The effect of age ,gender, type of feeding  and receiving                                 atreatment  on the distribution  of Enterovirus  infection among chidren in Al- Diwaniyah city ,lraq

In developed and developing countries, gastrointestinal infections still account for significant morbidity and mortality rates. The most common type of gastrointestinal infection is 'diarrhea' (rapid production of more or less fluid-like repeated intestinal evacuations). Rotavirus, Astrovirus and enteric Adenovirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea in children under 5 years old of age. So, this study aimed to detect these viruses in children under five years old who suffered from acute gastrointestinal infections in Al-Diwaniyah city . The Study has been done on 90 fecal samples collected from children with acute gastroenteritis from children < 5 years old. All stool specimens were examined by a real-time polymerase chain reaction ( RT-PCR) for rotavirus, astrovirus and adenovirus-positive specimens by using different primers of a specific type. The results showed the presence of viruses genes in 53 samples (58.88) out of a totally 90 samples. Among these positive results, 16.66% was for Rotavirus, Astrovirus (7.77% ) and Adenovirus (5.55%) , there was also a mixed infection between (Rotavirus & Astrovirus) in the rate of (12.22%), (Rotavirus & Adenovirus) , in the rate of (5.55%) and 6.66 (adenovirus & astrovirus) . The rate of Enterovirusrs was high in the first year of life followed by less than three years of age, the ratios were 60.65% and 75% respectively. Moreover, the infections were observed at 57.14% in males and 61.76% in females. Also, the viruses detected in (59.32%)and (58.06%)samples from children with mixed feeding and breastfeeding, respectively. In addition, the infection rates in children who took treatment and those who did not before diagnosing the type of infection were (53.96%)and (70.37%) sample respectively, as there were no significant differences in the type of feeding and treatment,(p value< 0.05). Regarding the high frequency of infections with rotavirus, astrovirus and adenovirus, continuous monitoring is required to inform, diarrhea prevention programmes, as well as information on new enteroviruses strains. This will help policy-makers make decisions about the introduction of rotavirus, astrovirus and adenovirus vaccines.

Download Full-text

Breastfeeding, maternal asthma and wheezing in the first year of life: a longitudinal birth cohort study

European Respiratory Journal ◽

10.1183/13993003.02019-2016 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 49 (5) ◽

pp. 1602019 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Meghan B. Azad ◽

Lorena Vehling ◽

Zihang Lu ◽

David Dai ◽

Padmaja Subbarao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Birth Cohort ◽

Respiratory Health ◽

Birth Cohort Study ◽

P Value ◽

First Year ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Complementary Foods ◽

Adjusted Rate ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

The Impact

The impact of breastfeeding on respiratory health is uncertain, particularly when the mother has asthma. We examined the association of breastfeeding and wheezing in the first year of life.We studied 2773 infants from the Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development (CHILD) birth cohort. Caregivers reported on infant feeding and wheezing episodes at 3, 6 and 12 months. Breastfeeding was classified as exclusive, partial (supplemented with formula or complementary foods) or none.Overall, 21% of mothers had asthma, 46% breastfed for at least 12 months and 21% of infants experienced wheezing. Among mothers with asthma, breastfeeding was inversely associated with infant wheezing, independent of maternal smoking, education and other risk factors (adjusted rate ratio (aRR) 0.52; 95% CI 0.35–0.77 for ≥12 versus <6 months breastfeeding). Compared with no breastfeeding at 6 months, wheezing was reduced by 62% with exclusive breastfeeding (aRR 0.38; 95% CI 0.20–0.71) and by 37% with partial breastfeeding supplemented with complementary foods (aRR 0.63; 95% CI 0.43–0.93); however, breastfeeding was not significantly protective when supplemented with formula (aRR 0.89; 95% CI 0.61–1.30). Associations were not significant in the absence of maternal asthma (p-value for interaction <0.01).Breastfeeding appears to confer protection against wheezing in a dose-dependent manner among infants born to mothers with asthma.

