extremity ◽

High Speed ◽

Vastus Lateralis ◽

Knee Injuries ◽

Rectus Femoris ◽

Biceps Femoris ◽

Peak Torque ◽

Knee Extension ◽

Difficulty Level ◽

Kinetic Measurements

Background and Objectives: When performing the jump inside kick in Wushu, it is important to understand the rotation technique while in mid-air. This is because the score varies according to the mid-air rotation, and when landing after the mid-air rotation, it causes considerable injury to the knee. This study aimed to compare the differences in kinematic and kinetic variables between experienced and less experienced knee injuries in the Wushu players who perform 360°, 540°, and 720° jump inside kicks in self-taolu. Materials and Methods: The participants’ mean (SD) age was 26.12 (2.84) years old. All of them had suffered knee injuries and were all recovering and returning to training. The group was classified into a group with less than 20 months of injury experience (LESS IG, n = 6) and a group with more than 20 months of injury experience (MORE IG, n = 6). For kinematic measurements, jump inside kicks at three rotations were assessed by using high-speed cameras. For kinetic measurements, the contraction time and maximal displacement of tensiomyography were assessed in the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius lateralis, gastrocnemius medialis, and tibialis anterior. The peak torque, work per repetition, fatigue index, and total work of isokinetic moments were assessed using knee extension/flexion, ankle inversion/eversion, and ankle plantarflexion/dorsiflexion tests. Results: Although there was no difference at the low difficulty level (360°), there were significant differences at the higher difficulty levels (540° and 720°) between the LESS IG and the MORE IG. For distance and time, the LESS IG had a shorter jump distance, but a faster rotation time compared to those in the MORE IG. Due to the characteristics of the jump inside kick’s rotation to the left, the static and dynamic muscle contractility properties were mainly found to be higher in the left lower extremity than in the right lower extremity, and higher in the LESS IG than in the MORE IG. In addition, this study observed that the ankle plantarflexor in the LESS IG was significantly higher than that in the MORE IG. Conclusion: To become a world-class self-taolu athlete while avoiding knee injuries, it is necessary to develop the static and dynamic myofunctions of the lower extremities required for jumping. Moreover, it is considered desirable to train by focusing on the vertical height and the amount of rotation during jumping.

Download Full-text

Comparison of Estimated and Measured Muscle Activity During Inclined Walking

Journal of Applied Biomechanics ◽

10.1123/jab.2015-0021 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 150-159 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Nathalie Alexander ◽

Hermann Schwameder

Keyword(s):

Trend Analysis ◽

Muscle Activity ◽

Tibialis Anterior ◽

Vastus Lateralis ◽

A Priori ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Rectus Femoris ◽

Biceps Femoris ◽

Musculoskeletal Models ◽

Downhill Walking

While inclined walking is a frequent daily activity, muscle forces during this activity have rarely been examined. Musculoskeletal models are commonly used to estimate internal forces in healthy populations, but these require a priori validation. The aim of this study was to compare estimated muscle activity using a musculoskeletal model with measured EMG data during inclined walking. Ten healthy male participants walked at different inclinations of 0°, ± 6°, ± 12°, and ± 18° on a ramp equipped with 2 force plates. Kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activity of the musculus (m.) biceps femoris, m. rectus femoris, m. vastus lateralis, m. tibialis anterior, and m. gastrocnemius lateralis were recorded. Agreement between estimated and measured muscle activity was determined via correlation coefficients, mean absolute errors, and trend analysis. Correlation coefficients between estimated and measured muscle activity for approximately 69% of the conditions were above 0.7. Mean absolute errors were rather high with only approximately 38% being ≤ 30%. Trend analysis revealed similar estimated and measured muscle activities for all muscles and tasks (uphill and downhill walking), except m. tibialis anterior during uphill walking. This model can be used for further analysis in similar groups of participants.

Download Full-text

Timing and Modulation of Activity in the Lower Limb Muscles During Indoor Rowing: What Are the Key Muscles to Target in FES-Rowing Protocols?

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s20061666 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (6) ◽

pp. 1666

Author(s):

Taian M. Vieira ◽

Giacinto Luigi Cerone ◽

Costanza Stocchi ◽

Morgana Lalli ◽

Brian Andrews ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lower Limb ◽

Tibialis Anterior ◽

Vastus Lateralis ◽

Rectus Femoris ◽

Biceps Femoris ◽

Sample Surface ◽

Recovery Phase ◽

Lower Limb Muscles ◽

Limb Muscles ◽

Stimulation Of

The transcutaneous stimulation of lower limb muscles during indoor rowing (FES Rowing) has led to a new sport and recreation and significantly increased health benefits in paraplegia. Stimulation is often delivered to quadriceps and hamstrings; this muscle selection seems based on intuition and not biomechanics and is likely suboptimal. Here, we sample surface EMGs from 20 elite rowers to assess which, when, and how muscles are activated during indoor rowing. From EMG amplitude we specifically quantified the onset of activation and silencing, the duration of activity and how similarly soleus, gastrocnemius medialis, tibialis anterior, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis and medialis, semitendinosus, and biceps femoris muscles were activated between limbs. Current results revealed that the eight muscles tested were recruited during rowing, at different instants and for different durations. Rectus and biceps femoris were respectively active for the longest and briefest periods. Tibialis anterior was the only muscle recruited within the recovery phase. No side differences in the timing of muscle activity were observed. Regression analysis further revealed similar, bilateral modulation of activity. The relevance of these results in determining which muscles to target during FES Rowing is discussed. Here, we suggest a new strategy based on the stimulation of vasti and soleus during drive and of tibialis anterior during recovery.

