scholarly journals Aid for Sisyphus: Incentives and Canadian Content Regulation in Broadcasting

1993 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 575 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. N. Janisch
Keyword(s):  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Command And Control ◽  
Administrative Law ◽  
Investment Incentives ◽  
Incentive Policy ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
And Control ◽  
Content Regulation ◽  
Canadian Content

Measured against recent developments in Canadian content regulation in broadcasting, claims of an overall shift to incentive-policy instruments seem exaggerated. Nevertheless, even here there are signs of some move away from exclusive reliance on command-and-control type regulation in favour of investment incentives for indigenous programming. In documenting this shift from "sticks to carrots" it is suggested that it would be inappropriate to think in terms of the traditional notions of administrative law fair procedures, although some minimal concept of "orderliness" in applying incentives might be appropriate.

scholarly journals Plastic Pollution in Soils: Governance Approaches to Foster Soil Health and Closed Nutrient Cycles

Environments ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Stubenrauch ◽  
Felix Ekardt
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
International Environmental Agreements ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Command And Control ◽  
Soil Protection ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Plastic Pollution ◽  
And Control

Plastic pollution in soils pose a major threat to soil health and soil fertility that are directly linked to food security and human health. In contrast to marine plastic pollution, this ubiquitous problem is thus far scientifically poorly understood and policy approaches that tackle plastic pollution in soils comprehensively do not exist. In this article, we apply a qualitative governance analysis to assess the effectiveness of existing policy instruments to avoid harmful plastic pollution in (agricultural) soils against the background of international environmental agreements. In particular, environmental and fertiliser legislation relevant to soil protection in the European Union and in Germany are assessed. Regulatory weaknesses and gaps of the respective legislation are identified, and proposals for enhanced command-and-control provisions developed. However, the legal analysis furthermore shows that plastic pollution ecologically is also a problem of quantity, which is difficult to solve exclusively through command-and-control legislation. Instead, comprehensive quantity-control instruments to phase out fossil fuels (worldwide and in all sectors) as required by climate protection law can be effective approaches to tackle plastic pollution in environmental media like agricultural soils as well.

Cyber Security in Tactical Network Infrastructure for Command and Control

2019 ◽  
pp. 1050-1079
Author(s):  
J. Sigholm
Keyword(s):  
Control Systems ◽  
Cyber Security ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Command And Control ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Information And Communications Technology ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
And Control

Emerging information and communications technology has had significant importance for military operations during the last decades. Development within such technology areas as sensors, computers, and wireless communications has allowed for faster and more efficient collection, transmission, storage, processing, analysis, and distribution of data. This has led to new and improved military capabilities within command and control, intelligence, targeting, and logistics. However, the increased complexity and interdependencies of networked systems, the continuously growing amounts of data, changing non-technical requirements, and evolving adversary threats makes upholding cyber security in command and control systems a challenging task. Although some best-practice approaches have been developed, finding good solutions for protecting critical infrastructure and important information assets is still an open research question requiring an interdisciplinary approach. This chapter describes recent developments within emerging network technology for command and control, and suggests focus areas where further research is needed in order to attain sufficient operational effect from the employed systems. While a gradual and evolutionary progress of military cyber security has been seen, a long-term commitment is required within such areas as procurement, standardization, training, doctrinal, and legal development, in order to achieve military utility of command and control systems.

scholarly journals Analysis of the influencing mechanism of command-and-control instruments on adopting energy consumption monitoring technology in public buildings

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-223
Author(s):  
Xiaojun Liu ◽  
Xiaodan Liu ◽  
Xi Luo ◽  
Mengmeng Wang ◽  
Bojun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Command And Control ◽  
Research Model ◽  
Public Buildings ◽  
Monitoring Technology ◽  
Influencing Mechanism ◽  
Equation Modelling ◽  
And Control

Abstract How can command-and-control instruments (CACs) influence consumers’ adoption of energy consumption monitoring technology (ECMT) in public buildings? We attempt to answer this question in an extended theory of planned behaviour in which CACs and energy-saving awareness (ESA) are introduced. Empirical data are collected by a questionnaire survey with 298 respondents, and structural equation modelling (SEM) is used to analyse the research model. The results indicate that ESA has a direct impact on consumers’ adoption of ECMT. The CACs have no direct effect on consumers’ adoption of ECMT but can indirectly affect consumers’ adoption of ECMT through three paths: CAC → ATT (attitudes) → BI (behavioural intention), CAC → ESA → BI and CAC → SN (subjective norm) → BI. Finally, suggestions are proposed, such as optimising the selection and combination of policy instruments, promoting the operation manager’s attitude towards ECMT to a more positive orientation, improving the ESA of the operation manager and providing more support for and pressure on the operation manager who has not adopted ECMT.