Download Full-text

EPIDEMIC DIARRHEA AMONG INFANTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ISOLATION OF A NEW SEROTYPE OF ESCHERICHIA COLI: E. COLI 0127:B8

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.16.2.215 ◽

1955 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 215-227

Author(s):

Merlin L. Cooper ◽

Edward W. Walters ◽

Helen M. Keller ◽

James M. Sutherland ◽

Hollis J. Wiseman

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Rectal Swab ◽

Specific Treatment ◽

First Year ◽

Average Dose ◽

Clinical Value ◽

E Coli ◽

Severe Diarrhea ◽

First Year Of Life

During an outbreak of epidemic diarrhea a new serotype of Escherichia coli: E. coli 0127:B8, was isolated from 44 of 145 infants and from 1 nurse among 82 adult personnel in attendance. Among the 44 infants whose rectal swab cultures were positive, 20 were in the first month of life, 16 were 2 to 6 months of age, and 6 were 7 to 12 months of age, a total of 42 being in the first year of life. Severe epidemic diarrhea associated with the presence of E. coli 0127:B8 was characterized by the sudden development of extreme abdominal distention among some of the infants; explosive onset of diarrhea and the presence of a pungent, musty, objectionable odor not noticed around other patients with diarrhea. E. coli 0127: B8 was isolated more frequently while the patients were having diarrhea. Neomycin® was used orally for the specific treatment of patients with diarrhea. The early dosage was small due to our caution in using a new antibiotic. Over the 4 months period of this study the dosage was gradually increased. The average dose was 40 mg./kg./day for the patients with positive cultures and 46 mg./kg./day for those with negative cultures. Of 22 patients with positive cultures, 12 who were treated with Neomycin® alone or in addition to other antibiotics continued to show the presence of E. coli 0127:B8 after Neomycin® therapy had been terminated; however, only 2 of these patients had recurrence of diarrhea, both having had negative cultures while receiving Neomycin®. The administration of Neomycin® to every infant on the 2 wards, regardless of clinical condition, was followed by a decreasing incidence of diarrhea and decreasing detection of E. coli 0127:B8. The dose of Neomycin® was 40 to 50 mg./kg./day. It is our feeling that Neomycin® administered orally was of definite clinical value therapeutically and prophylactically but in the dosage used was inadequate bacteriologically. Four deaths occurred among the 44 infants whose rectal swab cultures were positive for E. coli 0127:B8 and necropsy studies were made on each. A hemorrhagic enteritis was present in 3 infants and in the fourth infant the cause of death was a congenital heart condition. Death of 1 patient with negative rectal swab cultures may very likely be attributed to severe diarrhea. Sera from patients and personnel failed to show the presence of agglutinins for E. coli 0127:B8. in vitro sensitivity tests showed that the order of decreasing bactericidal effectiveness of 5 antibiotics for E. coli 027:B8 was polymyxin, Neomycin®, chloramphenicol, Achromycin®, and Terramycin®. All strains were resistant to dihydrostreptomycin and sodium sulfadiazine. Only the last strains isolated from 2 patients showed increased resistance to Neomycin®, four-and sixteenfold when compared with the first strains isolated from the same patients.

Download Full-text

Immune Activation and Microbial Translocation Markers in HIV-Exposed Uninfected Malawian Infants in the First Year of Life

Journal of Tropical Pediatrics ◽

10.1093/tropej/fmz022 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 65 (6) ◽

pp. 617-625 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Silvia Baroncelli ◽

Clementina Maria Galluzzo ◽

Giuseppe Liotta ◽

Mauro Andreotti ◽

Sandro Mancinelli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Activation ◽

