Analysis of the Problem of Natural Gas Waterlogging

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 17-28
Author(s):  
Maciej Kotuła1 ◽  
◽  
Aleksander Szkarowski1 ◽  
Aleksandr Chernykh2 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Unknown Origin ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
Computer Calculations ◽  
Moisture Condensation ◽  
Safe Transport

The domestic gas industry has been set an ambitious goal in the form of a state programme for extensive gasification of Polish cities and towns. This provides for transition of the municipal thermal energy and of the municipal economy to natural gas. Ensuring of reliable and safe transport of the gaseous fuel is also a part of this programme. The article discusses the problems of transporting of the nitrogen-rich natural gas from the local mines, related to water of unknown origin appearing in it. The events that can confirm that there is a possibility of moisture condensation from the gas and its migration deep into the distribution network have been analysed. The actual level of moisture in the natural gas, which is already directly supplied to the consumers, has been experimentally tested. It has been proved by the computer calculations that in the conditions of high pressure in the network, there is a possibility of such condensation, depending on the external atmospheric conditions and physicochemical parameters of the gas. It has been proposed to change the existing designing & construction legal provisions in order to protect the gas networks against water accumulating in them in a better way.

scholarly journals Experimental Studies of Releases of High Pressure Natural Gas From Punctures and Rips in Above-Ground Pipework

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoff Hankinson ◽  
Barbara J. Lowesmith ◽  
Philippe Genillon ◽  
Gilbert Hamaide
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Experimental Parameters ◽  
Pressure Transmission ◽  
Transmission Pipeline ◽  
Release Height ◽  
Gas Cloud

The gas industry has an excellent safety record in operating high-pressure transmission pipelines. Nevertheless, it is important that pipeline operators have an understanding of the consequences of possible accidental gas releases, in order to help manage the risks involved. This paper presents a programme of full scale experiments, undertaken by an international collaboration of gas companies, to study the consequences of both unignited and ignited releases of natural gas from simulated punctures and rips in a 900mm diameter above-ground transmission pipeline. Experimental parameters varied during the programme included release orifice size and shape, release pressure, release height, release direction, wind speed and wind direction. Instrumentation was deployed to obtain detailed data on the dispersion of gas, the ignitability of the gas cloud produced, the levels of incident thermal radiation and the resulting fire size and shape, following ignition. The results provide important data for the validation of mathematical models, used in developing risk assessment methodologies for gas pipelines, and in establishing those standards and design codes that are risk based.

Autogenerative high pressure digestion: anaerobic digestion and biogas upgrading in a single step reactor system

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 647-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. F. Lindeboom ◽  
F. G. Fermoso ◽  
J. Weijma ◽  
K. Zagt ◽  
J. B. van Lier
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Reactor System ◽  
Dew Point ◽  
Bulk Liquid ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Biogas Upgrading

Conventional anaerobic digestion is a widely applied technology to produce biogas from organic wastes and residues. The biogas calorific value depends on the CH4 content which generally ranges between 55 and 65%. Biogas upgrading to so-called ‘green gas’, with natural gas quality, generally proceeds with add-on technologies, applicable only for biogas flows >100 m3/h. In the concept of autogenerative high pressure digestion (AHPD), methanogenic biomass builds up pressure inside the reactor. Since CO2 has a higher solubility than CH4, it will proportion more to the liquid phase at higher pressures. Therefore, AHPD biogas is characterised by a high CH4 content, reaching equilibrium values between 90 and 95% at a pressure of 3–90 bar. In addition, also H2S and NH3 are theoretically more soluble in the bulk liquid than CO2. Moreover, the water content of the already compressed biogas is calculated to have a dew point <−10 °C. Ideally, high-quality biogas can be directly used for electricity and heat generation, or injected in a local natural gas distribution net. In the present study, using sodium acetate as substrate and anaerobic granular sludge as inoculum, batch-fed reactors showed a pressure increase up to 90 bars, the maximum allowable value for our used reactors. However, the specific methanogenic activity (SMA) of the sludge decreased on average by 30% compared to digestion at ambient pressure (1 bar). Other results show no effect of pressure exposure on the SMA assessed under atmospheric conditions. These first results show that the proposed AHPD process is a highly promising technology for anaerobic digestion and biogas upgrading in a single step reactor system.