scholarly journals Retrenchment, Reform Or Revolution - The Shift to Incentives and the Future of the Regulatory State

1993 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Howse
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Command And Control ◽  
Regulatory Process ◽  
Regulatory State ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Future ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
And Control

A shift to incentive-based instruments of regulation is often viewed as a solution to the defects and limits of the traditional regulatory state. This article argues that, although in some contexts incentive-oriented approaches are desirable, there are limits to the use of economics in the regulatory process, particularly with respect to defining the goals of regulation in a pluralist democracy. As well, traditional policy instruments can be altered, evolved or supplemented to allow for belter government. There are many ways that government can bring about basic social change that neither suggest a return to old command and control approaches nor an increased reliance on or deference to economically self-interested market behaviour. It is these alternative approaches that are most promising for advancing the unfinished agenda of the social welfare slate, through a better reconciliation of care with autonomy and choice with community.

Using Economic Instruments to Fix the Liability of Polluters in India

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-64
Author(s):  
Sukanya Das ◽  
MN Murty ◽  
Kavita Sardana
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Policy ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Air Pollution ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Command And Control ◽  
Pollution Assessment ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Economic Instruments ◽  
Environmental Policy Instruments ◽  
And Control

This review paper highlights the informational requirements for the effective use of environmental policy instruments to achieve ambient standards of pollution in India. A section on the Integrated Urban Air Pollution Assessment Model is attempted to identify data requirements for, and information gaps associated with, using these instruments. We review the available information and identify informational gaps that thwart the realization of ambient standards of environmental quality. In India, command-and-control instruments are arbitrarily used to assign liability without taking cognizance of economic estimates. The available cost–benefit estimates of air and water pollution, combined with air quality modelling for urban areas and water quality modelling, are essential inputs for using environmental policy instruments to ensure compliance with ambient standards. We discuss how to use economic estimates while designing and using economic instruments such as pollution taxes and pollution permits, in addition to command and control.

Cyber Security in Tactical Network Infrastructure for Command and Control

2014 ◽  
pp. 241-269
Author(s):  
J. Sigholm
Keyword(s):  
Control Systems ◽  
Cyber Security ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Command And Control ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Information And Communications Technology ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
And Control

Emerging information and communications technology has had significant importance for military operations during the last decades. Development within such technology areas as sensors, computers, and wireless communications has allowed for faster and more efficient collection, transmission, storage, processing, analysis, and distribution of data. This has led to new and improved military capabilities within command and control, intelligence, targeting, and logistics. However, the increased complexity and interdependencies of networked systems, the continuously growing amounts of data, changing non-technical requirements, and evolving adversary threats makes upholding cyber security in command and control systems a challenging task. Although some best-practice approaches have been developed, finding good solutions for protecting critical infrastructure and important information assets is still an open research question requiring an interdisciplinary approach. This chapter describes recent developments within emerging network technology for command and control, and suggests focus areas where further research is needed in order to attain sufficient operational effect from the employed systems. While a gradual and evolutionary progress of military cyber security has been seen, a long-term commitment is required within such areas as procurement, standardization, training, doctrinal, and legal development, in order to achieve military utility of command and control systems.

scholarly journals Environmental Policy Instruments and Eco-innovation: An Overview of Recent Studies

Innovar ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (58) ◽  
pp. 65-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ángeles Pereira Santos ◽  
Xavier Vence
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Policy ◽  
Keyword Search ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Command And Control ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Incremental Innovation ◽  
Environmental Policy Instruments ◽  
Innovation And Diffusion ◽  
And Control

In this paper we conduct a systematic literature review with the aim of understanding the effectiveness of environmental policy instruments, in particular, command and control, market-based instruments and voluntary schemes, in promoting eco-innovation. This study analyzes the information presented in selected papers, mainly from peer-reviewed journals, covering the period 2005-2012. The sample is based on 40 papers traced through a keyword search in Scopus database, representing the main academic journals related to the subject. A few more sources were added after reviewing the list of references from the main papers.The literature reviewed adopts different approaches and pursues several objectives to understand the relationship between policy instruments and eco-innovation. We find overall evidence that stringency is a key feature of policies for determining the effects of environmental technological change. It is argued that command and control instrument boosts eco-innovation, but continuity in investments depends more on the expected severity of future regulation. Empirical studies confirm that market-based instruments promote more incremental innovation and diffusion of existing technologies than radical innovation. In general, instruments based on economic incentives need to be complemented with stringent controls to be more effective. We conclude that complementarities between measures focused on developers and demanders are necessary in order to foster eco-innovation.

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