Binding Protein ◽

Microbial Translocation ◽

First Year ◽

Gastrointestinal Infections ◽

Fatty Acid Binding ◽

Hiv Exposed ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

The Impact ◽

Exposed Uninfected

Abstract Background HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) infants show a high rate of morbidity. We aimed to investigate on biomarkers of immune activation/microbial translocation in HEU infants, evaluating the impact that infections/malnutrition can have on biomarker levels during the first year of life. Methods Clinical data of 72 Malawian infants were recorded monthly and correlated with levels of soluble CD14 (sCD14), lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) and intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP), analyzed longitudinally. Results Levels of sCD14 and LBP showed a significant age-related increase. Higher levels of LBP (19.4 vs. 15.2 μg/ml) were associated with stunting, affecting 30% of the infants. The association remained statistically significant after adjusting for cytomegalovirus acquisition, malaria and respiratory infections (p = 0.031). I-FABP levels were significantly increased in infants experiencing gastrointestinal infections (1442.8 vs. 860.0 pg/ml, p = 0.018). Conclusion We provide evidence that stunting is associated with an enhanced inflammatory response to microbial products in HEU children, suggesting that malnutrition status should be taken into consideration to better understand the alteration of the immune profile of HEU infants living in poor socioeconomic settings.

Download Full-text

Molecular Characteristics of Rotavirus Isolated from a Diarrhea Outbreak in October 2008 in Bintuni Bay, Papua, Indonesia

Virology Research and Treatment ◽

10.4137/vrt.s13555 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

pp. VRT.S13555 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Eka Pratiwi ◽

Vivi Setiawaty ◽

Rudi Hendro Putranto

Keyword(s):

Genetic Material ◽

Molecular Characteristics ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Viral Diarrhea ◽

Severe Diarrhea ◽

Laboratory Results ◽

Vp7 Protein ◽

Stool Specimens ◽

Polymerase Chain

Background Viral diarrhea continues to be a health problem in Indonesia that often causes outbreaks; in particular, acute viral diarrhea in young children. Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe diarrhea in children under two years of age. This study aimed to determine the genotypes of rotavirus in Bintuni Bay, Papua. Methods Stool specimens from 15 patients were collected and analyzed for rotavirus using an enzyme immunosorbent assay (EIA) and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Subsequently, we sequenced the genetic material of rotavirus positive samples by RT-PCR and analyzed the results using Mega-4 software. Results Two rotavirus serotypes were identified from the diarrhea outbreak in Bintuni, Papua in October 2008: serotype G1 with G1P[6] (50%) and G1P[8] (16.7%) strains, and serotype G2 with G2P[4] (23.3%) strain. Phylogenetic tree analyses of VP7 protein showed that rotavirus-infected diarrhea in Bintuni Bay, Papua at that time was dominated by the G1 serotype (83%). Conclusion The laboratory results showed that G1 serotype rotavirus was a cause of the outbreak of diarrhea in October 2008 in Bintuni, Papua.

Download Full-text

The Hypoplasic Mandible: What Makes it Different From the Healthy Child?

The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal ◽

10.1177/1055665620972301 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 105566562097230

Author(s):

Floriane Remy ◽

Yves Godio-Raboutet ◽

Guillaume Captier ◽

Pierre Bonnaure ◽

Philippe Burgart ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Supervised Classification ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Growth Period ◽

P Value ◽

First Year ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Mandibular Hypoplasia ◽

The Difference ◽

The Right ◽

First Year Of Life

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the morphology of the hypoplasic mandible and its evolution during the growth period to better understand how it differs from the pediatric healthy mandible. Method: Three-dimensional mandibular models of hypoplasic and healthy children aged from 39 gestational weeks to 7 years old were analyzed with a morphometric method including data clustering. Morphological distinctions between pathological and healthy mandibles were highlighted. Bilateral and unilateral mandibular hypoplasia were distinguished. Results: The study sample was composed of 31 hypoplasic children and as many sex- and age-matched healthy children. Morphological distinctions between pathological and healthy mandibles were highlighted only from the first year of life. In bilateral hypoplasia, the overall mandibular dimensions were reduced while there was only a ramus asymmetry in unilateral mandibular hypoplasia (mean ± SD of the difference between the Grp03c and Grp03b subgroups: 6.80 ± 6.37 – P value = 1.64e–3 for the height of the left ramus versus 0.18 ± 4.18 – P value = .82 for the height of the right ramus). Supervised classification trees were built to identify the pathology and discriminate unilateral from bilateral mandibular hypoplasia (prediction rates = 81% and 84%, respectively). Conclusions: Based on a morphometric analysis, we demonstrated that mandibular hypoplasia significantly impacts the mandibular morphology only from the first year of life, with a distinction between bilateral and unilateral hypoplasia.