Download Full-text

Neuromuscular Responses of Elite Skaters During Different Roller Figure Skating Jumps

Journal of Human Kinetics ◽

10.2478/hukin-2014-0029 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 23-32

Author(s):

Patrícia Dias Pantoja ◽

André Mello ◽

Giane Veiga Liedtke ◽

Ana Carolina Kanitz ◽

Eduardo Lusa Cadore ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tibialis Anterior ◽

Muscle Activation ◽

Vastus Lateralis ◽

Gluteus Maximus ◽

Rectus Femoris ◽

Biceps Femoris ◽

Figure Skating ◽

Vastus Medialis ◽

Lateral Gastrocnemius ◽

Neuromuscular Activity

AbstractThis study aimed to describe the neuromuscular activity of elite athletes who performed various roller figure skating jumps, to determine whether the muscle activation is greater during jumps with more rotations and in which phase the muscles are more active. This study also aimed to analyze if there is any difference in the muscle activity pattern between female and male skaters. Four elite skaters were evaluated, and each participated in two experimental sessions. During the first session, anthropometric data were collected, and the consent forms were signed. For the second session, neuromuscular data were collected during jumps, which were performed with skates at a rink. The following four roller figure skating jumps were evaluated: single Axel, double Axel, double Mapes and triple Mapes. The neuromuscular activity of the following seven muscles was obtained with an electromyograph which was fixed to the waist of each skater with a strap: biceps femoris, lateral gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and gluteus maximus. The signal was transmitted wirelessly to a laptop. During the roller figure skating jumps, the lateral gastrocnemius, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris and gluteus maximus, showed more activation during the jumps with more rotations, and the activation mainly occurred during the propulsion and flight phases. Female skaters demonstrated higher muscle activities in tibialis anterior, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and gluteus maximus during the landing phase of the triple Mapes, when compared to their male counterparts. The results obtained in this study should be considered when planning training programs with specific exercises that closely resemble the roller figure skating jumps. This may be important for the success of elite skaters in competitions.

Download Full-text

Prediction of 3000-m Running Performance Using Classic Physiological Respiratory Responses

International Journal of Kinesiology and Sports Science ◽

10.7575/aiac.ijkss.v.6n.3p.18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 18

Author(s):

Thiago F. Lourenço ◽

Fernando O. C. da Silva ◽

Lucas S. Tessutti ◽

Carlos E. da Silva ◽

Cesar C. C. Abad

Keyword(s):

Multiple Regression ◽

Regression Models ◽

Ventilatory Threshold ◽

Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽

Multiple Regression Model ◽

Running Performance ◽

Significance Level ◽

Physiological Variables ◽

Multiple Regression Models ◽

Respiratory Responses

Introduction: Knowing which physiological variables predict running performance could help coaches to optimize training prescription to improve running performance. Objective: The present study investigated which physiological respiratory responses could predict 3000-m running performance. Methods: Seventeen amateur runners (29.82±7.1years; 173.12±9.0cm; 64.59±9.3kg) performed a maximal graded running test on a treadmill. The ventilatory threshold (VT), respiratory compensation point (RCP), and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) were assessed, as well as the respective velocities (vVT, vRCP, vVO2max). After 72 to 96 hours the runners performed the 3000-m running field test. The relationships between variables were performed using Pearson product momentum correlations. Thereafter, simple and multiple regression models were applied. The significance level adopted was 5% (p<0.05). Results: The majority of physiological responses were positive and well related to each other (r≥0.70; p<0.05). Despite vVT, vRCP, and vVO2max demonstrating a higher and inverse relationship with 3000-m time (r=-0.92; r =-0.96; r =-0.89; p<0.05), the multiple regression model indicated that vRCP and vVO2max are the best variables to predict 3000-m performance in experienced amateur road runners (R2=0.94). The equation proposed by the model was: 3000-m(s)=1399.21–[31.65*vRCP(km.h-1)]–[12.06*vVO2max (km.h-1)]. Conclusion: The vRCP and vVO2max may be used to predict 3000-m performance using only a maximal running test on a treadmill. In practical terms, coaches and physical conditioners can use performance in the 3000-m to select different exercise running intensities to prescribe exercise training intensities.

Download Full-text