FLOX® Combustion at High Pressure With Different Fuel Compositions

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Lu¨ckerath ◽  
Wolfgang Meier ◽  
Manfred Aigner
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Relative Temperature ◽  
Planar Laser ◽  
Gas Recirculation ◽  
First Time

In Flameless Oxidation (FLOX®) the combustion is distributed over a large volume by a high internal flue gas recirculation. This technology has been successfully used for many years in technical furnaces under atmospheric conditions with very low NOx emissions. In the work presented here, FLOX® combustion was for the first time investigated at high pressure in order to assess its applicability for gas turbine combustors. A FLOX® burner was equipped with a combustion chamber with quartz windows and installed into a high pressure test rig with optical access. The burner was operated under typical gas turbine conditions at pressure of 20 bar with thermal powers up to 475 kW. Natural gas as well as mixtures of natural gas and H2 were used as fuel. The NOx and CO emissions were recorded for the different operating conditions. OH* chemiluminescence imaging and planar laser-induced fluorescence of OH were applied in order to characterize the flame zone and the relative temperature distributions. The combustion behaviour was investigated as a function of equivalence ratio and fuel composition, and the influence of the gas inlet velocity on mixing and emissions was studied. For various operating conditions the lean extinction limits were determined.

FLOX ® Combustion at High Pressure With Different Fuel Compositions

2008 ◽  
Vol 130 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Lückerath ◽  
Wolfgang Meier ◽  
Manfred Aigner
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Relative Temperature ◽  
Planar Laser ◽  
Gas Recirculation ◽  
First Time

In flameless oxidation (FLOX®) the combustion is distributed over a large volume by a high internal flue gas recirculation. This technology has been successfully used for many years in technical furnaces under atmospheric conditions with very low NOx emissions. In the work presented here, FLOX® combustion was for the first time investigated at high pressure in order to assess its applicability for gas turbine combustors. A FLOX® burner was equipped with a combustion chamber with quartz windows and installed into a high pressure test rig with optical access. The burner was operated under typical gas turbine conditions at a pressure of 20bar with thermal powers up to 475kW. Natural gas, as well as mixtures of natural gas and H2 were used as fuel. The NOx and CO emissions were recorded for the different operating conditions. OH* chemiluminescence imaging and planar laser-induced fluorescence of OH were applied in order to characterize the flame zone and the relative temperature distributions. The combustion behavior was investigated as a function of equivalence ratio and fuel composition, and the influence of the gas inlet velocity on mixing and emissions was studied. For various operating conditions, the lean extinction limits were determined.

Finding Fault with the Nexus Pipeline? Agency Capture and the Public Good

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Andrew R. Kear
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Public Good ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Environmental Impact Statement ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
The Public ◽  
Fracturing Process ◽  
Natural Gas Industry ◽  
Regulatory Commission

Natural gas is an increasingly vital U.S. energy source that is presently being tapped and transported across state and international boundaries. Controversy engulfs natural gas, from the hydraulic fracturing process used to liberate it from massive, gas-laden Appalachian shale deposits, to the permitting and construction of new interstate pipelines bringing it to markets. This case explores the controversy flowing from the proposed 256-mile-long interstate Nexus pipeline transecting northern Ohio, southeastern Michigan and terminating at the Dawn Hub in Ontario, Canada. As the lead agency regulating and permitting interstate pipelines, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission is also tasked with mitigating environmental risks through the 1969 National Environmental Policy Act's Environmental Impact Statement process. Pipeline opponents assert that a captured federal agency ignores public and scientific input, inadequately addresses public health and safety risks, preempts local control, and wields eminent domain powers at the expense of landowners, cities, and everyone in the pipeline path. Proponents counter that pipelines are the safest means of transporting domestically abundant, cleaner burning, affordable gas to markets that will boost local and regional economies and serve the public good. Debates over what constitutes the public good are only one set in a long list of contentious issues including pipeline safety, proposed routes, property rights, public voice, and questions over the scientific and democratic validity of the Environmental Impact Statement process. The Nexus pipeline provides a sobering example that simple energy policy solutions and compromise are elusive—effectively fueling greater conflict as the natural gas industry booms.

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