Download Full-text

Cardiac-associated biliary atresia (CABA): a prognostic subgroup

Archives of Disease in Childhood ◽

10.1136/archdischild-2020-319122 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 106 (1) ◽

pp. 68-72

Author(s):

Bashar Aldeiri ◽

Vangelis Giamouris ◽

Kuberan Pushparajah ◽

Owen Miller ◽

Alastair Baker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cardiac Surgery ◽

Biliary Atresia ◽

High Risk Group ◽

Cardiac Anomaly ◽

P Value ◽

First Year ◽

Actuarial Survival ◽

Control Infant ◽

Centre Database ◽

First Year Of Life

ObjectivesTo describe the range of concurrent cardiac malformations in biliary atresia (BA) while providing a functional framework of risk.MethodsDemographic and variables were collected from a prospectively maintained single-centre database. Infants were grouped according to a cardiac functional framework (A=acyanotic, B=cyanotic and C=insignificant shunt). Primary outcome was set as clearance of jaundice (bilirubin ≤20 μmol/L) following Kasai portoenterostomy (KPE). Native liver survival and overall actuarial survival were compared with a date-matched control infant with BA (n=77). P value <0.05 was regarded as significant.Results524 infants with histologically confirmed BA were treated between January 1999 and December 2018, 37 (7%) had a concurrent cardiac anomaly (A: n=23 (62%), B: n=10 (27%), C: n=4 (11%)). Infants with biliary atresia splenic malformation (BASM) or cat-eye syndrome (CES) contributed over half of the cases (21/37; 57%).Overall, 20 (54%) infants cleared jaundice (vs 50/77 (65%) controls; p=0.2), but with higher mortality compared with the non-cardiac controls (15/37 (40%) vs 3/77 (4%); HR 15.5 (95% CI 5.5 to 43.4); p<0.00001). Infants requiring cardiac intervention in the first year of life (n=15) were more likely to clear jaundice (6/7 vs 2/8; p=0.04) and had a trend towards higher survival (6/7 vs 3/8; p=0.1) when KPE followed cardiac surgery. Yet, the type of cardiac pathology did not impact clearance of jaundice or mortality.ConclusionWe propose the term cardiac-associated biliary atresia (CABA) as a high-risk group. We believe that restorative cardiac surgery should precede KPE wherever possible to improve outcome.

Download Full-text

The Development of Swallowing Respiratory Coordination

Perspectives on Swallowing and Swallowing Disorders (Dysphagia) ◽

10.1044/sasd18.1.19 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 19-24

Author(s):

Maggie-Lee Huckabee

Keyword(s):

Cortical Activation ◽

First Year ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Nasal Airflow ◽

Single Session ◽

Primary Finding ◽

Patterns Of Behavior ◽

Cortical Modulation ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

Swallowing Apnea

Abstract Research exists that evaluates the mechanics of swallowing respiratory coordination in healthy children and adults as well and individuals with swallowing impairment. The research program summarized in this article represents a systematic examination of swallowing respiratory coordination across the lifespan as a means of behaviorally investigating mechanisms of cortical modulation. Using time-locked recordings of submental surface electromyography, nasal airflow, and thyroid acoustics, three conditions of swallowing were evaluated in 20 adults in a single session and 10 infants in 10 sessions across the first year of life. The three swallowing conditions were selected to represent a continuum of volitional through nonvolitional swallowing control on the basis of a decreasing level of cortical activation. Our primary finding is that, across the lifespan, brainstem control strongly dictates the duration of swallowing apnea and is heavily involved in organizing the integration of swallowing and respiration, even in very early infancy. However, there is evidence that cortical modulation increases across the first 12 months of life to approximate more adult-like patterns of behavior. This modulation influences primarily conditions of volitional swallowing; sleep and naïve swallows appear to not be easily adapted by cortical regulation. Thus, it is attention, not arousal that engages cortical mechanisms.

Download Full-text